Cardioprotective Effects of Crocus sativus L. Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review of Antioxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms

Abstract

Doxorubicin is a commonly utilized chemotherapeutic agent effective against a wide range of cancers.  Nonetheless, its clinical utilization is considerably constrained by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, potentially leading to irreversible cardiac injury and heart failure.  The mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity are intricate and multifaceted, encompassing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and disruptions in calcium homeostasis.

 In recent years, there has been a growing focus on natural compounds with cardioprotective properties.  Crocus sativus (saffron) and its active components, notably crocin and safranal, have exhibited encouraging antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects in multiple preclinical models.  Numerous studies indicate that Crocus sativus may mitigate doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage by regulating redox balance, inhibiting apoptotic signaling pathways, and maintaining mitochondrial function.

 This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the existing evidence regarding the cardioprotective properties of Crocus sativus and its bioactive constituents in relation to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.  The review examines the molecular mechanisms involved, underscores the limitations of existing studies, and delineates future research directions and potential clinical applications.