Bee venom: A Natural Agent in the Treatment of Human Diseases

Abstract

Bee venom is a complex biological active product that is produced by the venom glands of honeybees. Its utilisation in the folk medicine of diverse cultures, including those of India, China and Greece, dates back millennia. In the contemporary medical context, the therapeutic potential of bee venom has garnered significant attention, with numerous studies supporting its role as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases. The chemical composition of bee venom is intricate, comprising over 40 active components, the most significant of which are melitin, apamin, adolapin, hyaluronidase and phospholipase A2. These substances have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibacterial properties. Melitin in particular has garnered significant attention due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, thus positioning it as a potential therapeutic agent for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and sciatica, among others that affect the musculoskeletal system. In addition, studies demonstrate the potential of bee venom in treating nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and neuropathies. Apitherapy, a therapeutic modality that involves the utilisation of bee-derived products, encompasses both direct bee stings and the application of ointments, creams, and injections containing purified apitoxin. The study of the antitumour properties of bee venom is of particular interest. In vitro studies have demonstrated that melittin, a component of bee venom, can trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells without significant harm to healthy tissues, suggesting its potential for use in the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. However, it is imperative to exercise caution when utilising this therapy, as it can potentially induce severe allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock. Consequently, prior to the initiation of any therapeutic intervention, it is imperative to seek the counsel of a medical professional and undergo allergy assessments. The potential of bee venom as a valuable natural resource with a wide range of therapeutic effects is therefore evident. Further study of this substance and its integration into mainstream medicine may lead to new treatments for a range of chronic and intractable diseases.