Biyopestisitlerin Arılar Üzerindeki Olumsuz Etkileri

Abstract

Biopesticides are compounds derived from natural sources such as plants, bacteria, and minerals, serving as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. They are generally preferred due to their lower toxicity and specificity towards target organisms. However, their impact on non-target species, particularly bees, which play a crucial role in ecosystem sustainability and agricultural production, must be carefully evaluated. Bees contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation and agricultural productivity through pollination. This study examines the potential risks and benefits of biopesticides on bee populations. Research indicates that although biopesticides tend to be less toxic than synthetic pesticides, their effects on bees vary depending on the active ingredient, formulation, and level of exposure. For instance, microbial biopesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are considered to pose minimal risk to bees. In contrast, plant-based compounds such as neem oil and pyrethrins have been observed to negatively affect bee foraging behavior and reproduction. Additionally, interactions between biopesticides and other environmental stressors, such as pathogens and nutritional deficiencies, may exacerbate their adverse effects on bee health. Despite these concerns, biopesticides offer advantages, including biodegradability and lower environmental persistence, reducing unintended impacts on beneficial insects. When integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are applied effectively, the risks to pollinators can be minimized while maintaining agricultural productivity. Therefore, further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of biopesticides on bee populations and to develop safe application guidelines. A balanced approach is essential to ensure both agricultural productivity and pollinator conservation, supporting ecological and agricultural sustainability.