Nanotechnology-Assisted Phytoremediation: A Hybrid Strategy for Superior Contaminant Removal

Özet

Nanotechnology is revolutionizing phytoremediation by enhancing plant-microbe interaction, pollutant bioavailability, and detoxification mechanisms. This review examines the synergistic potential of combining nanoparticles with plants for promoting the uptake and degradation of heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants. Engineered nanoparticles such as nano-iron, nano-TiO₂, and carbon-based nanomaterials are shown to trigger root exudates, enhance enzyme activities, and modulate redox conditions in the rhizosphere. The review also discusses nanoparticle-mediated delivery systems for plant growth regulators and microbial inoculants. Problems of nanoparticle toxicity, persistence, and ecotoxicological impacts are viewed critically. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of nanotechnology-enhanced systems over classical phytoremediation systems in contaminated soils, water, and sediments. This combinatorial concept opens new fields in environmental nanobiotechnology and offers promise for real-time site-specific remediation with improved efficacy and control.