International Congresses of Turkish Science and Technology Publishing

Yapay Zekanın Süt Çiftliklerinde Süt Üretimini Artırmadaki Rolü

Hatice Dilaver — 2025-04-19

Bu araştırma makalesi, yapay zekanın (YZ) süt çiftçiliği üzerindeki dönüştürücü etkisini incelemekte ve öngörücü analizlerin, otomatik sağım sistemlerinin (AMS) ve Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) sensörlerinin süt üretimini nasıl optimize ettiğine, hayvan refahını nasıl iyileştirdiğine ve operasyonel verimliliği nasıl artırdığına odaklanmaktadır. Vaka çalışmaları ve güncel veriler aracılığıyla, yapay zekanın çevresel stres faktörlerini ele alma, sürdürülebilir uygulamaları sağlama ve pazar taleplerine yanıt verme konusundaki etkinliği incelenmektedir. Makale ayrıca yapay zekanın süt çiftçiliğindeki zorluklarına ve gelecekteki potansiyeline değinilecektir. Bu makalede, yapay zekanın süt çiftçiliği operasyonları üzerindeki dönüştürücü etkisi vaka çalışmaları ve güncel veriler ışığında analiz edilmektedir. Özellikle, yapay zekanın üretim optimizasyonu, hayvan refahı ve operasyonel verimliliği nasıl artırdığı ele alınacaktır. Bunun yanında, yapay zekanın çevresel stres faktörlerine çözüm sunma, sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamalarını teşvik etme ve değişken pazar taleplerine uyum sağlama yeteneği detaylı olarak incelenecektir. Makalenin ilerleyen bölümlerinde, bu teknolojilerin kullanımında karşılaşılan zorluklar ve gelecekteki gelişim potansiyeli de değerlendirilecektir. Yapay zeka (YZ), çevresel stres, işgücü maliyetleri ve pazar talepleri gibi uzun süredir devam eden zorluklara yenilikçi çözümler sunarak süt endüstrisini dönüştürmektedir. Otomatik sağım sistemleri (AMS), öngörücü analizler ve IoT teknolojilerinin entegrasyonu sayesinde üretkenlik artar, hayvan refahı garanti altına alınır ve sürdürülebilirlik teşvik edilir. Ancak, yapay zekanın süt endüstrisindeki tüm potansiyelini ortaya çıkarabilmek için maliyetler, eğitim ve veri entegrasyonu ile ilgili zorlukların ele alınması gerekmektedir. Başarıya ulaşmak için çiftçilerin bu yeni teknolojilere uyum sağlaması ve gerekli uzmanlıkların geliştirilmesi hayati öneme sahiptir.

The Ecological Life of Eco-Villages

Hatice Dilaver — 2025-04-19

Eko-köyler sürdürülebilir yaşamın pratik örnekleridir. Bu topluluklar yenilenebilir enerji kullanarak karbon ayak izlerini azaltıyor ve atık yönetimi ve geri dönüşüm sistemleri aracılığıyla çevre kirliliğini en aza indiriyor. Biyoçeşitliliği korumak için organik tarım, permakültür ve tarımsal ormancılık yöntemlerini kullanarak yerel ekosistemleri canlandırıyorlar. Sosyal olarak, işbirlikçi karar alma süreçleri ve katılımcı yönetişim modelleri aracılığıyla güçlü sosyal bağları ve dayanışmayı teşvik ederler. Eğitim ve bilgi paylaşımı eko-köylerin temel misyonudur ve bu topluluklar sürdürülebilir yaşam uygulamalarını yaygınlaştıracak eğitim merkezleri olarak hizmet vermektedir.

Comparison of Technical Efficiency between Boro Rice and Maize Production in the Northern Region of Bangladesh

Akbar Hossain Tusher — 2025-04-30

This study examines the scale and technical efficiency of Boro rice and maize cultivation in northern Bangladesh, focusing on the Dinajpur and Lalmonirhat districts. Utilizing stochastic production frontier analysis, the research assesses the key factors affecting production efficiency and resource utilization among smallholder farmers. The findings indicate that maize producers demonstrate higher technical efficiency compared to Boro rice farmers, with efficiency levels for maize often surpassing 90%. Fertilizer use is crucial in enhancing maize productivity, while labor plays a significant role in the cultivation of both crops. Additionally, younger and more experienced farmers exhibit higher efficiency, highlighting the importance of human capital in agricultural productivity. Despite these improvements, challenges remain, such as limited access to extension services, credit facilities, and quality inputs, which hinder the potential of both maize and Boro rice farmers. The study also identifies inefficiencies among Boro rice farmers, attributed to suboptimal resource utilization and a lack of adoption of productivity-boosting practices. For maize, the complementarity between labor and fertilizer use suggests opportunities for integrated resource management strategies to boost output. The findings align with previous research, emphasizing that efficiency gains can be achieved through targeted interventions, including improved access to timely services, training programs, and financial support. The insights provided are valuable for policymakers, extension agents, and stakeholders working to promote sustainable agricultural practices and improve productivity in Bangladesh's smallholder farming systems.

Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Response to Cinnamon Powder as Feed Additives

Ramil Jr. Entana — 2025-05-01

One hundred-twenty (120) heads of day-old Cornish-cross broiler chicks were used in the study, which employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the growth performance of broiler chickens in response to cinnamon powder supplementation. There were four treatments which were replicated three times having 10 broiler chicks per replication. Treatment 1 (T1) had 50g cinnamon powder as feed additives, Treatment (T2) with 75g cinnamon powder, Treatment 3 (T3) with 100g cinnamon powder and the Control group (T0) had a basal diet of commercial feeds with no feed additives. The study investigated the growth parameters of broiler chickens for 30 days, after the termination of the study the chickens were slaughtered and weighed to determine the carcass performance of the chickens. After the period of experimentation broiler chickens from Treatment 3 (T3) with 100 grams of cinnamon powder obtained the highest live weight compared to other treatments. Also, it was observed in the study that broiler chickens from Treatment 3 (T3) had the highest return on investment with 64%.

Knowledge Towards Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses and Self-Reported Hygiene Practices of Fish and Meat Vendors in the Public Market of Bay, Laguna

Mary Angelar De Miguel — 2025-05-01

Food-borne parasitic zoonoses (FBPZs), caused by the consumption of food or water contaminated by infectious parasites, pose significant public health concerns in countries like the Philippines, where animal source foods are integral to diet and these diseases remain endemic. As they are often transmitted through food-handling practices, vendors have an important role in their prevention. With this, the study assessed the level of knowledge of the fish and meat vendors in Bay Public Market towards FBPZs and their hygiene practices. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 37 participants through the completion of a survey questionnaire on socio-demographic profile, knowledge of FBPZs, and self-reported hygiene practices. Data analyses were done through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation test. Results revealed that the majority (65.7%) have a good level of knowledge on FBPZs. Vendors reported that they always (median = 5) adhere to good hygiene practices and rarely (median = 2) to poor hygiene practices. Furthermore, a significant but moderate inverse correlation (r=-0.430, p=0.008) was found between vendors’ age and knowledge on FBPZs. Hence, there is a need for targeted interventions to enhance understanding of FBPZs, particularly among older vendors, and to further improve hygiene practices to mitigate risk of transmission of these diseases.

Bibliometric analysis of studies on different factors affecting egg quality

Ulrich Sosthene Hodonou — 2025-05-01

This study is a bibliometric analysis using the keywords “egg quality”, “eggs”, “shell” and “laying hens” as part of the analysis of factors affecting egg quality using the bibliometric library R version 4.4.2 and the software VOSviewer version 1.6.20. This study considered 626 articles in the Scopus database from January 2014 to November 2024. China stood out for its publications in the field of egg quality. In terms of international collaboration, China was also the country with the most international collaborations. The study entitled “Productive performance, eggshell quality, and eggshell ultrastructure of laying hens fed diets supplemented with organic trace minerals”, initiated by Stefanello and other researchers in 2014 and published in the journal Poultry Science was the most cited. Poultry Science stands out as the journal with the most publications related to the keywords “egg quality”, “eggs”, “shell” and “laying hens”. This study also reveals that the most productive university in the field of egg quality is also a Chinese university called “Sichuan Agricultural University”. The researcher whose research and publications have attracted the most attention also comes from China and is known as “Wang J”. In this study, the most frequently used keywords are “egg quality”, “laying hens” and “laying hen”. The main trends show that research in the field of egg quality is growing steadily and provide clearer or less clearer directions for future research.

Broyler Yetiştiriciliğinde Kullanılan Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Et Kalitesi Üzerine Etkilerinin Bibliyometrik Analizi

Melis Yağlı — 2025-05-02

Son yıllarda artan tavuk eti tüketim talebine bağlı olarak etçi tavuk üretiminde de artış görülmektedir. Bu artış etçi tavukların verimini daha da geliştirmek, alınan yararlanımı arttırmak için çeşitli yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımını teşvik etmiştir. Bu çalışmada son 20 yılda broyler yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan yem katkı maddelerinin et kalitesi üzerinde ne derece değişiklikler meydana getirdiğini analiz etmek hedeflenmiştir. Broyler yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri ve et kalitesine etkisi hakkında veriler bibliyometrik analiz ile çalışılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Scopus ve Vosviewer veri tabanı kullanılmış, ‘broiler’, ‘feed’, ‘supplements’, ‘meat quality’ anahtar kelimeleri ile makaleler taranmıştır. Bu tarama için 536 doküman incelenmiştir. Bu dokümanın içerdiği verilerin analizi için ‘Biblioshiny’ ve ‘excel’ paket programları kullanılmıştır. ‘Broiler’, ‘feed’, ‘supplements’, ‘meat quality’ anahtar kelimelerinin kullanıldığı makaleler yıllara göre incelendiğinde en çok yayın yapılan 13 makale ile 2012 yılı olmuştur. Bu anahtar kelimeler ile yapılan atıflar incelendiğinde %104,67 ile 2007 yılı en çok atıf yapılan yıl olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde en çok çalışma yapan ülke Çin olarak tespit edilmiştir. En üretken yazar olarak ise Kim İH. Karşımıza çıkmaktadır. 2004-2014 yılları arasında yapılan çalışmalarda yayımlanan 156 makale ile’ Poultry Science’ en önemli dergi olmuş, 46 makale ile ‘British Poultry Science ‘ile ikinci sırada yer almış, ‘Tropical Animal Health and Production ‘dergisi ise 18 makale ile üçüncü sırada yer almıştır. ‘Broiler’, ‘feed’, ‘supplements’, ‘meat quality’ anahtar kelimeleri arasında en çok araştırılan kelime ‘meat quality’ olmuştur. En çok yayın yapan üniversite ‘Nanjıng Agricultural University’ olurken en çok atıf alan ve en çok iş birliğinde bulunan ülke Çin olmuştur. En sık iş birliği yapan ülkeler incelendiğinde Çin ve Suudi Arabistan öne çıkmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalarda ön plana çıkan ve sıklıkla kullanılan kelimeler’ diet, ‘chickens’,’animal feed’, ‘dietary supplement’ ve ‘meat’ olarak tespit edilmiştir. Broyler yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan yem katkı maddelerinin et kalitesi üzerine etkilerinin yıllar içindeki değişimi ve gelişimini araştırmak için yapılan bu çalışma da kaliteyi etkileyen maddelerin tespiti, çeşitleri ve yıllara göre kullanılma düzeylerini tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın ilerleyen dönemlerde yapılacak olan yem katkı maddeleri araştırmaları ve kullanım hedeflerine, tavuk yetiştiriciliğinde gidilebilecek olan yeniliklere yol gösterici olabileceği ve katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Recent Advances on the Effect of Cold Plasma Treatment on Carotenoids

Bihter Cebeci — 2025-05-02

Cold plasma (CP) technology is gaining recognition as a promising approach in the food industry for preserving the stability and bioactivity of carotenoids. These pigments, abundant in plants and microorganisms, are essential for human health due to their potent antioxidant properties but cannot be synthesized by the human body. CP treatment produces reactive gases by generating plasma at low temperatures, which can inactivate microorganisms and modify enzymatic activity in food systems. The effects of CP on carotenoids are influenced by key parameters such as voltage, treatment duration, type of gas used, and the specific food matrix. CP has the potential to enhance carotenoid content by facilitating their release from cellular structures. However, it may also trigger oxidative reactions that degrade carotenoids under certain conditions. For example, CP treatment has been shown to improve the brightness and redness of carrot juice but reduce its carotenoid content. Conversely, in fruits such as mango, CP can enhance the preservation of carotenoid content during storage. Similarly, in tomatoes, CP treatment has been reported to either increase or decrease lycopene content, depending on the processing conditions. The advantages of CP include its ability to extend the shelf life of carotenoids, its energy efficiency, and its low environmental footprint. Despite these benefits, challenges persist in scaling up CP technology for industrial applications and optimizing its processing parameters. Future research should focus on elucidating the effects of CP on carotenoid stability across diverse food matrices and unlocking the full potential of this innovative technology in the food industry.

Extraction of Anthocyanins from Food Waste Using Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Methods

Neslişah Okur — 2025-05-04

Anthocyanins are natural plant pigments responsible for the vibrant red to blue-purple colors in various foods and beverages. They are found abundantly in fruits such as blackberries, blueberries, and strawberries, as well as vegetables like red cabbage and eggplant. Beyond their role as natural colorants, anthocyanins are valued for their significant health benefits. This study explores the definition, sources, biological activities, and applications of anthocyanins in the food industry, with a specific focus on two innovative extraction techniques: ultrasound-assisted extraction (US) and microwave-assisted extraction (MW). US and MW represent advanced, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional extraction methods, offering enhanced speed and efficiency. MW utilizes microwave energy to rapidly heat solvents and plant material, enabling swift extraction, reduced solvent usage, and energy efficiency. However, the technique presents challenges, such as thermal degradation of heat-sensitive compounds and limited compatibility with non-polar solvents. US employs ultrasonic waves to create cavitation, facilitating high extraction yields within shorter timeframes. Several studies highlight the superior performance of US and MW in extracting anthocyanins from food waste. These methods deliver higher yields, reduced extraction times, and lower solvent consumption compared to traditional techniques. By enabling the recovery of valuable bioactive compounds from food waste, these approaches promote sustainable food production systems. Nevertheless, certain limitations persist, including the co-extraction of unwanted compounds, the potential formation of toxic by-products, and the heat sensitivity of anthocyanins. Additionally, scaling up laboratory findings to industrial applications remains a challenge. Overall, US and MW hold immense promise as sustainable and efficient extraction techniques for the food industry. Addressing their limitations through further research and development will pave the way for broader applications and advancements in sustainable food systems.

English

Muhammad Daniyal Junaid — 2025-05-04

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a globally important crop known for its nutritional value and culinary versatility. Consumer preferences for tomatoes are largely influenced by fruit shape, size, and color, making these traits essential targets in breeding programs. This study utilized high-throughput phenotyping to evaluate fruit morphological traits across 81 tomato genotypes using Tomato Analyzer software. The software quantified 47 parameters, including fruit size, shape indices, blockiness, asymmetry, end shapes, angles, eccentricity, and color, through machine learning and geometrical techniques. Conducted at the University of Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, data were extracted from images of fully mature tomato fruits. The results revealed significant phenotypic diversity among genotypes. The first two principal components explained 75.6% of total variance, with PC1 (50.2%) representing a gradient from small, elongated fruits to large, round fruits, and PC2 (25.4%) capturing variations in fruit end shapes and internal structures. Strong correlations between size parameters and shape indices suggested potential inverse relationship for these traits. This study highlighted the efficiency of high-throughput phenotyping in characterizing complex fruit traits, offering a significant improvement over traditional method. The identified morphological diversity provides a valuable resource for breeding programs aimed at developing market-specific tomato cultivars. Moreover, this comprehensive dataset lays the foundation for genetic studies on fruit morphology, facilitating advancements in tomato crop improvement.

Ultrasonikasyonun Tahinin Faz Ayrımı ve Duyusal Özellikleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Melek Tuna — 2025-05-04

Tahin, yüksek besin değeri nedeniyle yaygın olarak tüketilen geleneksel bir üründür. Ancak tahinin %55-60'ını oluşturan susam yağı, depolama sırasında katı bileşenlerden ayrılarak faz ayrımına neden olur ve bu da tüketiciler için istenmeyen bir durumdur. Bu çalışmada tahinde faz ayrılmasını önlemede ultrason teknolojisinin etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Coğrafi İşaretli Bozkır tahininin iki farklı partisi (kabuklu ve kabuksuz susamdan üretilen) farklı sürelerde (1-30 dakika) 35 kHz ultrasona tabi tutulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, ultrason uygulamasının tahinin stabilitesini artırma ve kalitesini koruma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

Mor Havuç Ekstraktlarındaki Biyoaktif Bileşikler Üzerinde Farklı Kurutma Yöntemleri ve Sıcaklıklarının Etkileri

Muhammed Zahid Kasapoglu — 2025-05-04

Bu çalışmada, farklı kurutma yöntemlerinin (vakum, ultrason destekli vakum ve sıcak hava) ve sıcaklıkların (50, 60 ve 70 °C) mor havuç özütlerinin biyoaktif bileşenlerindeki değişimlere olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Gallik asit, kafeik asit, hiperozid, kuersetin, mirisetin ve rutin miktarları HPLC analizi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Vakum (V50, V60, V70), ultrason destekli vakum (USV50, USV60, USV70) ve sıcak hava (E50, E60, E70) dahil olmak üzere kurutma yöntemleri fenolik bileşik içeriğini önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Sonuçlar, kafeik asit ve rutin düzeylerinin vakum ve ultrason destekli kurutma yöntemlerinde özellikle daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. En düşük rutin içeriği taze havuçlarda (3,76 µg/mL) gözlemlenirken, USV70 (20,54 µg/mL) ve V70 (16,80 µg/mL) örneklerinde önemli artışlar bulundu. Kafeik asit içeriği V50 (9,62 µg/mL) ve USV50 (10,42 µg/mL) yöntemlerinde en yüksek seviyelere ulaştı. Hiperozid ve kuersetin gibi bileşikler daha düşük miktarlarda mevcut olmasına rağmen, seviyeleri kurutma sıcaklıklarına bağlı olarak değişti. Bu bulgular, kurutma yöntemlerinin ve sıcaklıklarının biyoaktif bileşik seviyelerinin korunması ve artırılması üzerindeki önemli etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Bu, mor havuç gibi işlenmiş ürünler kullanılarak fonksiyonel gıda uygulamaları için hedeflenen üretim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi için bir fırsat sunmaktadır.

Garlic and Ginger Pastes as natural Antioxidant in Spent Hen Meat Nugget

Olayemi Rashidat Awodoyin — 2025-05-04

Economic value of spent hen can be improved through value addition. However, spent hen contain high fat and coupled with the fact that processed chicken meat is more susceptible to oxidative deterioration make spent hen meat products prone to oxidative degradation. Five spent hen chicken nugget emulsions were formulated (T1 ascorbic); T2 0.5% Garlic, T3 1.0% Ginger, T4 0.5% Ginger, T5 1.0%Ginger. The mixtures from each formulation were filled into boxes (20×10 cm) (approximately 40±1 g each), deep fried in Grand Soya oil® for 10 minutes at 190±2^oC (frying temperature). The fried nuggets were allowed to cooled down to room temperature and a portion from each nugget was packaged in air tight zip loc bags and stored in a refrigerator (4^oC). Frying yield (%), phenol content (GAEmg/g, flavonoid ((mg QE/g), cholesterol (%) and Thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) mg MDA/kg). (Data generated were analysed using ANOVA@Pα0.05.

Frying yield 92.29 (0.5% ginger) is similar to 88.62 (0.5% garlic) and significantly higher than 82.29 (ascorbic) and 85.72 (1.5% garlic) but significantly lower than 97.87 (1.5% ginger). Nugget with 1.5% ginger had 24.92 phenol content which is significantly lower (P<0.05) than 20.47 (0.5% ginger), 18.37 (1.5% garlic), 17.63 (0.5% garlic) and 16.06 (ascorbic). Flavonoid (9.34) and cholesterol (72.82) contained in ascorbic nugget is significantly higher than 8.20; 61.84 (0.5 ginger), 8.69; 57.09 (1.5% ginger), 4.71; 68.49 (0.5% garlic) and 6.32; 59.05 (1.5% garlic) for flavonoid and cholesterol respectively. Irrespective of the storage days, ascorbic nuggets had higher TBARS levels than nuggets with ginger and garlic pastes.

The reduced cholesterol contents and low levels of TBARS in the spent hen chicken nuggets with ginger and garlic pastes elucidated that both spices can be part of spent hen chicken nuggets formulation.

Keywords: Nuggets, Oxidative deterioration, Spent hen, Value addition, Scavenging radicals.

Investigation of in vitro Antibacterial Potential of Various Wood Vinegars Against Plant Bacterial Disease Agents

Merve Oğuz — 2025-05-04

Wood vinegar, also known as pyroligneous acid (PA), is a liquid mixture with organic properties obtained from the condensation of smoke produced by the charring or pyrolysis of wood. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of three different PAs obtained from the pyrolysis of apricot kernels (AKPA), hazelnut shells (HSPA), and kermes oak (OPA) against plant pathogenic bacterial species such as Curtobacterium flaccumfacies pv. flaccumfaciens, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and Bacillus pumilus. The antibacterial activity of wood vinegar on the development of disease agents was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zone diameters under in vitro conditions using the disk diffusion technique. According to the mean inhibition zone diameters, the most effective PA was HSPA with a zone diameter of 20.33, followed by AKPA and OPA with zone diameters of 20.13 and 19.33, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was shown by HSPA against C. flaccumfacies pv. flaccumfaciens (24.17 mm inhibition zone diameter), followed by AKPA and OPA treatments with 23.33 and 21.17 mm inhibition zone diameters, respectively. According to the mean inhibition zone diameters, the most susceptible bacterial species was shown against C. flaccumfacies pv. flaccumfaciens with a zone diameter of 22.89, followed by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and B. pumilus with zone diameters of 19.89, 18.50 and 18.44, respectively. Among the bacterial disease agents, C. flaccumfacies pv. flaccumfaciens was found to be the most sensitive to the three PAs used in the study. AKPA and HSPA were the most effective treatments against C. flaccumfacies pv. flaccumfaciens, while OPA was the most effective against C. flaccumfacies pv. flaccumfaciens and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. The results obtained showed that wood vinegar has the potential to be used as a bio-bactericide against important plant bacterial disease agents.

Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Muscles of Some Edible Finfishes - Schilbe mystus, Sarotherodon galileus, Mormyrus rume and Clarias anguillaris from Ajiwa Irrigation Dam, Katsina State, Nigeria

Victoria Folakemi Akinjogunla — 2025-05-04

The freshwater fishes (Schilbe mystus, Sarotherodon galileus, Mormyrus rume and Clarias anguillaris) are the most commercially important finfishes in Nigeria. Investigations were made on the accumulation of five (5) heavy metals: Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Cadmium (Cd), and Zinc (Zn) collected from water, sediment and fish organs (gills, intestines and flesh) inhabiting the Ajiwa dam. Standard methods analyses revealed low accumulation of metals in the water and flesh of the finfishes for both seasons compared to the sediment. The mean concentration of heavy metals decreased in this sequence: Fe>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cd (wet season) and Fe>Zn>Cr>Cd>Pb (dry season) for all sampled fish organs. Fe had the highest mean concentration (106±2.30mg/l) in all the samples while Cd (0.43±0.02mg/l) and Pb (0.22±0.01) had the least mean concentration for the wet and dry seasons respectively. The bio-water accumulation factors showed that the flesh accumulated all the five metals with Fe (>0.5mg/l) as the highest and Zn (≤0.221mg/l) as the least. The bio-sediment accumulation factors in the flesh were ≤2 mg/kg. The results of heavy metals concentrations obtained from the sampled fish organs and water from the dam were within the limit of FAO/WHO recommendation for human consumption and striving of the finfishes.

Detection of Tomato Yellow Ring Orthotospovirus in North Khorasan Province, Iran

Nasser Beikzadeh — 2025-05-04

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables in the world, cultivated both in the field and in greenhouses. Orthotospoviruses, are among the most economically important pathogens of tomato and cause significant damage to this crop worldwide. Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) and Tomato yellow ring orthotospovirus (TYRV) are two species of orthotospoviruses that have been described as potential threats to tomatoes worldwide. In a study of tomato infection in greenhouses in North Khorasan province (Bojnord) with Tomato yellow ring orthotospovirus, plants with symptoms of yellowing and necrosis of leaves and necrosis of stems were observed. Infection of these samples with TYRV was confirmed using test plants, DAS-ELISA, and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Infection of Petunia hybrida and Chenopodium quinoa with this virus was localized, while Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, Datura stramonium, and Moneymaker tomato had systemic infection. Using DAS-ELISA and a specific antibody (prepared against the nucleocapsid protein) to detect TYRV, Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus, TSWV, Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus, Groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus, Groundnut ring spot orthotospovirus, Tomato chlorotic spot orthotospovirus, and Chrysanthemum stem necrosis orthotospovirus, N. benthamiana plants with systemic infection were examined and confirmed to be infected with TYRV only. In the study of samples using RT-PCR, TYRV-specific primers and total RNA extracted from infected N. benthamiana leaves, a fragment of approximately 825 bp in size, which included the nucleocapsid protein gene, was amplified. This fragment was sequenced (HQ154131) and a study of amino acid sequence similarity in GenBank showed that the amino acid sequence of this fragment is 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of TYRV from Fars (ABH07703), Tehran (AAV98587), and Markazi (ACT09488) provinces in Iran. This is the first report of TYRV from North Khorasan province (Bojnord) in Iran.

Climate change and livestock production in Africa

Musa Kose — 2025-05-04

Climate change presents severe global challenges, with regions like Africa experiencing long-term shifts in temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. Over the past two decades, rising surface temperatures and sea levels have been key indicators of this change, significantly affecting livestock production, a vital sector for rural livelihoods. Livestock farming, which relies on climate and natural resources, is particularly vulnerable, with rural farmers facing considerable risks despite its crucial role in food security and income. Studies on climate change’s effects on livestock productivity emphasise the importance of temperature and precipitation, noting that higher temperatures typically reduce productivity, while droughts caused by reduced rainfall further exacerbate the challenges. On the other hand, increased rainfall benefits livestock by improving water availability and forage growth. Recent studies indicate that climate change negatively impacts livestock at the microeconomic level. However, the complexities of these effects, particularly the influence of socioeconomic factors such as market volatility, population growth, and conflicts, have not been thoroughly explored. As the climate crisis escalates, reliable data and effective adaptation strategies become increasingly important to mitigate these risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of livestock farming in Africa. Therefore, this study aims to study climate change and African livestock production. It is essential to expand research to include underrepresented livestock regions. Effective responses to climate change must be context-specific and holistic, with a more diversified focus addressing the impacts on non-ruminant livestock. It is crucial to conduct more research on the effects of climate change on livestock in some detail to develop practical solutions that support the resilience of rural livestock communities in Africa.

Production and Quality Evaluation of Artisan Spaghetti Incoporated with Xanthan Gum and Eggs

Yusuf Tasiu Gano — 2025-05-04

Locally processed spaghetti is often associated with low mechanical strength and proximate composition. Xanthan gum (XG) and eggs are used by food industries to improve textural properties and nutritional value of foods. Locally processed spaghetti from three different formulation of wheat flour dough consisting XG and egg (3g, 50ml; 2.5g, 40ml; 2g, 30ml) and control sample with neither XG nor egg were produced. The effects of XG and egg on textural properties, proximate composition, and sensory attributes of the spaghetti were analyzed. Proximate composition were determined using standard methods, texture of dry spaghetti was evaluated using fracturability test method, while for the cooked spaghetti texture analyzer machine was used. The sensory profile was investigated using 9-point hedonic scale method. The results showed that incorporating xanthan gum and egg to wheat flour during dough formation significantly modified the properties of the processed spaghetti. There was increased in protein (26.17%), and fat contents (8.07%) compared to the control spaghetti. Sample with higher XG and gum exhibit more hardness (19.01%), cohesiveness (1.39%), and fracturability (78.11%). XG improved mechanical strength of the dried spaghetti, hardness (19.01%), cohesiveness (1.39%), and fracturability (78.11%) compared to other samples. However, sensory evaluation highlighted a need to manage the aroma due to the eggy smell. This research highlights the potential of xanthan gum and egg as functional additives to enhance the quality, textural and sensory properties of locally processed spaghetti. The findings provide a foundation for scaling up production and improving the competitiveness of local pasta producers in the market.

Determination of in vitro Antagonistic Activity of Burkholderia ambifaria against Fungal Storage Diseases in Citrus Fruits

Yusuf GÜMÜŞ — 2025-05-04

Postharvest fungal diseases in mandarin fruits cause significant economic and nutritional losses during transport and storage. The control of postharvest diseases in citrus fruit involves frequent and large amounts of chemical fungicides. Increasing concerns about health hazards and environmental pollution caused by the use of chemicals have necessitated the development and use of environmentally friendly control strategies as an alternative to chemicals for the control of post-harvest diseases in citrus fruits. The bacterial isolates as biological control agents (BCAs) are one of the most suitable alternatives to synthetic fungicides, which are banned or restricted for use in post-harvest disease management. Fungal diseases such as black mould (Aspergillus niger), blue mould (Penicillium italicum), green mould (Penicillium digitatum), sour rot (Geotrichum citri-aurantii), and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) cause the most significant postharvest losses in citrus fruit. The BCA bacterial isolate used in this study was isolated from healthy mandarins and identified as Burkholderia ambifaria by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS; MicroFlex LT, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) analysis. In this study, the antagonistic activity of B. ambifaria on the inhibition of mycelial growth of A niger, P. italicum, P. digitatum, G. citri-aurantii and C. gloeosporioides isolated from mandarin fruits was determined in vitro conditions. In dual culture tests, the BCA B. ambifaria isolate inhibited the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides by 66.67%, A. niger by 69.40%, G. citri-aurantii by 73.33%, P. italicum and P. digitatum by 77.78%. The high level of antagonistic activity of the bacterial isolate in inhibiting the mycelial growth of fungal pathogens showed that the B. ambifaria has the potential to be used as a BCA against diseases occurring during post-harvest storage.

Sustainable Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp) Production as Impacted by Integrated Weed Management Practices

Emmanuel Abraham SHITTU — 2025-05-04

Field trials were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons at the Research and Teaching farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University Kano (Latitude 11^o58 N, Longitude 8^o25 E; altitude 458 m als). The efficacy of twelve different weed control treatments using various herbicides alone, in combination, or in addition to hoe weeding was evaluated on cowpea (var. IT99K-573-1-1) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments comprised of weedy check (control), hoe weeding at 3 & 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), metolachlor at 2.0 kg a.i.ha^-1, imazethapyr at 3.0 kg a.i.ha^-1, pendimethalin at 2.0 kg a.i. ha^-1, pendimethalin at 3.0 kg a.i. ha^-1, pendimethalin 1.0 + imazethapyr 1.0 kg a.i.ha^-1, metolachlor 1.5 + pendimethalin 1.5 kg a.i.ha^-1, imazethapyr 1.0 + pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i.ha^-1+ SHW at 6 WAS, metolachlor 1.5 + pendimethalin 1.5 kg a.i.ha^-1+ SHW at 6 WAS, metolachlor at 2.0 + SHW at 6 WAS, and pendimethalin at 2.0 + SHW at 6 WAS. Data were collected on cowpea growth, yield, and weed management parameters and were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were compared using the Student Newman-Keuls test (SNK) at a 5% level of probability. Results indicated that weed control significantly (p < 0.001) influenced crop growth and yield. Herbicide treatments, particularly those involving pendimethalin, imazethapyr, and metolachlor, effectively suppressed weed growth, leading to increased plant height (101.9-147.9 cm), leaf area (44.87-47.93 cm²), and number of leaves (113.17-122.03). Additionally, these treatments resulted in a higher number of pods (74.47-77.10) and seed yields (702.0-705.5 kg ha⁻¹) compared to the weedy check. Findings further revealed that the combination of herbicides with hoe weeding proved to be the most effective strategy, providing superior weed control and maximizing crop productivity. These findings highlight the importance of integrated weed management practices for sustainable cowpea production.

The Effect of Some Packaging Materials on Seed Viability of Arachis hypogaea L (Groundnut)

Habiba Maikudi Muhammed — 2025-05-04

This study investigates the effect of various packaging materia

ls on the seed viability of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), SAMNUT 24 variety. Conducted at the Department of Biological Science laboratory, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, the experiment employed a complete randomized design with five packaging materials:namel; polythene bag, paper bag, cloth bag, aluminum foil, and jute bag. Each material contained 1 kg of seeds, stored for six months. Post-storage, a germination test was performed using 20 seeds from each packaging type, with parameters including germination percentage, germination index, germination rate index, and vigor index assessed after seven days. Results indicated that packaging materials significantly affected seed quality, with aluminum foil demonstrating the highest germination percentage (98.34%) and vigor index (3423.06), followed closely by polythene bags. In contrast, cloth bags yielded the lowest values for both germination percentage (67.45%) and vigor index (987.45). These findings align with existing literature suggesting that effective packaging is crucial for preserving seed viability by protecting against environmental factors. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate packaging materials to enhance seed quality and agricultural productivity, with aluminum foil and polythene bags as the most effective in groundnut seed storage.

Green Synthesis of ZnO, CuO and ZnO-CuO Nanoparticles from Nigella sativa L. Extract and Effect of Nanoseed priming on Chickpea under Salinity Stress

Farah Deeba — 2025-05-04

Nigella sativa is a medicinal plant commonly referred to as "black cumin" and belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. Nanotechnology, a field that operates at the nanoscale, has numerous practical applications. Due to the unique properties of nanoparticles—including their large surface area, high reactivity, aggregation tendencies, penetration capability, small size, and distinct structure—nanotechnology has enabled a wide range of applications in agriculture. Biosynthesis offers a safe and environmentally friendly method for producing non-toxic, biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs). The objective of the present study was to synthesize ZnO, ZnO-CuO, and CuO NPs from N. sativa and to evaluate the impact of seed priming with these nanoparticles on the overall morphology, germination, and growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under salt stress conditions. The synthesized NPs were characterized FTIR, XRD, DLS, SEM, and UV-Vis. For nanoseed priming, chickpea seeds were soaked in ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO nanocomposite solutions at varying concentrations (100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm). The effects of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO NPs on germination, growth, and biochemical parameters of chickpea under salt stress were analyzed. Salt stress was applied in two phases. Various physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed, including catalase and peroxidase activities, hydrogen peroxide levels, seedling root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights, number of leaves, and lateral root development. Chickpea exhibited tolerance to salinity during the flowering stage, contributing to its stability and enhanced productivity. Following data collection, raw data were analyzed using the statistical software STAR. Nanoseed priming showed potential benefits in improving germination rates, enhancing seedling growth, and increasing stress tolerance, making it a promising approach for sustainable agriculture. The findings of this study suggest that ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO seed priming can enhance chickpea growth under saline conditions. Improved seedling performance was associated with increased shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry biomass, and antioxidant enzyme activity, which collectively mitigated salt stress effects through nano-priming.

Transformation of Common Dates of Low Market Value into Crystallized Sugar by Freeze-Drying Process.

Djenette Elbar — 2025-05-04

The common dates can serve as an effective substitute for commercial white sugar, whether it is in the form of icing or crystallized sugar, and their utilization could represent a significant enhancement in terms of socio-economic benefits. The process of producing sugar from these dates begins with the cultivation of low-value date crops. The dates undergo a thorough washing process with water, effectively separating them from any grass, dirt, and other unwanted materials. Once cleaned, the dates are cut open to remove their pits. The extraction of sweet juice from the dates is achieved through a diffusion method. This technique facilitates the transfer of sugar from the date pulp into the water. Adding dates and distilled water in ratio (1/5) in a large flask to hot plate at temperature 65°C and turn slowly for 30 to 60 minutes. After this extraction phase, the sweet juice is filtered using a vacuum pump. The resulting juice contains not only the sugars derived from the dates but also various impurities that must be removed, including mineral salts and organic compounds. To achieve this purification, the filtration process employs lime milk treatment. This combination leads to the formation of insoluble salts and sediments that help stabilize and eliminate the impurities present in the juice. After this treatment, the mixture is passed through filters designed to capture the impurities while allowing the pure sweet juice to flow through. At this stage of processing, the filtered juice is composed of approximately 20% sugar and 80% water.

Using a rotavape, the juice is concentrated at 40°C until it becomes a syrup containing 65% to 70% sucrose, the syrup is then frozen, then sublimated, and finally desorption (lyophilization) by freeze-drying transforms it into crystallized sugar, ready for various applications.

Key words: Common Dates, sugar, extraction, filtration, clarification, freeze-drying.

Determination of honeybees preference for dry protein replacement diets at different locations

Mustafa Güneşdoğdu — 2025-05-04

Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are the best known and most effective pollinating insects. Not enough information is available on the nutrition of these insects. Various products are used as protein sources for the diet of bees, and these products are usually given to the colony in the form of cake. There is little research on dry protein substitutes used for feeding bees outside the colony. In this study, the preference of bees for different dry protein substitutes was investigated in continental and subtropical climates. The results show that the seven different formulations are most preferred by the bees. In the subtropical climate, the bees showed no interest in these feeds, while in the continental climate they showed considerable interest. In addition, bees visited dark-colored baits more. In addition, baits close to the colonies were preferred more.

Possibilities of Using Microalgae Varieties in Beekeeping Research

Mustafa Güneşdoğdu — 2025-05-04

In medicine, microalgae are used to produce food supplements and medicines. In particular, algae such as spirulina and chlorella with their high content of proteins, vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids have positive effects on health. In addition, some types of microalgae have antimicrobial and antiviral properties and are being studied in the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In animal husbandry, microalgae are used as a feed additive to improve animal nutrition. Microalgae can accelerate the growth of animals, strengthen their immune system and reduce environmental pollution. In particular, algae used in feed for ruminants can reduce methane emissions. In beekeeping, microalgae are used as food supplements for bees. Food supplements with microalgae can strengthen the bees' immune system and increase their survival rate in winter. In addition, microalgae can promote the production of compounds that increase propolis production. In summary, microalgae offer important health, productivity and environmental benefits in areas such as medicine, animal husbandry and beekeeping. Research in this field continues to provide solutions to support the sustainable and efficient use of microalgae.

Development of a Practical Model to Evaluate the Influence of Abiotic Factors on Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Farms in Albania

Myqerem Tafaj, Prof, Dr.sc.agr. — 2025-05-04

Background and aim of study: Mastitis poses a major challenge in Albanian dairy farming, with subclinical mastitis (SCM) causing significant economic losses due to undetected infections. It results from interactions among environmental factors, pathogens, and host immunity. Contagious pathogens are often transmitted during milking, whereas environmental sources include bedding and manure. Research and practice have primarily concentrated on contagious microorganisms, with limited exploration of environmental factors affecting mastitis susceptibility and treatment efficacy. In Albanian dairy farms, subclinical mastitis (SCM) is frequently underdiagnosed due to insufficient awareness among farmers and veterinary professionals. Additionally, a standardized national surveillance system for SCM prevalence is absent. A comprehensive approach integrating both biotic and abiotic factors, as demonstrated in other countries, is crucial for addressing this issue under real farm conditions. Therefore, this study is undertaken with the aim of developing a practice-relevant methodological model for farmers and professionals to conduct an integrated assessment of the biotic and abiotic factors contributing to the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in dairy farms in Albania.

Methodology: This model quasi-protocol integrates a range of practical tools, including questionnaires for both quantitative and qualitative data collection, direct testing on dairy farms and animals, and rapid analytical methods for milk and feed samples. Additionally, professional evaluations from veterinarians or animal science experts are conducted, with findings communicated to farmers in an simple practical format. The implementation of the protocol involves the following steps: 1^st step) collection of farmer information; 2^nd) random selection of cows for testing; 3^rd) on-farm assessment of clinical mastitis, udder and milking hygiene, and stable hygiene; 4^th) administration of the California Mastitis Test (CMT); 5^th) collection of milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis (SCM) for agent investigation and rapid physicochemical testing; and 6^th) evaluation of herd feeding status and feed quality through organoleptic assessment and rapid analysis using NIRS equipment.

Results: This practical model was tested in a study on nine Holstein dairy farms in Albania, spanning both lowland regions (Durrës and Shkodra) and hilly areas (Korça). The study involved measurements taken over 8 months of lactation, up to the onset of the dry period. On each farm, 6-10 cows in lactations 1-3 were randomly selected for CMT tests and milk sampling. The average productivity parameters were as follows: herd size ranged from 21 to 140 cows; daily milk production ranged from 12 to 30 kg; and the average days in lactation were 32-83 for the first measurement, 146-213 for the second, and 241-300 for the third. To assess the relationship between subclinical mastitis (SCM) and milk physicochemical properties under real farm conditions, no changes were made to housing, hygiene, or feeding practices, though these factors were documented. Variance and regression analyses using SPSS were conducted to evaluate the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on SCM and their interactions with other variables. The study concludes that this protocol is practical and easily applicable on Albanian dairy farms, for veterinarians, zootechnicians, and trained farmers alike.

Bisfenol-A’ya Uzun Süreli Maruz Kalan Gökkuşağı Alabalığında (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Propolisin Bazı Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Yağmur Ötün — 2025-05-04

Giriş: Son yıllarda kullanım alanı ve üretimi artış gösteren Bisfenol-A (BPA)’nın canlılar üzerindeki zararlı etkileri yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. BPA gibi hayatı kolaylaştırmak adına üretilen pek çok kimyasal hayatı olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu kimyasalların yerine konulacak alternatif maddelerin en kısa zamanda bulunması veya zararlı etkilerini azaltacak yeni maddelere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda ksenobiyotiklerin zararlı etkilerini giderecek antioksidan özellikte pek çok gıda ürünü bilinmektedir. Bunlardan birisi uzun yıllar alternatif tıpta kullanılan propolistir. Bu çalışma, BPA’ nın uzun süreli maruziyetinin Gökkuşağı alabalığı üzerindeki bazı kan parametreleri açısından etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda, bu zararlı etkilerin hafifletilmesinde propolisin potansiyel koruyucu rolünü araştırmayı hedeflemektedir.

Materyal-Metot: Çalışmada materyal olarak Gökkuşağı alabalığı kullanılmıştır. Deney düzeneği, balıkların 500, 1000 ve 1500 μg/L BPA konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakıldığı ve BPA + propolis gruplarının bu süreçte propolis ilaveli yemlerle beslendiği toplamda 8 gruptan oluşup 7 haftalık bir maruziyet süresini kapsamaktadır. Deney sonunda balıkların diseksiyon işlemin ardından kan örnekleri alınarak santrifüj edilip, gerekli kan parametreleri analiz edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Gökkuşağı alabalığına uygulanan farklı dozlardaki BPA ve propolis dozlarının kronik toksisite maruziyetinin ardından bazı kan parametrelerindeki değerleri etkilediği gözlemlendi. Balıklardan alınan kan değerlerinin veri analizi yapılarak istatiksel açıdan değerlendirilmesi yapıldı.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Yapılan analizler sonucunda farklı dozlarda uygulanan BPA dozlarının balıkların bazı kan parametlerini seviyelerini artırarak toksitite etkisi yaptığını ve doğal bir antioksidan olan propolis uygulanan gruplarda ise bu kan parametrelerinin değerlerinin azaldığı gözlemlendi. Sonuç olarak, propolis uygulamasının Gökkuşağı alabalıklarında BPA'nın neden olduğu toksisiteyi azalttığı söylenebilir.

İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Sigortaları Üzerine Etkisi: Yapay Zekanın Rolü

Cevher Özden — 2025-05-04

İklim değişikliği, aşırı hava olaylarının sıklığını ve şiddetini artırarak tarımsal üretim ve gıda güvenliği üzerinde ciddi riskler oluşturmaktadır. Tarım sigortaları, çiftçilerin iklim kaynaklı kayıplarını telafi ederek finansal riskleri azaltmada önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Ancak iklim değişikliğinin öngörülemez doğası, geleneksel risk değerlendirme ve prim hesaplama yöntemlerini zorlaştırarak tarım sigortalarının sürdürülebilirliğini tehdit etmektedir. Yapay Zeka (YZ), risk tahminlerini iyileştirmek, prim hesaplamalarını optimize etmek ve hasar yönetimini geliştirmek için yenilikçi çözümler sunmaktadır. Makine öğrenmesi ve büyük veri analitiği ile desteklenen YZ tabanlı modeller, daha doğru hava tahminleri, erken uyarı sistemleri ve gerçek zamanlı hasar tespitleri sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, yapay zekanın iklim değişikliği kaynaklı belirsizlikler karşısında tarım sigortalarını nasıl güçlendirebileceğini incelemektedir. Ayrıca, tarım sigortalarının dayanıklılığını ve verimliliğini artırmak için politika önerileri ve teknolojik yenilikler ele alınmaktadır.

Extraction and Isoelectric Precipitation of Protein from Hazelnut Meal

Esra Kibar Balballı — 2025-05-04

This study investigates the two-stage protein extraction from hazelnut meal and the evaluation of isoelectric precipitation efficiency. In the first extraction stage, proteins were extracted at pH 8, 9, and 10 for one hour, followed by a second extraction on the residual solids. The first extraction yielded 9649, 10238, and 10355 mg/mL at pH 8, 9, and 10, respectively, indicating increased solubility at higher pH. The second extraction recovered additional protein but with lower efficiency, yielding 8599, 8677, and 8838 mg/mL at pH 8, 9, and 10, respectively. A two-stage extraction was found to enhance overall protein recovery, but further extractions beyond this point may not be efficient. The study also examined the precipitation efficiency at the isoelectric point (pI = 4.5). After the first extraction, supernatant protein concentrations were 291, 279, and 299 mg/mL at pH 8, 9, and 10, demonstrating effective precipitation. Similar results were obtained for the second extraction, confirming the efficiency of the precipitation step. Additionally, proteins extracted at pH 10 were precipitated at different pH values, with supernatant concentrations of 644 (pH 3.5), 341 (pH 4), 336 (pH 4.5), and 347 mg/mL (pH 5). These findings highlight that a pH 9-10 extraction followed by precipitation at pH 4.5 maximizes protein recovery and precipitation efficiency. The study provides insights into optimizing protein isolation from hazelnut meal for potential applications in food processing.

CACACHLSIW Combine Activated Carbon and Calcium Hydroxide to Lower the Salinity of Irrigation Water.

Djenette Elbar — 2025-05-04

High salt concentrations in irrigation water in arid regions can lead to significant nutritional imbalances, adversely affecting plant growth and productivity. The use of such water can also cause sodium fixation in soil, contributing to salinization that degrades soil quality, resulting in clay dispersion, structural deterioration, reduced permeability, and plant asphyxiation.

Our treatment method combines activated carbon and calcium hydroxide, leveraging activated carbon's high adsorption capacity for chemical compounds. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) is an effective, cost-efficient alkaline product that enhances water quality by neutralizing acidity, softening, purifying, and removing turbidity and impurities.

In our methodology, we activate charcoal from palm residues with citric acid and mix it with calcium hydroxide to reduce chloride levels, resulting in clean water that meets salinity standards. The application of this mixture to saline irrigation water yielded a 20-40% reduction in ion levels (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, and bicarbonate), demonstrating the treatment's effectiveness. These results support the design considerations for using activated carbon from palm residues alongside calcium hydroxide to lower salinity levels.

Given these promising findings, further research is necessary to assess the long-term stability of the treated water and its suitability for various agricultural applications. We plan to conduct field trials to evaluate the treatment's performance under different environmental conditions and its effects on soil health and crop yield. Additionally, we will analyze the economic feasibility of scaling up the process, taking into account raw material costs and potential benefits for farmers facing salinity challenges.

In conclusion, our initial findings indicate that utilizing activated charcoal derived from palm residues in combination with calcium hydroxide presents a viable solution for salinity remediation in irrigation. This eco-friendly approach not only helps manage saline water but also promotes agricultural waste recycling, contributing to a more sustainable farming future.

Keywords: salinity, irrigation water, activated charcoal, citric acid, Calcium hydroxide.

Fındık İşletmelerinde Gıda Güvenliği: Riskler ve Çözüm Önerileri

Hasan Karaosmanoğlu — 2025-05-04

Bu çalışma, fındık işletmelerinde gıda güvenliği kavramını, karşılaşılan riskleri ve bu risklerin yönetimine yönelik stratejileri kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Fındık gibi hassas tarımsal ürünlerde aflatoksin kontaminasyonu, mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal riskler, hijyen eksiklikleri ve çevresel faktörler, gıda güvenliğini tehdit eden başlıca unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu risklerin etkin bir şekilde kontrol altına alınması, yalnızca tüketici sağlığının korunması açısından değil, aynı zamanda Türkiye'nin fındık sektöründeki uluslararası ticaret kapasitesinin artırılması açısından da kritik bir gerekliliktir. Araştırmada, HACCP ve ISO 22000 gibi uluslararası gıda güvenliği standartlarının fındık işletmelerinde uygulanmasının önemi vurgulanmakta; modern işleme ve depolama tekniklerinin yanı sıra düşük sıcaklık ve uygun bağıl nem koşullarının sağlanmasının ürün kalitesi üzerindeki olumlu etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik kontaminasyonların önlenmesine yönelik olarak, tarım ilaçlarının sıkı denetimi, düzenli test protokollerinin uygulanması ve hijyen standartlarına uyum gibi önlemlerin gerekliliği ortaya konulmaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışanların hijyen farkındalığının artırılması ve çevresel hijyen koşullarının iyileştirilmesi, işletmelerde gıda güvenliği süreçlerinin sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, yenilikçi teknolojilerin, örneğin sensör tabanlı izleme sistemleri ve inert gaz atmosferleri gibi uygulamaların benimsenmesi, gıda güvenliği standartlarına uyumun sağlanması ve bu doğrultuda güvenli üretim süreçlerinin sürdürülmesi, fındık işletmelerinin rekabet gücünü artıran temel unsurlar arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, fındık işletmelerinde gıda güvenliğinin sağlanması, yalnızca halk sağlığını korumakla sınırlı kalmayıp, Türkiye’nin tarımsal ihracatında sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması açısından da stratejik bir öneme sahiptir.

Fermented Foods and Human Health

Souhila Mazguene — 2025-05-04

Humans need nutrients to survive, essential for good health and strength of the body. However, current biological, social and psychological practices greatly affect people's dietary intake, leading to health-related problems. Situation which forces individuals to take drugs and supplements, with many undesirable secondary effects. In this way, scientists investigate uncountable strategies to solve these complications, and one of the alternatives is fermented foods. About 30% of the human diet consists of fermented foods, consumed in most societies with different cultures and lifestyles. They are cost-effective due to their preparation using available seasonal raw materials from local farming. This type of alimentation, widely distributed, was adopted for thousands of years for its organoleptic and mainly preservative characteristics. The fermentation gives specific sensory proprieties and prolongs shelf life/safety depending on the products and fermenting microorganisms. The most studied category of fermented foods is dairy products. Nowadays, their consumption is motivated by health-related prospects. Increasing evidence of the association of fermented foods with health has further increased their popularity in recent years. Fermented foods are a source of biotics (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics and parabiotics), related to various health benefits, from the digestive (assimilation, microbiota equilibrium…) to the immune system modulation. Differences in the microbial consortia present or used have various health effects. Several studies evaluated their anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and other effects induced by beneficial components produced during fermentation processes. The adoption of fermentation technology is in progress and many start-ups are created in the West.

Determinants of Poverty Among Rural Farming Households in Ganye Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Yahaya Zira Dia — 2025-05-04

Poverty is one of the difficult problems that affect rural farming households in Nigeria because farming is their primary source of income. In Ganye Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria, the study examined the causes of poverty among rural agricultural households. The particular research objectives were to define the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, determine their level of poverty, and investigate the reasons that cause poverty among the respondents. The primary data for the investigations came from 250 respondents who were selected using a multi-stage random selection technique. The analytical techniques used were descriptive analysis, Foster-Greer-Thorbeeke (FGT) and Logit regression model. The study's findings revealed that the majority of rural farming households' heads were men (84.40%), married (85.60%), with a mean age of 41.25 years, educated (84.00%), and with a mean farm size of 2.56 ha and a mean household size of 7 individuals. However, the majority of responders (87.60%) lacked access to credit. The distribution of respondents by level of poverty (P_o, P₁, and P₂) according to the study's findings was also discovered to be 0.60 for incidence, 0.31 for depth, and 0.19 for severity. The Logit regression model's findings demonstrated that while age, marital status, and household size had adverse effects on poverty status among farming households and were statistically significant at different levels, sex, formal education, primary occupation, access to credit, total income, and annual remittances had favorable effects. The study's conclusions recommended that rural farming households have access to centers for skill development, that adequate financing be provided for the development of infrastructure, and that credit facilities be accessible. These suggestions would contribute to reducing poverty.

Hindi (Meleagris gallopavo) Yetiştiriciliğin Kümes Hayvanclığı üretimindeki Güncel Rolü: Türkiye ve Dünya Perspektifleri

Arzu Üçtepe — 2025-05-04

Bu çalışma, hindi (M. gallopavo) yetiştiriciliğinin mevcut rolünü hem Türkiye hem de dünya perspektifinden incelemektedir. Küresel olarak hindi eti üretimi, özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avrupa'da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Hindiler dünya kanatlı hayvan varlığında dördüncü sırada yer alırken (2023 yılında ördek, kaz ve hindilerin payları sırasıyla %5,95, %1,98 ve %0,66'dır), Türkiye'nin kanatlı hayvan varlığında daha düşük bir payla da olsa ikinci sırada yer almaktadır (2023 yılında hindi, kaz, ördek ve beç tavuğunun payları sırasıyla %0,90, %0,36 ve %0,11'dir). Türkiye'de Manisa, Bolu ve İzmir başta olmak üzere bazı iller canlı hindi stokları açısından öne çıkmaktadır. 2024 yılında Şırnak ve Van, hindi stoku bakımından ilk on beş il arasına girerek dikkat çekmiştir.

Son beş yıllık ithalat verileri incelendiğinde, hindi palazı ve yumurtası ithalatının en yüksek seviyeye 2020 yılında ulaştığı ve yaklaşık 2,9 milyon adet olduğu görülmektedir. Geçici verilere göre 2024 yılında hindi karkas ağırlığının bir önceki yıla göre yaklaşık 1,5 kg artarak yaklaşık 11,63 kg'a ulaşması, Türkiye'nin 2024 yılında hindi karkas randımanı açısından dünya sıralamasında ilk ona girebileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, son on yılda kişi başına hindi eti tüketimi 1 kg'ı geçmemiştir ve 2023 tüketimi sadece 0,557 kg'dır.

Gıda Güvenliğini Destekleme ve Sürdürülebilir Tarımı Teşvik Etmede Yabani Yenilebilir Sebzelerin Potansiyel Rolü: Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Örneği

Hatice Filiz Boyacı — 2025-05-05

Sebze tarımında giderek artan nüfusun gıda ihtiyacından doğan gıda arz güvenliğini desteklemek için birim alandan daha fazla ürün elde etmeye odaklanılmıştır. Ancak yapılan yoğun tarımsal faaliyetler üretim üzerinde baskı oluşturmuştur. Sebzelerin sürekli aynı ortamda yetiştirilmesinden kaynaklanan toprakların verimsizleşmesi, kimyasal ilaç ve gübrelerin bilinçsiz ve fazla kullanımı, hastalık ve zararlıların yoğunluğu ciddi verim ve kalite kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Bunlara ilaveten küresel iklim değişikliğinin etkisiyle artan aşırı hava olaylarının yol açtığı yüksek sıcaklık, kuraklık, soğuk, tuzluluk, ani yağışlarla meydana gelen seller, kentleşme ve sanayileşmenin sonucu olarak artan sera gazları salınımı, ağır metaller özellikle açıkta yetiştiriciliği tehdit etmektedir. Bitki ıslahçıları yeni çeşitlerin geliştirilmesinde bir yandan verim ve kalite sorunlarını çözmeye çalışırken diğer yandan stres koşullarına dayanıklılığı artırma çabasındadırlar. Bununla birlikte sürekli değişen koşullarda çoklu strese maruz kalan kültür sebzelerinde stres faktörlerine karşı direnç geliştirmek ıslah sürecini uzatmaktadır. Çoklu dayanım kazandırmak maliyetli bir süreç olup kısa vadede çözüm bulmak zordur. Dayanıklılık genleri için türün yabani akrabalarından yararlanılmakta, ıslah sürecinde yabani genitörden gelen istenmeyen genlerin eleminasyonu uzun zaman almaktadır. Oysa doğada bulunan yabani yenilebilir bitkiler halen güçlü genetik yapıları ile stres koşullarına dayanım sağlamakta ve yaşamlarını sürdürebilmektedirler. Yerelde tüketilen bu bitkiler gıda açığını kapatmada kısa vadede çözüm sunabilmektedir. Ancak bunların doğal yayılış alanlarının vadilerde ve yamaçlarda olması doğadan toplanan bu ürünlerin tedariğini güçleştirmektedir. Yabani yenilebilir sebzelerin kültüre alınarak yetiştirilmesi, devamlı bir şekilde tedarik edilmesini sağlayabilir ve tarımsal üretim sistemlerinde açık kapatılabilir. Türkiye sebze olarak tüketilebilecek yabani yenilebilir türlerin biyoçeşitliliği açısından oldukça zengindir. Yerelde kullanılan bu türlerden kültüre alınma potansiyeli taşıyanlar mevcuttur. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi bu anlamda önemli bir örnektir. Yüksek nem ve her mevsim yağışlı, asidik karakterde toprağı olan bölgeye adapte olan bazı yenilebilir yabani yapraklı sebzelerin yüksek adaptasyon yetenekleri ile farklı coğrafik koşullarda da yetiştirilme potansiyeli taşıdıkları kanıtlanmıştır. Bunlar bölgenin sürdürülebilir gıda sistemleri için yerel çözüm sunmakla kalmayıp, gıda güvenliğine alternatif yaklaşım olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Farklı Işık Spektrumları Köksüz Su Mercimeğinin (Wolffia arrhiza) Morfolojik Yapısını Etkiler

Beyhan TAŞ — 2025-05-05

Su mercimekleri (Lemnaceae) beş cins (Spirodela, Lemna, Landoltia, Wolffia ve Wolffiella) ve 36 türden oluşan, suda serbest yüzen çiçekli bitkilerdir. Dünya’nın en küçük ve en hızlı büyüyen angiospermleri olarak bilinirler. Su mercimekleri 1.5 cm ile 1 mm’den küçük boyutlara kadar değişen türler içerir. Bu ailenin en küçük bireyleri olan köksüz su mercimeği Wolffia (su unu, su yumurtaları) yüksek protein içeriği ile dikkat çekmektedir. Bitki bazlı protein kaynağı olarak önemli bir pazar potansiyeline sahip olan W. arrhiza ve W. globosa üzerine son yıllarda daha fazla odaklanılarak üretimi yapılmadır. Bu çalışmada, iklimlendirme kabininde farklı LED ışıklar altında (beyaz, kırmızı, mavi ve mor) ve laboratuvar ortamında gün ışığında yetiştirilen W. arrhiza’nın morfolojik yapısı (en ve boy uzunluğu) incelenmiştir. Stereo mikroskopta yapılan incelemelerde, en ölçümleri sırasıyla mavi > gün ışığı > beyaz > mor > kırmızı ışıklarda, boy ölçümleri ise sırasıyla gün ışığı > mavi > beyaz > mor > kırmızı ışıklarda tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre farklı ışık spektrumlarının W. arrhiza’nın morfolojik yapısı üzerinde etkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Mavi LED altında yetişen W. arrhiza daha iri iken kırmızı LED örnekleri daha küçük yapılıdır. Hedefe yönelik (gıda, yem, biyoteknoloji, biyoyakıt, biyolojik arıtma gibi) büyük biyokütleli, verimli, optimum ve sürdürülebilir üretim amacıyla, geleneksel ışıkların yanı sıra LED uygulamaları su mercimeği yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılabilir. Bunun için su mercimeği türlerine uygun ışık tercihinin seçilmesi gerekir.

Interfacial Activity and Stabilization Mechanisms of Food Colloids in Pickering Emulsions

Duygu Aslan Türker — 2025-05-05

The interfacial deformation and interfacial rheology behavior of food colloids are one of the important factors affecting their emulsification performance. The interfacial layer formed by food colloids adsorbed on the oil-water interface plays an important role in emulsion stability. However, these issues have not yet been sufficiently clarified. Based on the finding that colloidal particles used in food significantly improve the emulsifying property of Pickering emulsions, the effects of food colloids on the structure properties, interfacial deformation, and interfacial rheology behavior and their relationship with emulsification performance were investigated in this study. The results showed that food colloids at the interface of Pickering emulsions promoted the initial adsorption of particles and accelerated the formation of viscoelastic interfacial films, improving emulsification performance. In addition, food colloids imparted moderate viscosity and fluidity to the interfacial layers, which could combat the destabilization caused by oil droplet deformation. This study is believed to provide new insights into understanding and fine-tuning the interfacial behavior of food colloids.

Paraprobiyotiklerin Kısa Zincirli Yağ Asitleri Üretimindeki Rolü: Mikrobiyal Etkileşimler ve Potansiyel Mekanizmalar

Ecem Akan — 2025-05-05

Son yıllarda, kısa zincirli yağ asitleri (KZYA) sağlık üzerindeki potansiyel faydalarıyla dikkat çekmekte ve giderek daha fazla araştırılmaktadır. KZYA’lar, bağırsak mikrobiyotası tarafından diyet lifleri ve dirençli nişasta gibi fermente edilebilir karbonhidratların metabolizması sonucu üretilen biyoaktif bileşiklerdir. Başlıca asetat, propiyonat ve bütirattan oluşan bu metabolitler, bağırsak bariyer bütünlüğünün korunması, antiinflamatuar yanıtların düzenlenmesi ve enerji homeostazının sağlanması gibi önemli fizyolojik süreçlere katkıda bulunur. Son dönemde, canlı olmayan probiyotikler olarak tanımlanan paraprobiyotiklerin sağlık üzerindeki etkileri artan bir ilgi görmektedir. Bu derleme, paraprobiyotiklerin bağırsak mikrobiyotasıyla ilişkili KZYA üretimine etkilerini inceleyen mevcut çalışmaları değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmalar paraprobiyotiklerin bağırsak mikrobiyotasının kompozisyonunu modüle ederek belirli bakteri gruplarının aktivitesini değiştirebileceğini ve bunun sonucunda asetat, propiyonat ve bütirat üretimini etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, paraprobiyotiklerin KZYA üretimi üzerindeki spesifik etkileri; mikroorganizma türü, inaktivasyon yöntemi ve substrat çeşitliliği gibi birçok faktöre bağlıdır. Paraprobiyotiklerin etki mekanizmalarının daha iyi anlaşılması, prebiyotik ve postbiyotiklerle olan etkileşimlerinin araştırılması, gelecekte bu alanda yapılacak çalışmalara önemli katkı sağlayacaktır.

Süs Bitkilerinde Su Baskını Stresi, Etkileri, Tolerans Mekanizmaları: Bir inceleme

Ummu Ozgul Karaguzel — 2025-05-05

Son yıllarda iklim değişikliğinin neden olduğu küresel ısınma ile birlikte su baskınlarının sıklığı ve şiddeti de gittikçe artmaktadır. Su baskını, bitkilerin büyümesi, gelişimi ve hayatta kalmasını doğrudan etkileyen, biyoçeşitlilik üzerinde önemli etkiye sahip olan abiyotik stres faktörlerinden birisidir. Tarımda bu konuda yapılan araştırmalar daha çok stratejik değeri yüksek bitkiler üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Süs bitkilerinde ise daha sınırlı sayıda araştırma mevcuttur. Su baskını bitkinin türüne, su altında kalma süresine ve çevresel koşullara bağlı olarak önemli morfolojik ve fizyolojik değişimlere neden olmaktadır. Bu incelemenin temel amaçları, su baskını stresinin süs bitkilerindeki etkilerini ortaya koyarak morfolojik, fizyolojik, biyokimyasal, genetik ve moleküler tolerans mekanizmalarını ele almaktır. Sel baskını stresinin bitkilerdeki olumsuz etkisini azaltmak için son yıllarda bazı uygulamalar üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Tolerant tür ve çeşit seçimi, bazı besin elementi uygulamaları, hormon ve biyostimulant uygulamaları bunlardan bazılarıdır. Bu mekanizmalar, bitkinin oksijen alımını artırarak, toksik birikimini önleyerek ve enerji üretimini sürdürerek hayatta kalmasını sağlar.Yapılan çalışmalar, sel kaynaklı stresi azaltmaya yönelik stratejilerin geliştirilmesi, sele meyilli peyzaj alanlarında süs bitkilerinin seçimine ilişkin değerli bilgilerin sağlanması, sürdürülebilir peyzaj tasarımlarının geliştirilerek süs bitkileri sektöründeki ekonomik kayıpların azaltılabilmesi bakımından önemlidir. Süs bitkileri yetiştiricileri için de su basmasına dayanıklı çeşitlerin geliştirilmesi gereklidir.

Water resources management and climate change in South Sudan

Musa Kose — 2025-05-05

South Sudan, one of the least developed countries, is vulnerable to the socioeconomic losses and damages caused by climate change since its people rely on climate-sensitive natural resources for survival. Given the country's recurring droughts, promoting water collection and storage for varied purposes is a high priority. Water availability may be directly affected by poor water quality. This study focuses on how climate change has altered water supplies to assist South Sudan's future water usage and highlights the potential for future research to make a significant impact. The findings of this study will be necessary for future Nile River research, a field that holds great promise. In South Sudan, the quantity and quality of water have dropped during the last two decades. The article also shows how droughts are becoming more frequent, and rivers and streams are shrinking due to climate change. Several once-permanent rivers now have seasonal flows. South Sudan is especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to poor infrastructure, several developmental obstacles caused by the protracted civil war, and the fact that 95% of the population relies on climate-sensitive natural resources, particularly rain-fed subsistence agriculture, and total reliance on forests as a source of energy and other environmental goods and services.

Biodegradable Materials Production from Food Waste: A Sustainable Approach

Şehnaz Özatay — 2025-05-05

Food waste has become a significant global issue, contributing to environmental degradation through methane emissions in landfills. This research explores the potential of utilizing food waste as a source for producing biodegradable materials, offering a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. By examining various studies and advancements in this area, the research discusses the potential benefits, challenges, and future prospects of converting food waste into eco-friendly products. Food waste is a critical issue worldwide, with approximately one-third of food produced for human consumption being discarded. This waste, often sent to landfills, decomposes anaerobically, generating methane, a potent greenhouse gas. To mitigate the environmental impacts of food waste, innovative solutions are being explored, including converting it into biodegradable materials. This approach not only addresses the problem of waste disposal but also provides an alternative to conventional plastics, which are derived from non-renewable resources and contribute to long-term environmental pollution.

Enhancing Poultry Nutrition with Hydrobarothermal-Treated Non-GMO Soybean Meal: A Sustainable Approach

Muhammad Umair Asghar — 2025-05-05

The European Union faces significant challenges in ensuring protein security, particularly in the livestock sector. To address this issue, Agrolok sp. z o.o. has developed an innovative high-protein feed component derived from Polish non-GMO soybeans. This study focuses on optimizing the processing conditions of soybeans through hydrobarothermal treatment (HBT) to enhance protein content, digestibility, and amino acid availability. The treated soybean meal was evaluated for its nutritional benefits in poultry diets, with a focus on growth performance, feed efficiency, and nutrient utilization. Preliminary results demonstrate that HBT significantly improves the protein quality of soybean meal by reducing anti-nutritional factors and increasing the bioavailability of essential amino acids. Poultry fed with HBT-treated soybean meal exhibited superior weight gain, feed conversion ratios, and overall nutrient absorption compared to those fed with conventionally processed soybean meal. These findings highlight the potential of HBT-treated non-GMO soybean meal as a sustainable and efficient protein source for poultry nutrition. By enhancing the nutritional profile of SBM, this approach not only supports animal health and performance but also aligns with consumer preferences for non-GMO and sustainable feed ingredients. The improved feed efficiency and reduced environmental impact further emphasize the economic and ecological benefits of this technology. Future research will focus on scaling up the production process and conducting long-term trials to validate these findings. This project represents a significant step toward meeting the protein needs of the livestock industry while promoting sustainable agricultural practices in the EU.

Resistance Mechanisms of Solanum spp. Resistance Mechanisms of Solamun spp. Biotypes Depending on Metribuzin

Özgür Kıvılcım Kılınç — 2025-05-05

Metribuzin, triazinon kimyasal ailesine ait bir herbisittir. Patates ekim alanlarında yabancı ot mücadelesinde çıkış öncesi ve çıkış sonrası olarak uygulanmaktadır. Metribuzin etki mekanizmasını, fotosistem II'de bulunan D1 proteinine bağlanarak fotosentez için gerekli olan elektron transferini durdurarak fotosentezi engelleme şeklinde ve hedef bitkilerde oksidatif stres oluşturarak ölüme yol açarak gösterir. Ancak bazı yabancı ot türleri, uzun süreli herbisit kullanımına bağlı olarak farklı dayanıklılık mekanizmaları geliştirebilir. Ancak patates ile aynı familyadan olan Solanum spp. (Köpek Üzümü) türü yabancı otların mücadelesinde giderek artan bir şekilde çoğu durumda etkili olmamakta ve Türkiye'de önemli ürün kayıplarına neden olmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada; Niğde patates ekim alanlarında bulunan Köpek Üzümü popülasyonlarının metribuzine karşı dayanıklılık nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Patates ekim alanlarından toplanan dayanıklı köpek üzümü popülasyonlarının metribuzin toleransının nedenleri, metribuzinin kök ve yapraklar yoluyla bitki bünyesine alınımı, hedef bölge olan yapraklara kadar taşınımı, bitkilerin farklı organlarda metabolizasyonu(detoksifikasyonu) incelenmiştir.
İlk aşamada patates ekim alanlarından dayanıklılık şüphesi tespit edilen 4, karşılaştırma amaçlı olarak metribuzine hiçbir şekilde maruz kalmamış patates ekim alanları dışından hassas 1 popülasyon laboratuvar şartlarında sıcaklık ve nem kontrollü basitleştirilmiş sistemlerde incelenmiştir.
Farklı biyotiplerin metribuzin toleransı, metribuzin adsorpsiyon kapasiteleri, molekülün bitkilerin toprak üstü kısımlarına transfer hızları, metribuzinin hedef bölgesi olan yapraklar ve diğer bitki kısımlarındaki metribuzin konsantrasyonları ve metabolitleri belirlenerek değerlendirildi. Farklı organlardaki metabolizma hızı ve ortaya çıkan metabolitler daha ayrıntılı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma 14C-metribuzin (14C ile işaretlenmiş radyoaktif metribuzin) kullanılarak çeşitli radyometrik yöntemlerden (Farklı ekstraksiyon metotları, Radio-HPLC (radyokromatografisi), otoradyografi, oxidizer vb.) faydalanılmıştır.
Uzun yıllar boyunca devamlı olarak metribuzin uygulaması yapılmış patates ekim alanlarından elde edilen dayanıklılık şüphesi olan biyotipler, ekilmemiş topraklardan elde edilen biyotiplere göre metribuzine daha fazla tolerans göstermektedir. Solanum nigrum türlerinin metribuzini kökten alım kapasitesi yoğun olup, hedef organlara transferi yüksektir. Bu davranış, bu molekülün güçlü hidrofilitesine (Kow = 1.6) bağlıdır. Ancak otoradyografik çalışmalar bitkideki metribuzin kalıntılarının kompartmanlaştığını ve radyoaktivitenin iletken dokularda tutulduğunu göstermektedir. Hedef doku düzeyinde metribuzin konsantrasyonu için elde edilen değerler, çalışılan biyotiplere bağlı olarak çok farklıdır, yaprak düzeyinde kritik konsantrasyonda belirgin farklılıklar vardır.
Köklerden alınan metribuzinin, birkaç gün içinde hızlı bir şekilde metabolize edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bundan dolayı gövde ve yapraklardaki metribuzin konsantrasyonu oldukça düşüktür. Bitkilerin kökleri ve toprak üstü dokularında metribuzinin metabolizasyonu sonucu ortaya çıkan metabolitlerde farklılıklar görülmektedir. Köklerde çeşitli hidrofilik konjuge kalıntıların yanında birçok lipofilik metabolitlerin ortaya çıktığı; yapraklarda ise yalnızca konjuge kalıntıların bulunduğu belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak; patates ekim alanlarında bulunan biyotiplerin toleransı, metribuzinin asıl hedef bölgesi olan kloroplastlara taşınma kapasitelerinin düşük olmasıyla ilişkili olabilir. Bu durum bir yandan herbisitin kök seviyesindeki çok aktif detoksifikasyon kapasitesine diğer yandan ise kök ve gövde ayrışması (vasküler dokularda tutulma) için eşit derecede dikkate değer bir potansiyele sahip olmasına bağlanabilir; bu sayede aktif maddenin bu kloroplastlara transferi büyük ölçüde azaltılabilmektedir.
Tüm bu sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde metribuzinin çıkış sonrası uygulamaları, metribuzinin asıl hedef bölgesi olan yapraklara (Kloroplastlar) ulaşmasını ve sadece yaprak penetrasyonu yoluyla uygulama dozunun tamamının bitki bünyesine alınmasını kolaylaştırabilir. Böylece kökler ve iletim demetlerince tutulma ve metabolizasyon aşamalarını atlatarak daha etkili olabilir.

Nohut’ta (Cicer arietinum L.) metribuzinin metabolizasyonu ve transferi

Özgür Kıvılcım Kılınç — 2025-05-05

Yabancı ot kontrolü nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) üretimindeki en önemli kısıtlamalardan biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Türkiye'de nohut ekim alanlarındaki yabancı otları yabancı otları kontrol altına almak için tamamen seçici herbisit sayısı çok azdır ve bu herbisitlerin birçoğu ithal ve pahalıdır. Dahası üreticilerin uygulama zamanı ve dozlarında yaptıkları hatalardan dolayı nohutta fitotoksisite hasarlarına sıklıkla rastlanmakta ve ciddi verim kayıpları ortaya çıkmaktadır.

2020 yılından bu yana, bir triazinon herbisiti olan metribuzin, Türkiye'de nohut ekim alanlarında görülen çeşitli tek ve çift çenekli yabancı otların kontrolü için, 140 ml/da dozda, çıkış öncesi uygulamalar için tescil edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı; nohutun metribuzine karşı toleransının temellerini belirlemek ve bitki bünyesinde metribuzine karşı verdiği farklı tepkimeleri ölçmektir. Çıkış öncesi uygulamalar sonucu nohut’un metribuzini adsorpsiyon kapasitesi, bitkilerin toprak üstü kısımlarına transfer hızı, metribuzinin hedef bölgesi olan yapraklar ve diğer bitki kısımlarındaki metribuzin konsantrasyonları ve metabolitleri belirlenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı organlardaki metabolizasyon hızları ve ortaya çıkan metabolitler daha ayrıntılı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ¹⁴C-metribuzin (¹⁴C ile işaretlenmiş radyoaktif metribuzin) kullanılarak çeşitli radyometrik yöntemlerden (farklı ekstraksiyon metotları, Radio-HPLC (radyokromatografisi), otoradyografi, oxidizer vb.) faydalanılmıştır. Metribuzin toleransı, kökler tarafından emilimi ve metabolizasyonu çalışmalarında Fransız kökenli Kabuli bir varyete olan TWIST çeşidi ısı ve nem kontrollü bitki büyütme kabinlerinde basitleştirilmiş sistemlerde incelenmiştir.

Metribuzinin kökler ve kotiledonlar tarafından emilim kapasitesi, toprak üstü kısımlara transfer hızı, gövde ve hedef bölge olan yapraklardaki metribuzin konsantrasyonları bitkiyi farklı organlara ayırarak her organ için metribuzinin konsantrasyonu belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise farklı organlardaki metabolizasyon aşamaları incelenmiştir. Bu analizler ¹⁴C-metribuzin kullanılarak ve çeşitli radyometrik yöntemler (R-HPLC (radyokromatografisi, oksidizer, phosporimager vb.) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Yapılan analizler; metribuzinin kökler aracılığıyla yoğun bir şekilde bitki bünyesine alındığını, metribuzinin yapraklara kadar taşındığını göstermektedir. R-HPLC analizleri sonucunda, uygulamadan 21 gün sonra kök, gövde ve yapraklarda çok sayıda farklı metribuzin metabolitleri tespit edilmiştir. Yapraklarda metribuzin ve metabolitlerinin konsantrasyonları oldukça farklılık göstermektedir. Genç yapraklarda yaşlı yapraklara göre daha fazla radyoaktivite birikimi olmaktadır.

Nohutun metribuzin toleransının temelinde, kloroplastlara taşınma hızının kapasite düşük olması ve farklı yollarla yüksek detoksifikasyon kapasitesine sahip olmasıyla ilişkilendirilebilir, bu sayede aktif maddenin kloroplastlara transferi büyük ölçüde azaltılarak hedef bölgedeki metribuzin konsantrasyon kritik değerine ulaşması engellenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Metribuzin, Nohut, Cicer arietinum, seçicilik, tolerans, metabolizasyon, detoksifikasyon.

Biyobozunur Ambalajların Gıdalarda Kullanımı

Yekta GEZGİNÇ — 2025-05-05

Biyobozunur ambalaj malzemeleri, plastik ambalajlara kıyasla kullanım ömürlerini tamamladıktan sonra doğaya karışarak çevre kirliliğini önleyen ve geride doğaya zararlı, zehirli maddeler bırakmayan materyallerdir. Biyobozunurluk, bir malzemenin mikroorganizmalar tarafından üretilen enzimlerle parçalanarak karbondioksit, metan, su, inorganik bileşikler ve biyokütle gibi daha basit maddelere dönüşebilmesini ifade eder. Bu dönüşüm, çevreye zarar vermeden doğal yollarla gerçekleşir. Petrol türevli sentetik ambalaj malzemeleri ise doğada uzun süre bozulmadıkları için çevre kirliliğine ve toksik madde birikimine yol açmaktadır. Bu malzemelerden kaynaklanan atıklar, çevre sorunlarını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle, artan çevre sorunlarını önlemek amacıyla, sentetik ambalaj malzemelerine alternatif olarak biyobozunur gıda ambalaj malzemelerinin kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. Bu malzemelerin üretiminde nişasta, selüloz, protein gibi doğal kaynaklar kullanılır. Biyobozunur plastikler, polisakkaritler, proteinler, lipitler ve polyester gibi yenilenebilir tarımsal kaynaklardan üretilebilir. Selüloz ve nişasta, doğada bolca bulunduğundan biyoplastik üretiminde önemli bir rol oynar. Protein bazlı malzemeler, polimer zincirleri arasında güçlü bağlar oluşturarak yapıyı daha dayanıklı hale getirir. Ancak, bu malzemelerin esneklik kazanması için plastikleştirici eklenmesi gerekir. Biyobazlı ve biyobozunur plastikler, yenilenebilir kaynaklardan üretilen ve aynı zamanda doğada biyolojik olarak ayrışabilen plastik türleridir. Bu durum hem çevre dostu üretim süreçleri hem de kullanım sonrası minimum çevresel etki sağlama açısından büyük bir avantaj sunar. Bu derleme ile, biyobozunur ambalajların fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve aynı zamanda gıdalarda kullanım potansiyeli değerlendirilecektir.

Integrative Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of GASA Gene family in Sunflower Reveals Their Regulatory Role in Drought Stress Response

Muhammad Awais Ahmed — 2025-05-04

Climate change has an outstanding impact on world agriculture. It increases both the frequency and severity of drought, reducing crop yield and compromising food security. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), being a valuable oilseed crop suffers considerably by drought sress. Therefore, it is imperative to determine the genetic component that regulates its tolerance in water deficit environments in order to facilitate the production of drought-tolerant cultivars. The GASA (Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis) gene family is known to be involved in hormone signaling, stress adaptation and growth regulation, but it’s functional characterization lacks in sunflower. In the current study, we employed an integrative approach to screen and characterize the GASA gene family in sunflower and their roles under drought stress. Genome-wide analysis identified 27members of HaGASA gene family, unevenly distributed on eleven chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the genes into five subfamilies supported by conserved motifs and structural homology with Arabidopsis, peanut, and soybean GASA genes. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed drought and stress-responsive element enrichment with hormone and growth-related regulatory motifs. Based on transcriptomic data in the NCBI database, HaGASA gene expression in ten genotypes of sunflower was screened under drought. Fourteen genes exhibited differential expression under stress indicating a significant role in drought tolerance. Organ-specific expression analysis revealed HaGASA2, HaGASA11, HaGASA17, HaGASA19, HaGASA21, and HaGASA26 to be dominantly expressed in the stem. This study emphasizes the HaGASA gene family's role in improving sunflower drought stress tolerance as well as gives preliminary insight into the genetic and regulatory processes of HaGASA genes that could help breed drought-tolerant sunflower varieties.

Dövme Buğdayda Kalite Parametreleri ve Bu Parametreler Üzerine Buğday Çeşidinin Etkisi

Önay Altunal — 2025-05-05

Dövme buğday, buğday tanelerinin ıslatılıp kabuklarının soyulmasıyla elde edilen geleneksel bir tahıl ürünüdür. Anadolu mutfağında önemli bir yere sahip olup, özellikle keşkek, çorba, pilav ve salatalar gibi yemeklerde kullanılır. B vitamini, demir ve protein içeriği nedeniyle besleyici bir gıda kaynağı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışma, farklı buğday çeşitlerinden üretilen dövme buğdayın kalite özelliklerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, dövme buğdayın kalite parametrelerinin belirlenmesine odaklanılacaktır. Ayrıca, diğer bir hedef ise dövme buğday üretimi için en uygun buğday çeşitlerinin tespit edilmesidir. Literatürde, çeşitli buğday bazlı ürünler için ham madde kalitesi üzerine pek çok çalışma bulunmasına rağmen, Türkiye'de yaygın olarak kullanılan dövme buğdayın kalite özellikleri ve üretimi için uygun ham madde özellikleri üzerine detaylı araştırmaların eksik olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma, dövme buğday üretimi üzerine yapılan araştırma bulguları ile literatüre katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, Zivago, Bayraktar-2000 ve Cumhuriyet-75 isimli farklı buğday çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Bu buğday çeşitleri, yerel bir değirmende geleneksel yöntemlerle dövme buğdaya işlenmiştir. Hem ham buğday hem de elde edilen dövme buğday üzerinde çeşitli analizler yapılmıştır. Buğday üzerinde yapılan analizler arasında nem, kül, protein, toplam yağ, hektolitre ağırlığı, bin tane ağırlığı, sertlik ve renk ölçümleri yer alırken, dövme buğday üzerinde yapılan analizler ise renk, sertlik, pişirme süresi, pişirme sırasında kuru madde kaybı, suya nişasta salınımı, hacim yoğunluğu ve duyusal değerlendirmeleri içermektedir. Buğdayın dövme buğdaya işlenmesi, tüm çeşitlerde nem oranında %1-4 arasında bir artışa yol açmıştır. Sert buğdaydan elde edilen dövme buğdayda L* ve b* değerlerinde artış, a* değerinde ise azalma gözlemlenmiştir. Aksine, yumuşak buğdaydan elde edilen dövme buğdayda L*, a* ve b* değerlerinde azalma meydana gelmiştir. Pişirme süresi analiz sonuçlarına göre, sert buğday çeşitlerinden elde edilen dövme buğdaylar, yumuşak buğday çeşitlerine göre daha hızlı pişmiştir. Sert buğdaydan elde edilen dövme buğdayda kuru madde kaybının, yumuşak buğdaydan elde edilen dövme buğdaya göre daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Kuru madde kaybı, Bayraktar-2000 > Cumhuriyet-75 > Zivago sırasına göre gerçekleşmiştir. Son olarak, duyusal değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre, Zivago çeşidi tat parametresinde en yüksek puanı almış, Bayraktar-2000 dış görünüşte en yüksek puanı alırken, Zivago yine genel kabulde en yüksek puanları almıştır. Cumhuriyet-75 çeşidinden elde edilen dövme buğday örneği ise duyusal testlerde en düşük puanları almıştır.

Antibacterial Effects of Imported (New Zealand) and Local Algerian Honeys Based on Botanical Origin

Mounia HOMRANI — 2025-05-05

The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture and veterinary medicine poses significant risks to public health and the environment. Honey, known for its natural antibacterial properties, presents a potential alternative. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of honeys based on their botanical origin.

Pollen analysis was conducted following the classical method of Louveaux et al. (1978) to identify pollen grains. Physicochemical parameters (pH, moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and conductivity) were assessed according to Codex Alimentarius (2001) guidelines. Antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion assays.

The analysis identified one polyfloral and five monofloral honeys from three botanical sources (Citrus, Eucalyptus, Jujube). Two samples were classified as honeydew honey. Most samples met quality standards regarding pH, moisture, and conductivity. Among bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus exhibited the highest sensitivity, with inhibition zones of 36.84 ± 5.52 mm for undiluted honey, decreasing to 22.92 ± 6.01 mm at a 12.5% dilution. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed slightly higher resistance, with inhibition zones ranging from 34.48 ± 4.03 mm to 21.36 ± 3.54 mm for E. coli and 34.68 ± 4.32 mm to 22.88 ± 4.25 mm for K. pneumoniae. Manuka honey and honeydew honey exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, particularly at higher concentrations.

These findings highlight the potential of honey as a natural alternative for treating bacterial infections, especially in light of rising antibiotic resistance. Manuka and honeydew honeys show promising therapeutic properties, warranting further research into their antibacterial mechanisms and medical applications.

Postprocessing microflora of commercial soumbara (a fermented nere seeds product) produced in Côte d’Ivoire.

KOUAME KOHI Alfred — 2025-05-05

Soumbara is a fermented food condiment obtained by fermentation of nere seeds (Parkia biglobosa). Soumbara, like all traditional food condiments, once produced is sold in informal markets where hygiene conditions are not respected. The objective of this study was to identify microbiological hazards in soumbara sold on the market in Abidjan in order to ensure the health safety of consumers. For this study, 375 samples of soumbara were analyzed. Microbiological analyses focused on the search for spoilage and pathogenic germs as well as the search and quantification of mycotoxins. The results showed that the loads of mesophilic aerobic germs varied from (3.1±0.9).10⁵ CFU/g to (5.3±0.3)10⁶ CFU/g. As for the Staphylococcus aureus load, it varied from (1.0±0.3)10⁴ CFU/g to (3.2±0.5)10⁵ CFU/g. For molds, the load ranged from (1.2±0.1)10³ CFU/g to (4.8±0.2)10³ CFU/g. Bacillus spores ranged from (1.9±0.7)10⁴ CFU/g to (9.9±0.8)10⁴ CFU/g. Staphylococcus loads in soumbara were higher than the maximum acceptable value 100 CFU/g, standard 2005/2073/EC. In the analyzed samples aflatoxins and Zearelanone were detected. The results of mycotoxins detected in soumbara were below the standard EC/1881/2006. Aspergilus, Fusarium, Penicelium and Stachybotrys, Mucor, Rhizopus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus spp, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp, Bacillus anthracis were detected in the samples analyzed. All samples analyzed did not contain Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. Consumption of soumbara sold on the market could constitute a danger for the consumer.

Evaluation of ensiled brewery spent grain as a substitute for protein source concentrate in the diet of Lactating crossbred dairy cows at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center

Alemayehu Arega — 2025-05-05

Feeding different substitution levels of Noug seed cake with ensiled brewery spent grain on milk yield and milk composition of crossbred dairy animals and its net benefit was done at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center on Ten early lactating crossbred dairy cows (HF with Arsi) with an average daily milk yield of 5.04 liter and 272.5 kg body weight were selected from nucleus herd at dairy farm. They were randomly assigned to 5 x 2 Latin Square Design composed of five dietary treatments. Each period being split to 15 days of adaptation and 15 days of measurement. The experiment was conducted from January 2024 to June 2024. Concentrate feed Noug seed cake and Wheat bran was purchased from Adama suppliers and brewery spent grain was purchased from nearby local suppliers. Brewery spent grain was allowed to cool under aerated shade for 24 hrs then manually pressed and packed into airtight plastic drum without any preservatives. Rhodes grass hay produced at on station was used as basal diet. The substitution has four levels and compared with previously recommended ration for lactating crossbred cows. The dietary treatments were T1= 66 % wheat bran + 33 NSC + 1% salt (Control), T2= 66 % wheat bran + 24.75 NSC+8.25 BSG + 1% salt, T3= 66 % wheat bran + 16.5 NSC+16.5 BSG + 1% salt, T4= 66 % wheat bran + 8.25 NSC+24.75 BSG + 1% salt and T5= 66 % wheat bran + 33 BSG + 1% salt. Daily feed offered and refused, milk yield and body weight change per 15 days, milk composition at initial and end of each feeding period were collected. The result reveals that the total dry matter intake and body weight gain doesn't differ among the treatments. The milk yield and composition of lactating animals fed feeds with varying amounts of brewery spent grain did not differ significantly. The highest net benefit was obtained from animals fed on dietary treatment 5(100%) replacement of Noug seed cake by ensiled brewery spent grain which was 272.4 ETB/cow/day. Dietary treatment 5 (wheat bran + Brewery spent grain+ salt) was recommended for further evaluation and intervention at on farm level for dairy producers who kept crossbred cows and have access for brewery spent grain especially for urban and peri urban dairy producers.

Foxtail Millet Setaria italica (L.): Acceptability of Indigenous Food Products Among the Mindanaoans, Philippines

Raquel Salingay — 2025-05-06

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the indigenous food crops in the Philippines. It is a marginalized cereal crop known for its climate resiliency and nutritional properties. Along with the green revolution and change in crop production preferences, it is left uncirculated thus regarded as a nearly forgotten crop. This study was conducted to assess the acceptability of traditional food products derived from foxtail millet as identified by foxtail millet growers in Northern Mindanao. Four traditional food products were prepared, namely: “dawacaldo”, “biko”, plain porridge, and “puto”. These food products were subjected to sensory evaluation by 60 respondents of different age brackets using a 9-point Hedonic rating scale. Among the evaluators, 72% had no knowledge about the crop. Frequency counts, mean, standard deviation and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data gathered. Significant differences between treatment means were determined using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test. Results revealed that the four food products derived from foxtail millet were “liked very much” to “liked extremely” by evaluators across age groups. Nevertheless, “dawacaldo” was the most preferred among the products served to them. Dawacaldo is an enriched porridge with addition of chicken and herbs that improved its total acceptability. Thus, this food product was highly acceptable by the community. Yet, there is a dire need for reintroduction of foxtail millet in the Philippines and the commercialization of its food products.

Evaluation Of The Antioxidant Potentials Of Fruit Peels Extract

Hakeem Ishola — 2025-05-06

This experiment aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of sweet orange, shaddock and lemon peel extracts as an alternative source of synthetic antioxidants like butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) often used in food industries to enhance the oxidative stability of food products. The peels of ripe sweet orange, shaddock and lemon fruits were oven-dried and extracted using a standard method. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical contents, radical scavenging activities and 1,1 – diphenyl 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) abilities of sweet orange peel extract (SOPE), shaddock peel extract (SHPE), and lemon peel extract (LMPE) were also evaluated. Phenolic compounds, steroids, flavonoids, coumarins triterpenes and alkaloids were found in SOPE, SHPE and LMPE. While phlobatannin, anthocyanin and amino acid were observed to be absent in SOPE, SHPE and LMPE. SOPE contains more steroids (34.43 mg/100g), flavonoids (161.82 mg/100g), terpenoids (17.09 mg/100g), triterpenes (128.27μg/100g) and alkaloids (32.44 mg/100g) than SHPE and LMPE. SHPE contains more phenolics (26.76 mg/100g) than SOPE and LMPE while LMPE contains more tannins (1.74 mg/100g), coumarins (18.15 μg/100g) than SOPE and SHPE. The study showed that SOPE, SHPE and LMPE contains useful natural antioxidants that can serve as alternative preservative agents and antioxidants to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a synthetic antioxidant.

In vitro and ruminal characteristics of the three selected Nigerian herbs: Phyllantus amarus, Ocimum gratissimum and Lactuca taraxacifolia as feed additives in ruminant production

Dupe Olufunke Ogunbosoye — 2025-05-06

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of herbal feed additives on the in vitro and ruminal fermentation by West African dwarf goats. A total of 20 goats were subjected to five dietary treatments for a 12- week feeding study in a completely randomized design: Feed only (control) (T1), Feed + Ocimun gratissimum leaf meal (T2), Feed + Phyllantus amarus leaf meal (T3), Feed + Lactuca taraxacifolia leaf meal (T4), Feed + P. amarus + O. gratissimum + L. taraxacifolia leaf meal (T5). Phytochemical Screening of the three herbs were carried out. Herbs were added at 3g/kg feed and were given at 5% body weight of the animal. The feed samples were subjected to 24 hours incubation. Gas volume were measured at the interval of 3hrs. At the end of incubation, methane volume was estimated. The gas volume produced was used to calculate metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. At the end of the feeding trial, rumen liquor was collected to determine ruminal characteristics and the microbial population as may be affected by the medical plants. The results showed that the leaves of the herbs were rich in saponin, tannin and alkaloid. The three medicinal plants were relatively high in crude protein (CP) and moderate in carbohydrate (CHO) content. Treatment containing the mixture of O. gratissimum, P. amarus and L. taxifolia (T5) contained more CP than the rest of the treatments while T2 had the highest CF. There was apparent increase in the value of potential gas production as the incubation period increases in in-vitro study. T1 and T4 produced more gas than the rest of the treatments. Methane production was lower in T3 and T5 compared to other treatments. T1 and T4 equally had the highest ME, OMD and SCFA concentrations. However, T3 and T5 improved the ruminal characteristics and microbial population in the rumen as the population was significantly modified. It is therefore concluded that T3 (Phallantus amarus) and the combination of the three herbs (T5) be used as feed additives for mitigating methane emission and improve rumen ecology of the animals for enhanced ruminant productivity.

Production of Pregelatized Legume Flour From Sortex Rejected Chickpea and White Kidney Bean

Nura seyidbekir — 2025-05-06

The undersized grains in the Sortex rejected part of the legume processing plants have similar nutritional properties with the commercial seeds. Processing these waste legumes and offering them to domestic and foreign markets has the potential to contribute to the country's economy. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the potential of producing relatively higher value-added natural food components from waste legumes with low commercial value. In this study, soaking, boiling and dehulling processes were applied in order to produce flour with different properties from Sortex rejected white kidney beans and chickpeas. Flour samples were obtained from both soaked and boiled (pregelatinized) samples of each legume. The effect of seed coat on the flour quality were also determined. Color, ash, protein, dietary fiber, water absorption capacity and trypsin inhibitor activity were analyzed in these flour samples. According to the total dietary fiber analysis, it was determined that the dietary fiber content of the seed, without seed coat removal, was higher. Pregelatinization process significantly increased the water absorption capacity of flour samples in both legume varieties. While negligible decreases were observed in trypsin inhibitory activity of soaked samples, a significant decrease was detected with pregelatinization process. In general, L* values of flours obtained from white kidney beans and chickpeas increased with soaking process and decreased after pregelatinization. In a* value, decrease was observed with soaking and increase with boiling, and finally, in b* value, decrease was observed with soaking and increase with boiling. High dietary fiber content, low trypsin inhibitory activity and high water absorption capacity were determined as the selection critea of the flours. Therefore, only the samples with the seed coat removed were taken as a potential ingredient for bread production. In bread production experiments, soaked and pregelatinized legume flours were added to wheat flour according to the principle of replacing 20% of the wheat flour. In all bread samples obtained, it was observed that the moisture level of the bread was suitable for the % moisture value requested in the Turkish Food Codex. Volume and baking loss values in breads containing 20% legume flour were found to be similar to the control bread. Although no statistically significant difference was observed, a decrease in the rapidly digestible starch fraction and an increase in the resistant starch fraction were observed in breads containing legume flour. Although it was observed that the sensory scores of the breads produced by mixing legume flours with cereal flours decreased (p<0.05) in some parameters, they were still acceptable. As a result, it was determined with this study that innovative food product components with high added value can be produced from legume residues with low commercial value. Turkey is one of the leading countries in legume production. Therefore, the utilization of these wastes has the potential to contribute to the economy.

Key Words: Legume Flour, Chickpea Flour, Bean Flour, Pregelatinized Flour, Bread

(This study was supported by Mersin University Scientific Research Projects Unit (BAP) with project number 2023-2-TP2-4978)

Özet Bitkisel Üretimin İklim Değişikliğinden Etkilenebilirliği ve Çözüm Önerisi Olarak Modern Biyoteknolojik Yaklaşımlar

Çağlar Kaya — 2025-05-07

Bu çalışmanın amacı, iklim değişikliğinin bitkisel üretim üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini incelemek ve bu etkileri azaltmak için modern biyoteknolojik yaklaşımların mekanizmalarını ve bitkilerde kullanımlarını ele almaktır. İklim değişikliği, artan sıcaklıklar, kuraklık, aşırı yağışlar ve diğer çevresel stres faktörleri nedeniyle bitkisel üretimde büyük kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Bu durum, gıda güvenliği ve tarımsal sürdürülebilirlik açısından ciddi tehditler oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle, CRISPR-Cas9 ve RNA interference (RNAi) gibi modern biyoteknolojik yöntemler, bitkilerin çevresel streslere karşı dirençli hale getirilmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. CRISPR-Cas9 teknolojisi, bitkilerin genetik yapısında hassas düzenlemeler yaparak, hastalık-zararlılar, kuraklık, yüksek sıcaklık ve tuzluluk gibi biyotik ve abiyotik faktörlere karşı dayanıklılık sağlamaktadır. RNAi ise, hedef genlerin ekspresyonunu baskılayarak, hastalık direncini artırmak ve çevresel streslere karşı dayanıklılığı güçlendirmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu biyoteknolojik yaklaşımlar, bitkisel üretimin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak ve gıda güvenliğini artırmak için büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. Ancak, bu kapsamdaki çalışmaların ulusal ve uluslararası daha fazla yaygınlaşması ve desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İklim değişikliği ile başa çıkabilmek için biyoteknoloji alanındaki araştırmaların artırılması, yenilikçi çözümlerin geliştirilmesi ve tarımda daha geniş bir uygulama alanı bulması önemlidir. Bu alandaki yatırımlar, hem tarımsal verimliliğin artırılmasına hem de çevresel sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.

The Effects of Functional Foods on Human Health

Şehnaz Özatay — 2025-05-07

Fonksiyonel gıdalar, biyoaktif bileşikleri sayesinde temel beslenmenin ötesinde sağlık yararları sağlar. Bu gıdalar kronik hastalıkları önlemeye, bağışıklık fonksiyonunu geliştirmeye ve genel refahı iyileştirmeye yardımcı olabilir. Son yıllarda, hastalıkların önlenmesi ve sağlığın geliştirilmesindeki potansiyel rolleri nedeniyle fonksiyonel gıdalara olan ilgi önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Fonksiyonel gıdalar, gelişmiş fizyolojik işlevlere katkıda bulunan probiyotikler, prebiyotikler, polifenoller ve omega-3 yağ asitleri gibi biyolojik olarak aktif bileşikler içerir. Bu çalışma, fonksiyonel gıdaların türlerini, biyoaktif bileşenlerini ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini tartışmakta ve kardiyovasküler sağlık, bağırsak mikrobiyotası, metabolik bozukluklar ve bilişsel işleve odaklanmaktadır. Fonksiyonel gıda araştırmalarındaki potansiyel gelişmelerde araştırılmaya devam edilmektedir.

Lemna minor L. (Su Mercimeği) Önemi ve Kullanım Alanları

HAYRETTİN İLKER ÖZDEMİR — 2025-05-07

Su mercimeği (Lemna minor), çevresel faydaları ve ekonomik potansiyeli nedeniyle birçok alanda geniş kullanım imkânı sunan bir bitkidir. Biyoremediasyon süreçlerinde etkin bir şekilde kullanılan bu bitki, sudaki azot, fosfor ve diğer besin maddelerini absorbe ederek su kalitesini iyileştirir. Aynı zamanda ağır metaller ve organik kirleticiler gibi toksik maddelerin sudan uzaklaştırılmasını sağlar. Yüksek protein içeriği ile tavuklar, domuzlar, balıklar ve diğer çiftlik hayvanları için değerli bir yem kaynağıdır. Biyoyakıt üretimi için de potansiyel bir kaynak olan su mercimeği, yüksek nişasta içeriği sayesinde biyoetanol üretiminde kullanılabilir. Hızlı büyüme oranı ve yüksek verim potansiyeli ile geleneksel biyoyakıt kaynaklarına alternatif olarak kabul edilmektedir. Tarımda toprak düzenleyici ve organik gübre olarak değerlendirilen su mercimeği, yüksek azot ve fosfor içeriği ile toprağın besin değerini artırmaktadır. Kurutulmuş ve öğütülmüş su mercimeği uygulamaları, toprağa ilave edildiğinde toprağın verimliliğini artırmakta ve bitki büyümesini desteklemektedir. Ayrıca toprağın su tutma kapasitesini de artırarak kuraklığa karşı direnci artırmaktadır.

Modeling Crop Growth, Yield, and Water Use Under Climate Change Using LINTUL-MULTICROP

Anton J. Haverkort — 2025-05-07

LINTUL ürün büyüme modeli versiyonu, iklim değişikliğinin patates ürün verimi üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla geliştirilmiş, doğrulanmış ve uygulanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, en son LINTUL modelinin kullanımını daha fazla ürüne genişletmekti ve Türkiye'de yedi ürün kullanılmıştır (buğday, soya fasulyesi, mısır, pamuk, şeker pancarı, pirinç ve patates). Modelin her bir ürün için ilgili ekolojiye göre girdileri, mevcut ekim veya dikim tarihleri ve hasat, gelişmenin gerçekleşmediği temel sıcaklık, ekim ile çıkış arasındaki ve çıkış ile tam toprak örtüsü arasındaki derece gün sayısı, radyasyon kullanma verimliliği, hasat indeksi ve ürün kuru madde konsantrasyonunu içerir. 2050 yılına kadar, iklim değişikliği girdi parametrelerinin sıcaklık ve CO2 konsantrasyonlarını artırması beklenmektedir. Model, su kullanımı ve tarımsal verimlilikteki farklılıkları, her ürünün büyüme sezonunun değiştirilmesi gibi ayarlamalarla ve ayarlamalar olmadan incelemiştir. LINTUL modelinin en son sürümüne göre, buğday 2050'lerde daha kısa bir büyüme sezonuna sahip olacak ve daha düşük verimler alacakken, diğer incelenen ürünler daha uzun büyüme sezonlarına ve daha yüksek verimlere sahip olacaktır. Buğday, pirinç, soya fasulyesi ve şeker pancarları daha fazla sulama gerektirirken, pamuk, patates ve diğer pamukla ilgili ürünler daha az sulama ihtiyacı duyacaktır. Tarımcılar, sanayi ve hükümetler, Türkiye'nin yedi uluslararası açıdan önemli ürünü için projeksiyonları kullanarak iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkilerini planlamak, yatırım yapmak, geliştirmek ve hafifletmek için adımlar atmalıdır.

Comparative Analysis of Drying Techniques to Assess the Shelf Life Extension of Apple Varieties

Dr Muhammad Farhan Jahangir Chughtai — 2025-05-07

This study investigates the comparative efficacy of two dehydration methods, solar tunnel drying and hot air cabinet drying, in enhancing the shelf life of three apple cultivars: Gala, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious. Drying processes were conducted over intervals of 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 hours to identify the optimal drying duration for each method and cultivar. Both techniques significantly reduced moisture content, thereby extending shelf life; however, notable differences in drying efficiency and product quality were observed. Hot air cabinet drying, characterized by consistent and controlled environmental conditions, facilitated a more uniform reduction in moisture content. Treatment T5 (hot air cabinet, 24 hours) consistently achieved the lowest moisture content across all time points, whereas, T6 (solar tunnel, 12 hours) exhibited the highest residual moisture levels but demonstrated superior preservation of nutritional constituents, particularly minerals. Hot air cabinet drying also maintained the apples' original color and flavor more effectively, benefiting from its independence from solar radiation variability. In contrast, solar tunnel drying was more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Optimal drying times varied by cultivar: Red Delicious and Gala required 12-15 hours (hot air) and 24 hours (solar tunnel), whereas, Golden Delicious achieved optimal results at 18 hours (hot air) and 21 hours (solar tunnel). The study concludes that hot air cabinet drying for 15 hours is most effective for maximizing shelf life and quality, yielding moisture contents of 12.2% for Golden Delicious, 13.0% for Red Delicious, and 11.5% for Gala. These findings underscore the trade-offs between drying efficiency, product quality, and environmental sustainability, providing valuable insights for optimizing dehydration processes in apple preservation.

Level of Utilization of Agritech Services by Rice Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria

Oluwatosin Fasina — 2025-05-07

The integration of technology into agriculture has significantly transformed farming practices. However, many farmers still rely on traditional methods, limiting their productivity. This study assesses the level of utilization of agritech services by rice farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 120 respondents from three local government areas. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and chi-square tests. Findings revealed farming experience had a significant positive correlation with the level of agritech utilization (r = 0.303, p = 0.001). The chi-square analysis indicated a significant association between gender and agritech utilization (χ² = 4.335, p = 0.037), with male farmers demonstrating a higher level of adoption compared to female farmers. The study highlights the need for targeted awareness campaigns and institutional support to enhance agritech adoption, particularly among female and less-experienced farmers, to improve agricultural productivity.

Protective Community Index as a Measure for Child Labour: A Case Study of Cocoa-Producing Communities in Idanre Local Government Area, Ondo State

Oluwatosin Fasina — 2025-05-07

This study investigated the Protective Community Index (PCI) of cocoa-producing communities in the Idanre Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The Protective Community Index serves as a tool for evaluating community resilience and child protection mechanisms, especially in the context of child labor. This study ascertained the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, determined the level of children's involvement in cocoa production activities, identified the availability of social amenities, and identified the available supporting welfare structures that protect and support children in cocoa-producing communities. Primary data were collected through purposive sampling from 168 respondents, including community leaders, cocoa farmers, teachers, and children across eight cocoa-producing communities. Structured questionnaires were used to gather accurate information. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, and mean, alongside inferential statistics, including Pearson Product Moment Correlation, to test hypotheses at a significance level of p < 0.05. PCI was measured using a tool developed by the International Cocoa Initiative (ICI). The findings revealed that The Protective Community Index (PCI) of the studied communities was moderate (57.6%). Cocoa farming and community leadership were dominated by middle-aged and older men, while teaching roles comprised a female majority (73.2%). Child labor, although not prevalent in hazardous activities, was linked to a school absenteeism rate of 5.4%. Children’s involvement in cocoa farming activities was low, with an average (mean) participation score of 16.74. The study also highlighted the inadequacies in social amenities, such as water and healthcare, and insufficient welfare structures, including scholarships and feeding programs. This study emphasizes the need for increased youth engagement in agriculture, gender equality in leadership roles, improved access to quality education, and enhanced social amenities to foster child protection and sustainable community development.

Determination of the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf leaves grown in Turkiye

Serpil Demirci Kayiran — 2025-05-07

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf is an aromatic plant in the Poaceae family, known as lemongrass. C. citratus is widely grows naturally in India, Africa, South America, Indonesia, countries. It is used to make cosmetics and perfumes in the pharmaceutical industries, and as a culinary flavouring in the food industry. Leaves, aerial, roots of C. citratus has been used as cosmetics and perfumes, antipyretic, analgesic, spasmodic, diuretic, calming in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Essential oils of C. citratus comprises many chemical constituents such as citral mycrene, genariol, citronellol (cymbopogonol and cymbopogone) and α-oxobisabolene. It consist a significant group of essential oil, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals that have pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, antiobesity, antidiarrhoeal and anti-inflammatory properties that can improve health. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of C. citratus was analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oil analysis of C. citratus revealed a composition dominated by four major compounds: Geraniol acetate, Citral, β-Citral, and geranial.

Perceived Impact Of Tea Farming On Livelihoods Of Smallholder Farmers In Panchagarh District

Abdullahi Ali Ibrahim — 2025-05-07

The main objective of the study was to assess the perceived impact of tea farming on livelihoods of the smallholder tea growers. The research was conducted in the Tetulia upazila under Panchagarh district. A total of 550 farmers constituted the population of the study, and 118 small tea growers were selected as samples of the study following simple random sampling techniques. An interview schedule was used for data collection, and data was collected from 28 August to 12 October 2023. Perceived impact on livelihood of the small tea growers were assessed based on a five-point Likert scale. In contrast, both Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (r) and multiple linear regressions were performed to determine the relationships, influence and contribution of the selected characteristics to perceived impact of tea farming on livelihood of smallholder farmers. Present status explored that bought leaf factories are the major buyer of leaves and small-scale farmers were not getting the desired price of their tea leaves. The price fluctuation has happened over time in recent years and 20 to 40 percent deduction of the weight by the factories due to the long and large leaves. More than four-fifths of the tea growers cut raw leaves with a sharp knife instead of plucking leaves by hand. Most tea growers use pickup trucks to transport an excessive amount of raw leaves due to the high cost of labor and transportation which also degrades the quality of the tea. So, a significant proportion of the small tea growers who rely solely on income from tea farming opined that it is not profitable. Therefore, an overwhelming majority of tea growers are moderately satisfied by cultivating tea. Farmers have lost interest in cultivating tea due to the determining the price of raw leaves as desired by the factory owners and giving deductions on the leaves supplied by farmers and non-availability of low-cost agricultural credit and subsidized fertilizers and pesticides among small tea farmers. The bought leaf factories owners opined that unplanned tea farming by small growers supplied low quality and irregular raw leaves, impeding the production of good quality tea and causing a decline in tea auction market prices. The results of the study showed that tea farming had a medium perceived impact on livelihood of the 67.8 percent farmers. The selected characteristics of the farmers such as education status, farm size, tea cultivating area, income from tea farming, innovativeness, knowledge on tea farming, and attitude towards selling price of tea leaves have significant and positive effect on perceived impact of tea farming on livelihood of the small holder tea growers. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the whole model explained 63.9 percent of the total variation in the perceived impact of tea farming on livelihood of the small holder tea growers. Education status, innovativeness, knowledge on tea farming, and attitude towards selling price of tea leaves showed significant positive contributions to the perceived impact of tea farming.

Key Words: Livelihood, Smallholder tea growers, Percieved impact, Tea farmers, Panchagarh district

Fitojenik Yem Katkı Maddeleri: Hayvan Beslenmesindeki Rolü

HAYRETTİN İLKER ÖZDEMİR — 2025-05-19

Fitojenik yem katkı maddeleri, yem kalitesini iyileştirmek, büyümeyi desteklemek ve hayvan sağlığını iyileştirmek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Bu katkı maddeleri, anti-mikrobiyal, antioksidan ve bağırsak florasını düzenleyici özellikleri ile dikkat çekmektedir. Fitojenik bileşikler, yem katkı maddesi olarak güvenli ve ekonomik bir alternatif sunmaktadır. Güvenli ve yüksek besin kalitesine sahip olan bu yemlerin kullanımı hayvanların optimum performansı için oldukça önemlidir. Antibiyotik kullanımının azalmasıyla birlikte fitojenik yem katkı maddeleri daha fazla tercih edilmektedir. Kekik, nane, fesleğen gibi bitkiler, kümes hayvanlarının büyüme performansını ve yem dönüşüm oranını artırmaktadır. Zerdeçalın antioksidan ve anti-inflamatuar özellikleri bulunmaktadır. Fitojenik yem katkı maddelerinin uygun dozu konusunda hala netlik yoktur. Farklı bölgelerde yetişen bitkilerin koşulları arasındaki farklılıklar bu durumu zorlaştırmaktadır. Ancak, bu katkı maddeleri güvenli ve ekolojik dost alternatifler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Tarçın, kekik ve karanfil gibi bitkiler, yemin lezzetini artırarak sindirimi iyileştirmektedir. Uçucu yağlar ise sindirim enzimleri aktivitelerini olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Fitojenik yem katkı maddeleri, tavukların ağırlık kazanımı ve yem dönüşüm oranını iyileştirmektedir. Sarımsak, kekik ve peygamber çiçeği takviyeleri de olumlu etkiler göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, fitojenik yem katkı maddeleri, hayvan performansını, bağışıklık sistemini ve yem lezzetini iyileştirerek yem endüstrisinde giderek daha popüler hale gelmektedir. Bu maddeler, bitkisel kaynaklı doğal bileşikler olarak güvenli ve sağlıklı alternatifler sunmaktadır.

Kuraklık Stresi Altında Aşılama ve Vermikompostun Patlıcanda Besin Bileşimi Üzerine Birleşik Etkileri ve Verim ile İlişkisi

Sevinç Kıran — 2025-05-19

Kuraklık, küresel gıda üretimi için giderek artan bir tehdit oluşturmakta ve verim ile kalite kayıplarını azaltmada sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamalarının gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aşılı fideler ve vermikompostun (V) patlıcan bitkisinin besin maddesi içeriği üzerindeki sinerjik etkileri ve bunların verimle olan ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışma, patlıcan fideleri (aşılı-A ve aşısız-AS) ile farklı vermikompost dozları (V₀: %0, V₁: %1, V₂: %2, V₃: %3) kullanılarak üç farklı kuraklık seviyesinde (%100 sulama, %70 sulama-hafif kuraklık stresi (HKS), %30 sulama şiddetli kuraklık stresi (ŞKS)) yürütülmüştür. Bulgular, ‘aşılama × vermikompost × kuraklık’ etkileşiminin N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu ve Mn içerikleri açısından istatistiksel olarak önemli farklar yarattığını göstermiştir. Vermikompost uygulaması ile stres altındaki aşılı bitkilerde, kontrol grubuna kıyasla besin maddesi içeriğinde daha yüksek artışlar gözlenmiştir. En belirgin artışlar, HKS ve ŞKS koşullarında A × V₃ kombinasyonunda gerçekleşmiş olup, N içeriği için sırasıyla %50,56 ve %45,67; Fe içeriği için %110,08 ve %96,59 olarak kaydedilmiştir. P içeriği bakımından A × V₃ kombinasyonunda ŞKS koşulunda %116,50 ve K içeriği açısından A × V₂ kombinasyonunda HKS ve ŞKS’de sırasıyla %115,69 ve %111,16’lık artışlar kaydedilmiştir. Korelasyon analizleri, K ile N, P ve Mg arasında, Mn ile Fe ve Cu arasında ve Fe ile Cu arasında pozitif korelasyonlar bulunduğunu ortaya koyarken, verim ile N ve K arasında zayıf ve negatif; Mn, Fe ve Cu arasında ise güçlü pozitif korelasyonlar belirlemiştir. Dendrogramlı polar ısı haritası, makro (N, P, K, Mg) ve mikro (Fe, Mn, Cu) besin maddelerinin farklı gruplar halinde kümelendiğini göstermiş, verim ile Fe, Mn ve Cu arasında doğrudan bir ilişki olduğu, N, P, K ve Mg ile ise dolaylı bir ilişki bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, kuraklık stresi koşullarında aşılama ve vermikompost uygulamalarının besin maddesi alımını artırarak verimi olumlu yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuçlar, sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamalarının kuraklık koşullarında bitki beslenmesi ve verim üzerindeki olumlu etkilerini göstermesi açısından önemli bir bulgu sunmaktadır.

Colorimetric Detection of Biogenic Amine Formation by Various Bacillus Strains Isolated from Tarhana

Ayşe Avcı — 2025-05-19

Biogenic amines are nitrogenous substances produced through the decarboxylation of amino acids by the action of substrate-specific amino acid decarboxylases. They are health-threatening substances, and excess consumption can cause health problems such as nausea, respiratory distress, hot flush, sweating, heart palpitations, headache, hyper/hypotension, etc. Various groups of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, have been reported to have amino acid decarboxylase activities. The risk of biogenic amine formation is especially high in fermented foods. Moreover, it can also be found in some raw foods. Amongst the biogenic amines, cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, and tyramine are the most common, which are formed by the decarboxylation of lysine, histidine, ornithine, and tyrosine, respectively. In this study, biogenic amine formation abilities of various Bacillus strains isolated from tarhana samples were detected. For this purpose, a colorimetric method was applied, which is based on the pH shift (increase) upon the formation of biogenic amines in the presence of a pH indicator dye (bromocresol purple). The bacteria were cultivated in Luria Bertani broth at an initial pH of 5.0 containing precursor amino acids, namely lysine, histidine, ornithine, and tyrosine. At the end of 24 h incubations at 37 ^oC with agitation at 60 rpm, absorbances of the cell-free supernatants were measured at 590 nm. The highest absorbance values were recorded as higher biogenic amine formation. Control samples without precursor amino acids were also prepared. The percent increase in the absorbance was the rate of biogenic amine formations. Ninety-five Bacillus isolates were tested for four biogenic amine formations. The results showed that the type and the amount of biogenic amine production in Bacillus were directly related to the organisms.

Isolation and Identification of Bacillus Strains from Various Tarhana Samples

Ayşe Avcı — 2025-05-19

Tarhana is a Turkish fermented food that is consumed extensively all over the country. It is mainly produced by fermenting the dough prepared using wheat flour, yogurt, water, some vegetables, and spices. Then the fermented dough is dried and consumed as soup after grinding. There are many different types of tarhana depending on the region. The main fermentation microorganisms in tarhana are lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. However, in this study we have intended to isolate Bacillus strains from tarhana samples. Strains of the genus Bacillus are Gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, and generally found in soil. They have substantial applications in the industry owing to their multifunctional properties, including the production of various enzymes, exopolysaccharides, antimicrobial substances, etc. In the study, more than 80 tarhana samples were collected from different regions in Türkiye. For the isolation, diluted samples were kept at 80 ^oC for 30 min to destroy non-spore-forming microorganisms. The serial dilutions were prepared and inoculated on nutrient agar plates. Then they were incubated at 37 ^oC for 24 h. Typical colonies were chosen and streaked again on nutrient agar plates and incubated. These procedures were repeated thrice in order to assure the selection of single colonies. A total of 480 microorganisms were isolated. The isolates were deposited in 25% glycerol at -45 ^oC. Gram staining, spore-formation, catalase, and motility tests were applied to confirm the Bacillus isolation. The results revealed that the tarhana is also a rich source of Bacillus strains. Moreover, the amylolytic and proteolytic activities of the isolates were also determined, and the majority of the isolates were able to produce amylase and proteases.

Allelopathy and Agronomy: An integrated Approach for Sustainable Management of Little Seed Canary Grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) in Wheat Cropping System of Pakistan

Muhammad Saleem Kashif — 2025-05-19

Allelopathy, the chemical interaction between plants, offer a promising approach for sustainable weed management, aligning with the congress’s focus on innovative and eco-friendly agricultural practices. This study investigated the influence of wheat cultivars on little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) through field experiment and a laboratory study. The field study was conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan. It examined the impact of wheat cultivars (Shafaq-06 and Sehar-06 representing high and low allelopathic potential, respectively) sowing at 05 different row spacings (10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm) on weed suppression. Results demonstrated that narrow row spacing (10 cm and 15 cm) significantly reduced little seed canary grass density and biomass accumulation with Shafaq-06 exhibiting superior weed suppression compared to Sehar-06.

The laboratory study was conducted during 2012-13 at the Crop and Soil Sciences Department, Oregon State University, USA. It assessed that allelopathic effect of fresh and boiled water extracts from US Wheat cultivars (Marry, Stephen, Shafaq-06 and Sehar-06) on little seed canary grass seedling growth. Boiled extracts, particularly at 45 days after sowing (DAS), showed stronger inhibitory effects, with Marry and Stephen extracts reducing shoot length by 52% and 48%, respectively, and shoot dry weight by up to 37%. Phenolic compounds analysis confirmed their critical role in allelopathic activity.

These findings highlights the potential of high-allelopathic wheat cultivars, such as Shafaq-06, Marry, and Stephen, combined with the optimized row spacing, as effective tools for integrated weed management. This approach supports the Congress’s emphasis on reducing reliance on chemical herbicides and promoting sustainable agricultural practices, contributing to environmentally friendly and economically viable farming system.

Impact of Defatted Sesame Meal on the Technological and Sensory Quality and Antioxidant Activity of Gluten-free Buckwheat Crackers

Elif Yaver — 2025-05-21

Currently, a gluten-free diet is the sole successful remedy for celiac disease. However, it is difficult for celiac patients to access commercially functional gluten-free foods. Defatted sesame meal as a by-product of the cold-pressed sesame oil production process is a good option to enrich gluten-free crackers because of its rich protein and fiber content. In the present study, defatted sesame meal was used to develop gluten-free cracker formulations. Gluten-free flour blend containing buckwheat flour:corn starch (7:3, w/w) was substituted with defatted sesame meal at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% levels. The effect of defatted sesame meal on the technological properties, antioxidant activity and sensory quality of gluten-free cracker samples were evaluated. The moisture contents of gluten-free buckwheat crackers containing 5, 10 and 15% defatted sesame meal were close to the control (0% sesame meal). The inclusion of sesame meal did not show adversely influence on the diameter and thickness values of buckwheat crackers. Compared to the control, samples made from 10 and 15% sesame meal exhibited higher spread ratio values. Samples with sesame meal exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) increased total phenolic content relative to the control. Moreover, crackers prepared from 15% (2.82 µmol TE/g) and 20% (2.90 µmol TE/g) sesame meal showed strong antioxidant properties. Sensory evaluation showed that high levels of sesame meal improved the appearance of crackers compared to the control. The incorporation of sesame meal up to 15% gave comparable overall acceptability to the control. The data revealed that defatted sesame meal (up to 15%) is a good alternative to improve the antioxidant capacity of gluten-free crackers with acceptable technological and sensory quality.

Advances in Molecular Breeding for Disease Resistance in Banana (Musa Spp): Current Trends and Future Prospects

Erastus DUSHIMEYESU — 2025-05-21

Banana (Musa spp.) is a staple crop providing food security and economic benefits to millions globally. However, its production is severely threatened by biotic and abiotic stresses, including Fusarium wilt, Black Sigatoka, Banana Xanthomonas Wilt, and climate-related challenges. Traditional breeding approaches in banana are hindered by long breeding cycles, polyploidy, and sterility in most cultivated varieties, making genetic improvement challenging. Recent advances in molecular breeding, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and next-generation sequencing, have revolutionized banana improvement by enabling precise trait selection. The application of genetic transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has further enhanced the development of disease-resistant and biofortified banana varieties, offering sustainable solutions to production constraints. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in gene introgression, regulatory frameworks, and farmer adoption of genetically improved bananas. Future research should focus on refining genome editing techniques, expanding genomic resources, and integrating artificial intelligence in breeding programs to accelerate cultivar development. This review highlights the progress in molecular banana breeding, discusses existing challenges, and explores emerging opportunities for ensuring banana resilience and productivity in the face of evolving environmental and disease pressures.

Democratization of Crop Irrigation: An Intelligent Approach Combining IoT, Machine Learning, and Social and Solidarity Economy

mohamed yassine samiri samiri — 2025-05-21

Equitable access to efficient irrigation remains a major challenge for smallholder farmers, particularly in regions like Morocco, where water access inequalities hinder agricultural productivity and exacerbate socio-economic disparities.

This project proposes an innovative solution to optimize irrigation by combining advanced technologies (IoT and machine learning) with collective governance models and participatory financing based on Islamic finance, aiming to promote sustainable and inclusive water resource management.

The project relies on an IoT platform to collect real-time data on soil moisture and weather conditions, while machine learning algorithms optimize irrigation schedules. A blockchain-based architecture ensures transparency and traceability of transactions, and a participatory financing model, inspired by the social and solidarity economy, promotes the inclusion of smallholders.

This initiative enables more efficient and equitable water management, reducing waste and improving agricultural productivity. It also strengthens trust among stakeholders through blockchain and fosters the socio-economic inclusion of rural communities.

By integrating cutting-edge technologies and collaborative approaches, this project offers a sustainable model for democratizing irrigation, maximizing its socio-economic and environmental impacts. It represents a promising pathway to address water management challenges in vulnerable agricultural regions.

Evaluation of the Reuse of Historical Buildings: The Case of Osmaniye Salih Sefa Yazar Folklore House

Elife Büyüköztürk — 2025-05-21

The preservation of historical buildings, which convey the socio-cultural characteristics of their respective periods to the present day, is of great importance for the sustainability of cultural heritage. The adaptive reuse of these structures, which have become functionally obsolete due to their inability to meet contemporary needs, is a widely preferred method. This study examines the adaptive reuse of Salih Sefa Yazar Folklore House, one of the few registered buildings in the city center of Osmaniye, where architectural heritage conservation efforts are limited. The study aims to investigate, evaluate, and document the functional and spatial transformations resulting from the adaptation of this significant historical structure.

Originally constructed in the early 1930s by the Askerler family, the building was purchased by the Osmaniye Municipality in 2004. The restoration project was completed in 2009, and the building was reopened as the Salih Sefa Yazar Folklore House. During the restoration process, the original staircase located in the courtyard was relocated inside the house, altering the historical character of the building. Additionally, the structure was damaged in the 2023 Pazarcık earthquake, and its restoration process is currently ongoing, with plans for its future use as a museum. The transformation of the building has been evaluated based on design, participation, and usage criteria. The analyses emphasize the necessity of a holistic approach to the adaptive reuse process.

Fisheries and Reproductive Biology of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)) in the Southwest of Marmara Sea

Yusuf ŞEN — 2025-05-22

European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)) is one of the most important species in the ecosystem due to its ecological and economic importance. The stocks of this species generally tend to decrease over the years in the Marmara Sea. So, the fisheries and biology of European pilchard were analyzed monthly between January and December 2024 around the Southwest of Marmara Sea, Türkiye. It was determined that European pilchard was caught from commercial fishermen with purse seines using 8-10 mm mesh sizes from September 1st to April 15th and after April 15th with gillnets using 12, 12.5, 12.75, 13 mm mesh sizes in the Marmara Sea. Approximately 10 times more yield was caught per operation with purse seines than with gillnets. The total length and weight varied from 10.0 cm to 15.6 cm (mean:12.42±0.05 cm) and 5.98 g to 26.79 g (mean:13.46±0.18 g) in purse seine, and 10.7 cm to 15.1 cm (mean:12.49±0.05 cm) and 9.62 g to 21.58 g (mean:13.55±0.17 g) in gillnets. The 662 total individuals consisted of 194 females, 253 males, and 215 not dissected. The ratio of males to females was calculated as 1.0:1.12. The total length and weight of all individuals varied from 10.0 cm to 15.6 cm (mean:12.44±0.04 cm) and 5.98 g to 26.79 g (mean:13.48±0.13 g), respectively. The length-weight relationships were determined as W=0.0091TL^2.8849in females (R²=0.82), W=0.0092TL^2.883 (R²=0.82) in males, W=0.0094TL^2.8723(R²=0.82) in all sexes. The negative allometric growth was found in females, males and all sexes. The first maturity length was determined as 12.76 cm for females, 11.96 cm for males. The gonadosomatic index value was maximum in February for females and males and minimum in August for females and June for males. The condition factor was maximum in August for females and November for males and minimum in May for females and March for males. The reproductive period of European pilchard takes place between November and April. Consequently, the fisheries and biology of European pilchard should be monitored for its sustainability.

Productivity, water use efficiency, Soil properties of Sugarcane as influenced by trash mulching and weed management practices under dry season conditions in Nigeria

Samuel Bassey — 2025-05-22

Productivity, Water use efficiency and Soil properties of Sugarcane were evaluated under dry season conditions. The treatments consisted of two sugarcane genotypes [Bida local and NCS 001], four cane trash mulch rates (0, 3, 6, 9 t ha-1) and four weed management practices [weedy check, five monthly hoe weeding (5 MHW), pre-emergence (PE) application of diuron at 2 kg a.i ha-1 + post-emergence (POE) application of 3 – maize force at 179.2 g ha-1 (metolachlor 375 g L-1 + terbuthylazine 125 g L-1 + mesotrione 37.5 g L-1+ 2 MHW, and PE diuron + POE 3-maize force ] arranged as a split plot in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated three times. Weed management practices and trash mulching were allocated to the main plot, while sugarcane genotypes were the subplot. Reduction in water loss through evapotranspiration and retention of moisture content (41.9 %) was significant with application of 9 t ha-1 trash mulch. This invariably sustained the growth of sugarcane and reduced total crop failure during the dry seasons. The cane yield, considered as the most important character of sugarcane, was positively and significantly correlated with sprouting percentage (r=0.531**), number of tillers (r=0.574**), number of millable canes (r=0.716**), sugarcane stalk girth (r=0.595**) and height (r=0.677**), sugarcane brix (r=0.595**), organic carbon (r=0.568**), nitrogen (r=0.532**) and soil moisture content (r=0.531**) while Phosphorus (r=0.445), Potassium (r=0.397), showed positive but non-significant correlation with cane yield. Cane yield was negatively correlated with evapotranspiration (r= -0.500) and weed dry matter (r= -0.556) at all the stages. In order to manage weeds for sustainable growth and increased yield of sugarcane variety, NCS 001 should be used with PE diuron at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1 + POE 3-maize force at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1 in combination with 6- 9 t ha-1 of trash mulch.

Microalgae as a Feed Source: Market Opportunities and Challenges for Future

SEYİT UGUZ — 2025-05-22

Microalgae are increasingly recognized as a valuable feed source, offering diverse applications in food, feed, and high-value products. Their high nutritional value, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, makes them an attractive and sustainable alternative for animal nutrition and aquaculture. Despite these advantages, challenges such as scalable production, economic viability, and regulatory frameworks must be addressed. Current research highlights the potential of microalgae as feed source to enhance animal health and performance, but further development in cultivation, harvesting techniques, and feed formulation for market opportunities and challenges. Optimizing the nutritional composition of microalgae for different species and production stages is crucial for their successful integration. Overcoming these challenges can revolutionize the animal feed industry, providing sustainable and nutrient-rich solutions.

Türkiye’deki Bazı Patates Çeşit ve Hatlarının Moleküler Karakterizasyonu ve Genetik Çeşitliliği

Dilek İşler — 2025-05-22

Bu çalışmada, ticari çeşitlerin ve ıslah hatlarının bulunduğu toplam 168 patates genotipinin moleküler karakterizasyonları yapılmış ve genetik çeşitlilikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla 10 SSR markörü kullanarak, kapiler elektroforez yöntemiyle genotipleme yapılmış ve Nei genetik mesafe yöntemine göre popülasyon içerisindeki genetik çeşitlilik incelenmiştir. Yapılan genotipleme sonucunda, 10 SSR markörü 168 patates genotipinde toplam 48 skorlanabilir bant oluşturmuştur. Elde edilen 48 banttan 47'si polimorfizm göstermiştir. Kullanılan her bir markörün polimorfik bant sayısı 1 ile 9 arasında değişmiş, ortalama polimorfik bant sayısı 4,7 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Toplam 10 SSR markörünün ortalama polimorfizm oranı ise %95 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Markörlerin polimorfizm bilgi içeriği (PIC) değeri 0,08 ile 0,42 arasında değişmiş ve ortalama PIC değeri ise 0,28 olarak hesaplanmıştır. İncelenen genotipler içerisinde genetik olarak bir birinden en uzak olanlar, 0,7802 genetik mesafe değerine sahip olan PAE 15-7-19 ile Tiger, PAE 15-6-11 ile Kafkas, PAE 15-7-22 ile Yaprak, PAE 15-7-22 ile Aydos, PAE 15-7-22 ile Yankı, Innovator ile PAE 15-5-8, Nam ile Bettina, Guzine ile PAE 15-5-8 ve Julinka ile Innovator’dür. Birbirine en yakın genotipler 0,0645 genetik mesafe değerine sahip olan Leventbey ile Muratbey ve Bergerac ile Highland B. Red’dir.

Farklı Azot Dozların Ekmeklik Buğdaya Çeşitlerinin Kalite Kriterlerine Etkileri

Leyla İDİKUT — 2025-05-22

Farklı azot (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 ve 20 kg da^-1) gübre dozları Pehlivan ve Bezostaja-1 ekmeklik çeşitlerine uygulayarak 2020-2021 yılarında buğday yetiştirme sezonunda Elazığ iklim koşullarında bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinin tane kalite özeliklerine azot gübre dozlarının etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinin bin tane ağırlığı, protein, nişasta, kül, yağ, nem, glüten ve lif oranlarını gibi tane kalite özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmada incelenen özelliklerden bin tane ağırlığı ve kül oranı yönünden çeşitler arasındaki farklılıklar istatiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. İncelenen diğer özellikler ekmeklik buğday çeşitleri arasında istatistiksel farklılıklar oluşturmamıştır. Bin tane ağırlığında Bezostaja-1 çeşidi Pehlivan çeşidinden daha yüksek değere sahip olurken, kül oranında Pehlivan çeşidinin daha yüksek değere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen diğer özelikler yönünden çeşitler arasında farklılıkların önemli olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Uygulanan farklı azot dozları incelenen özelliklerden yağ oranı hariç diğer özellikler üzerinde pozitif yönde istatistiksel olarak önemli etkide bulunmuştur. İncelenen özelliklerden bin tane ağırlığı, kül oranı, nem oranı değerleri için 20 kg da^-1 azot uygulamasında daha yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. Protein oranı, nişasta oranı, glüten oranı ve lif oranı yönünden 16 kg da-1 azot uygulamasının istatiksel olarak daha uygun olduğu düşünülmüştür.

Mısır Bitkisinde Yaprak Uzaklaştırmanın Koçan Özelliklerine Etkisi

Leyla İDİKUT — 2025-05-22

Yetişme süresini çok kısa sürede tamamlayan mısır bitkisinin verimine katkıda bulunmada, büyük öncülük eden organları kök ve yapraklarıdır. Bu çalışmada, D. 6761, P. 1921, P. 2105 ve Klumet hibrid mısır çeşitlerinde dört farklı yaprak alma işlemi uygulanarak, çeşitlerin yaprak alanları, koçan tane ağırlıkları, somak ağırlıkları, koçanda sıra sayıları, sırada tane sayılarının incelenmisi ve incelenen özellikler arasındaki corelasyon ilişkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yaprak alanlarının tepe püskülünden koçan yukarısındaki yapraklar inildikçe artığı, fakat tepe püskülünün altındaki üç yaprağın koçanın üstündekü üç yapraktan daha fazla koçan tane verimine katkı sağladığı görülmüştür. Koçanın yukarısındaki tüm yaprakların verime katkısının olduğu, koçan tane verimi ile yaprak alanı ve somak çapı arasında doğrusal ilişki olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Koçan sıra sayısı ve sırada tane sayısı üzerine yaprak alma uygulamalarının etkisinin genetik faktörlerden daha az etkili olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

The Importance of Eco-Friendly Materials in the Food Industry

Rowida Khalily — 2025-05-22

This review article explores the importance of eco-friendly materials in the food industry. Eco-friendly materials, often called green or environmentally friendly materials, are becoming increasingly popular in various sectors that aim to benefit the environment. One of the key advantages of using these materials is that they are often made from recycled or renewable resources. This approach helps to reduce waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and minimize carbon footprints. This is especially important in the food sector, like biofilm food packaging, beeswax food wraps, and waste food to ethanol. In addition, targets food protection and reduces environmental pollution.

Garlic and Ginger Pastes as natural Antioxidant in Spent Hen Meat Nugget

Olayemi Rashidat AWODOYIN — 2025-05-22

Economic value of spent hen can be improved through value addition. However, spent hen contain high fat and coupled with the fact that processed chicken meat is more susceptible to oxidative deterioration make spent hen meat products prone to oxidative degradation. Therefore, the need for antioxidant inclusion during spent hen meat product formulation. Five spent hen chicken nugget emulsions were formulated (T1 ascorbic); T2 0.5% Garlic, T3 1.0% Ginger, T4 0.5% Ginger, T5 1.0%Ginger. The mixtures from each formulation were filled into boxes (20×10 cm) (approximately 40±1 g each), deep fried in Grand Soya oil® for 10 minutes at 190±2^oC (frying temperature). The fried nuggets were allowed to cooled down to room temperature and a portion from each nugget was packaged in air tight zip loc bags and stored in a refrigerator (4^oC). Frying yield (%), phenol content (GAEmg/g, flavonoid (mg QE/g), cholesterol (%) and Thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) mg MDA/kg). (Data generated were analysed using ANOVA@Pα0.05.

Keywords: Nuggets, Oxidative deterioration, Spent hen, Value addition, Scavenging radicals

The direction of broiler farming research in recent decades

Ulrich Sosthene Hodonou — 2025-05-22

Son birkaç on yılda piliç yetiştiriciliği araştırmalarının yönünü anlamak için, bu çalışma bir veri tabanı olarak Web of Science kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu platformda 2014 yılından 2024 yılına kadar piliçlerle ilgili çeşitli konularda toplam 29.193 belge yayınlanmıştır. Mevcut belgelerin %91,86'sı bilimsel makale şeklinde yayınlanmıştır ve en popüler yayın kategorileri "Tarım, Süt Hayvanları Bilimi" ve "Veteriner Bilimleri" dir. Yayın değerlendirmeleri açısından "Kanatlı Bilimi" ve "Hayvanlar" son 10 yılda piliçler üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların yayınlanması için en çok talep edilen konular olmuştur. Bilimsel belge üretme açısından en verimli ülkeler Çin ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri olup, piliç yetiştiriciliğindeki itibarlarını güçlendirerek kendilerini uluslararası alanda diğer ülkelerden büyük ölçüde ayırdılar. Veritabanının genişliği göz önüne alındığında, anahtar kelimelerin ve iki filtrenin bir kombinasyonu kullanıldı. Verilerin analizi için sadece en çok atıfta bulunulan ve alıntı yapılan ilk 50 çalışma dikkate alınmıştır. Belgelerin analizi, genetik, kuluçka, piliçler üzerindeki stres, beslenme, antibiyotik kullanımı, kuş hastalıkları ve kümes hayvanlarının yetiştirme ortamındaki davranışları gibi temel temalar üzerine birçok çalışma yapıldığını anlamayı mümkün kılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, sperm kalitesi, iklim değişikliği, atık su yönetimi ve sera gazı azaltımı ile ilgili konular hala yeterince araştırılmamıştır ve kesinlikle gelecekteki araştırmaların konusu olacaktır.

A Natural Solution Against Fish Oil Oxidation: The Antioxidant Effect of Satureja montana Essential Oil

Osman Sabri KESBİÇ — 2025-05-22

Balık yağı, yüksek oranda çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (PUFA) içermesi nedeniyle oksidasyona son derece duyarlı olup, bu durum besin kalitesini ve raf ömrünü olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Satureja montana (SMont EO) esansiyel yağının balık yağı oksidasyonu üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Deney kapsamında, balık yağlarına farklı konsantrasyonlarda (100, 200, 400, 800 ppm) Satureja montana esansiyel yağı eklenmiş ve ticari antioksidan BHT (200 ppm) pozitif kontrol olarak kullanılmıştır. Deney grupları, 55°C sıcaklık, %70 nem ve 7000 lüx aydınlatma altında 96 saat süreyle hızlandırılmış oksidasyona tabi tutulmuştur. Oksidasyon seviyeleri, peroksit değeri (PV) ve malondialdehit (MDA) ölçümleri ile belirlenmiş ve elde edilen veriler tek yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey testi ile istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. GC-MS analiz sonuçlarına göre, Satureja montana esansiyel yağı en yüksek oranda karvakrol (%42,62), γ-terpinene (%12,44) ve p-cymene (%14,09) bileşenlerini içermektedir. Karvakrolün güçlü bir serbest radikal süpürücü olduğu, γ-terpinene’nin lipit peroksidasyonunu engelleyebildiği ve p-cymene’nin oksidatif stresle mücadelede önemli rol oynadığı literatürde rapor edilmiştir. Peroksit değeri ölçümlerine göre, 400 ppm Satureja montana yağı içeren grubun en düşük oksidasyon seviyesine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 400 ppm dozunun peroksit değeri 16,08 meq O₂/kg olarak belirlenmiş olup, bu değer ticari antioksidan BHT (25,48 meq O₂/kg) ile benzer düzeydedir. MDA seviyeleri de 400 ppm esansiyel yağ grubunda en düşük düzeyde ölçülmüştür, ancak 800 ppm dozunda bir miktar artış gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Satureja montana esansiyel yağının balık yağı oksidasyonunu önlemede etkili bir doğal antioksidan olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle 400 ppm konsantrasyonunun en iyi oksidatif stabiliteyi sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Ticari antioksidan BHT ile karşılaştırıldığında, Satureja montana esansiyel yağı benzer düzeyde oksidatif koruma sağlamıştır, dolayısıyla su ürünleri yemlerinde sentetik antioksidanlara alternatif olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Paris İklim Anlaşması Çerçevesinde Tarımsal Karbon Ayak İzi, Çevresel Baskılar ve Azaltım Politikaları: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Karşılaştırması

Bekir Ayyıldız — 2025-05-22

Tarım sektörü, ekonomik üretimin temel bileşenlerinden biri olmasının yanı sıra küresel sera gazı emisyonlarının önemli bir kaynağıdır. Özellikle Paris İklim Anlaşması sonrasında, tarımın çevresel etkileri, karbon ayak izi ve sera gazı azaltım politikaları hem Avrupa Birliği (AB) hem de Türkiye için önemli gündem maddeleri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ve AB'nin tarım kaynaklı karbon salımları, çevresel baskıları ve izledikleri azaltım politikaları karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır.

Karbon ayak izi kavramı; metan (CH₄), azot oksit (N₂O) ve karbondioksit (CO₂) gibi tarımsal faaliyetlerden salınan sera gazlarının çevresel etkilerini ölçmede önemli bir göstergedir. AB ülkeleri, özellikle 2030 karbon azaltım hedeflerine ulaşmak amacıyla Yeşil Mutabakat, Ortak Tarım Politikası (CAP) reformları ve karbon vergilendirme gibi politika araçlarını etkin bir şekilde kullanmaktadır. Türkiye ise Paris Anlaşması'nı geç onaylamış olup tarımsal karbon azaltımı konusunda henüz bütüncül bir strateji oluşturamamıştır. Ancak bazı bölgelerde başarılı pilot projeler ve organik tarımı teşvik eden uygulamalar mevcuttur.

Araştırmada, 75’in üzerinde bilimsel çalışma ve resmi politika belgesi incelenmiştir. Bulgular, AB’nin izleme, raporlama ve karbon ticaret mekanizmaları açısından daha gelişmiş bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye’nin karbon yönetimi süreçlerini geliştirebilmesi için mevzuat uyumu, finansman mekanizmaları ve dijital tarım altyapılarına yatırım yapması önerilmektedir.

Sonuç olarak, tarımın çevresel etkilerini azaltmada hem bölgesel iş birlikleri hem de kurumsal kapasite artırımı önem arz etmektedir. Türkiye'nin, AB ile tarımsal karbon politikaları konusunda daha yakın entegrasyon sağlaması, hem çevresel sürdürülebilirlik hem de ekonomik rekabetçilik açısından stratejik bir zorunluluktur.

Exploring the Impact of the Matrix on the Growth of Listeria monocytogenes

Zeki Erol — 2025-05-23

Listeriosis is a significant foodborne illness mainly resulting from the consumption of food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. The present research aimed to comprehensively examine the growth of foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in readily accessible ultra-high temperature processed bovine milk, infant formula, and two commercial plant-based beverages (almond and coconut) stored at ambient temperature (25°C). Nutrient broth was used as a reference control. Beverage samples were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes at approximately 9 × 10⁷ CFU/mL. The inoculated samples were stored at 25°C and sampled on the 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hour of incubation. The findings indicate that Listeria monocytogenes was capable of proliferating in all the samples reaching the highest counts on the 48^th hour of the evaluation. Although that on the 48^th hour of evaluation, coconut beverage had the lowest bacteria counts (7.5±0.98 CFU/mL), no statistically important differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates between diverse evaluated beverages was noted. At the 72-hour incubation period, infant formula exhibited the highest microbial counts, at a value of 8 logs, whereas the coconut beverage showed the lowest microbial counts at 6 logs. The obtained data indicate that all the assessed beverages could pose a considerable threat for listeriosis, and post-opening guidelines should be thoroughly evaluated.

Biosynthesis, production optimization and antifungal property of indole-3-acetic acid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ROO1S

Kubrat A. Oyinlola — 2025-05-23

Rhizobacteria colonize the roots of plants after being introduced to seedlings or the rhizosphere through inoculation, thereby stimulating growth. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an essential phytohormone stimulates cell proliferation, growth, and enhance nutrient uptake from the soil. However, IAA has conventionally been produced by chemical synthesis, with practical limitations such as high cost of chemicals which are also not eco-friendly. Sustainability of IAA production from Rhizobacteria and their antifungal potential would be an alternative cost effective and natural approach to overall plant health. Isolation and screening for indole-3-acetic acid producing bacteria from plant rhizosphere was done using a chemically-defined medium and Salowisky reagent. Quantification of IAA produced by selected isolates, through submerged fermentation was estimated with a Spectrophotometer. Molecular identification of highest producer was done using standard methods while production parameters were optimized for improved IAA yield. Antifungal activity against selected pathogen was analysed with the dual culture method. Change in color to pink after addition of Salowisky reagents indicated the presence of indole-3-acetic acid. The concentrations of IAA produced from selected isolates ranged between 218.88 ± 0.00 and 393.88 ± 0.01 μg/mL. Highest IAA-producing bacteria was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa ROO1S (Accession PV123886). Optimal IAA production was obtained at 25°C (463.88 μg/mL), with 2g/L tryptophan substrate (505.13 μg/mL), tryptone (613.87 μg/mL) and mannitol (718.87 μg/mL) as nitrogen and carbon sources respectively, and 150 rpm agitation (356.38 μg/mL). Optimisation yielded 865.13 µg/mL of IAA. The extracted compound exhibited antifungal activity.

Conclusively, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ROO1S is an IAA-producing bacteria. Optimisation increased IAA production and the compound exhibited inhibitory properties against fungal phytopathogen.

Melaleuca quinquenervia Uçucu Yağı ile Balık Yağı Oksidasyonunun Önlenmesi: Doz Bağımlı Antioksidan Etkiler

Hüseyin Serkan Erol — 2025-05-23

Fish oil, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is widely recognised for its health benefits. However, its susceptibility to oxidation poses a significant challenge and leads to reduced nutritional quality and potential health risks. This study investigates the antioxidant activity of Melaleuca quinquenervia essential oil (MQEO) in fish oil and compares it with the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Experimental groups were formed by adding different concentrations of MQEO (100-800 ppm) to fish oil and oxidation levels were evaluated by peroxide value (PV) and malondialdehyde (MDA) measurements. The results showed that higher concentrations (≥400 ppm) of MQEO showed significant antioxidant activity by effectively reducing peroxide formation and lipid peroxidation compared to BHT. The major active components of MQEO, such as eucalyptol, viridifluorol and α-terpineol, contributed to its protective effect by inhibiting lipid oxidation. Given the growing concerns about the safety of synthetic antioxidants, MQEO offers a promising natural alternative to protect lipid-based products susceptible to oxidation. The findings suggest that MQEO may improve fish oil stability and extend shelf life while reducing potential health risks associated with synthetic preservatives.

Koyun ve Keçi Yetiştiriciliğinde Yavru Ölümlerinin Azaltılmasına Yönelik Uygulamalar

Hacer Tüfekci — 2025-05-05

Küçükbaş hayvancılık işletmelerinin ekonomik başarısı, büyük ölçüde hayvan başına sütten kesimdeki yavru sayısının arttırılması ve üretim giderlerinin azaltılmasına bağlıdır. Küçükbaş hayvancılık işletmelerinde yıl boyunca yapılan her türlü yatırım, doğum dönemindeki yatırımlar kadar etkili değildir. Hayvanlarda verim düzeyini artırırken buna bağlı yavru kayıplarını azaltmak, karlı ve sürdürülebilir küçükbaş hayvancılık için anahtar kelimelerdir. Koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliğinde verimliliği etkileyen en önemli etmenin yavru verimi olduğu bilinmektedir ve kuzu ve oğlak gelirleri döl verim düzeyi ile birlikte büyütülen kuzu ve oğlakların oranı ile kuzu ve oğlakların canlı ağırlıklarına bağlıdır. Yavru ölümleri, işletmelerde uygulanan üretim sistemi ve barındırma yönetimine bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu ölümler, daha çok doğumu izleyen ilk on gün içinde gerçekleşmektedir. Bu süreçlerde alınacak bazı önlemler yavruların yaşama gücüne önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Dünya genelinde küçükbaş hayvanlarda yavru ölümleri, kalıtsal ve çevresel faktörlere bağlı olarak %4-21 arasında değişmektedir. Yavru ölümlerinin çoğu doğumu izleyen ilk hafta içinde gerçekleşmektedir. Bu ölümlerin bir kısmı yavru atmadan, diğer önemli bir kısmı ise doğum sonrası bakteri ya da viral enfeksiyonlardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Doğumda kuzu ve oğlak sayısının yüksekliği ancak sütten kesim veya pazarlama dönemine kadar kuzu ve oğlak kayıplarının azlığı ile anlam kazanır. Bu nedenle büyütme sonuçlarına göre döl verim ölçütleri ekonomik olarak geçerlilik kazanır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde yavru ölümlerinin azaltılmasına yönelik uygulamaların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

The crude oil percentage and fatty acid profile of turnip rape in continental climate conditions

Fatma Kayaçetin — 2025-05-23

Türkiye is an importer of vegetable oil and oilseeds. The necessity of mixing biodiesel produced from domestic agricultural products and/or waste vegetable oils into diesel fuel further increases our need for vegetable oils and oilseeds. Therefore, it is important to determine the potential of alternative plant sources that cannot be used in food in terms of supplying raw materials for biodiesel. Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera is a species with high commercial potential used as industrial seed oil. This study was done in the fall sowing of 2020 in Ankara according to a randomized block design and was established with 4 replications. It was aimed to detect the crude oil percentage and fatty acid profiles of the Tekirdag, Bursa and Tokat origin lines of this species. In terms of study findings, significant differences were found among the lines with regards to the examined traits. Crude oil percentage was detected as 26.93-36.60% in B. rapa ssp. oleifera lines. It can be stated that local turnip rapeseed lines are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and crude oil percentage, especially in monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (16.24-18.65%) and erucic acid (35.66-42.97%), which are the most important factors affecting biodiesel quality, and this species has an important potential as a biodiesel raw material. According to the results obtained from this study, it was detected that Bursa origin Br2 line with Tekirdag origin Br3 and Br6 lines had higher crude oil percentage than other lines. Therefore, it is recommended that these lines be further evaluated for sustainable biodiesel production.

Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory and Anti-hemolytic Potential of Polyphenolic Components of Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris)

Hamza Belkhodja — 2025-05-23

This work aims at the assessement of anti-inflammatory and anti-hemolytic effect of Malva sylvestris. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by the inhibition of protein denaturation method. It was followed by the study of anti-hemolytic potential, based on two methods (haemolysis by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and by hypotonic haemolysis). The macerated aqueous extract of M. sylvestris (250 μg/ml) exhibited the highest inhibition percentage of BSA denaturation compared to other extracts but it appeared to be slightly lower than the drug diclofenac sodium (80.97±1.23%). On the other hand, the macerated aqueous extract showed more protective power against haemolysis (93.42±3.45%). While it was almost similar to the percentage recorded for ascorbic acid (93.68±3.21%). For the second method, it was observed that the decocted acetone extract of M. sylvestris showed a rate of haemolysis inhibition which was the highest (98.09±1.26%) but that it remained slightly lower than aspirin (98.77±0.44%). All of these results showed that M. sylvestris extracts have interesting anti-inflammatory and anti-haemolytic potential and therefore have considerable interest as an alternative treatment against inflammatory mechanisms.

Key Words: Anti-hemolytic, Anti-inflammatory, Malva sylvestris, Polyphenols.

Evolution and Transformation of Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review of Historical Trends, Contemporary Challenges, and Future Opportunities

Usman Mohammed Ali — 2025-05-23

Ethiopia's agricultural sector is pivotal to its economy, employing approximately 85% of the population and contributing significantly to the national GDP. Despite its potential, the sector grapples with critical challenges such as food insecurity, climate change, land degradation, and limited market access. As a result, Ethiopia ranks 101^st out of 125 countries on the 2023 Global Hunger Index, with 26.2% of its population undernourished. This review aims to explore the historical trends that have shaped Ethiopian agriculture, critically analyze contemporary challenges, and identify future opportunities for transformation. The findings highlight that policy shifts and technological advancements are essential for overcoming existing barriers. Key opportunities for enhancing agricultural productivity include the adoption of climate-smart practices, technological innovations, improved market access, sustainable land management, and necessary policy reforms. By addressing these challenges and leveraging opportunities, Ethiopia can achieve a more productive and sustainable agricultural system that supports food security and rural development. The commitment of all stakeholders is crucial for realizing these transformations in Ethiopian agriculture.

Tahıl tarımında verimliliği artıran kombine pulluğun yapısal parametrelerinin optimize edilmesi

Huseyn Qurbanov — 2025-05-23

Günümüzde dünyada gıda güvenliğinin önde gelen alanlarından biri tahıl yetiştiriciliğidir.Amacımız yamaçlarda tahıl yetiştiriciliğini geliştirmektir.İlk kez, eğimli alanlarda toprağa eşit miktarda gübre uygulama teknolojik süreci ve tahıl ürünlerinin yetiştirilmesinde kaliteli tahıl elde etme ve verimliliği artırma yönünde iyileştirilen çalışma gövdelerinin yapısal tasarımı, gübre borusunun çıkışına "eşit gübre serpme" çalışma gövdesi yerleştirilerek eğimli alanlarda eşit ve bol ekim yapılmasını sağlar.Mineral gübre serpme makinesi teknolojik ve yapısal olarak yenidir.İcat, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Fikri Mülkiyet Ajansı tarafından F20240021 belge numarası altında patentlenmiştir.Mineral gübre serpme makinesinin verimli ve optimum teknolojik yapısal parametreleri kanıtlanmıştır.Optimum değerler, yeni oluşturulan "eşit gübre serpme makinesinin" ana parçalarının parametrelerine dayalı matematiksel tablolar oluşturularak seçilmiştir.Optimum değerler esas alınarak tasarlanan "eşit gübre serpme makinası"nın arazi denemesinde, pulluk altında üre gübresinin eşit dağılımı %92, çift süperfosfatın %94, potasyum klorürün ise %93 olarak gerçekleşti.

Effects of sexed semen on fertility and sex ratio of calves in indigenous Arsi Cattle at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center

Alemayehu Arega — 2025-05-23

An on-station study was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center during 2021 to 2022/23 breeding season to evaluate the effect of sexed semen on fertility rate of cows, number of services per conception (NSPC), conception rate, sex ratio of calves born and the economics of using sexed semen in indigenous Arsi cattle. For evaluation purpose indigenous Arsi Breed cattle were selected from nucleus herd maintained at on station based on their parity, body condition and reproductive history and assigned to one of the following treatments. Animals in Treatment 1 were inseminated with conventional semen and Treatment 2 were inseminated with sexed semen. They were synchronized for estrus by injecting PGF2α hormone, whereas, those animals exhibited the sign of heat naturally were inseminated directly. Heat was detected by herdsmen in the early morning, mid-day, early evening and at nighttime. Standard procedure of semen handling and insemination was implemented during the study. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by rectal palpation after 90 days of insemination. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in NSPC between the treatments and the overall mean NSPC was 1.23±.049. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in pregnancy rate between treatments. The pregnancy rate was 71% and 56.4% for conventional and sexed semen, respectively. The mean conception rate was 57.9% and 44% with conventional and sexed semen, respectively. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in sex ratio of calves born between treatments. The average female calf obtained was 50% and 85% for conventional and sexed semen, respectively. The overall advantage of using sexed semen was 769,532 ETB and 15,390.64 ETB advantage per unit of sexed semen used. Sexed semen can be used as alternative artificial insemination technology for Arsi breed cows to produce more female calves for herd replacement. On-farm evaluation and demonstration of using sexed semen technology is important in potential areas suitable for dairy production.

C. tournefortii Meyve ve Yapraklarının Antioksidan Aktivitesi

Fatma ERGÜN — 2025-05-23

Celtis türlerinin halk arasında ödem, hipertansiyon, böbrek rahatsızlıkları, diyabet, kanser ve eklem ağrıları gibi hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada Celtis tournefortii meyve (CTM) ve yapraklarının (CTY) metanol ekstraklarının antiradikal (DPPH), indirgeme gücü (CUPRAC ve FRAP) aktiviteleri, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde miktarları değerlendirilmiştir. C. tournefortii meyve ve yaprak ekstraklarında toplam fenolik madde miktarı sırasıyla 2.0±0.10 mg GAE/g ve 18.63±1.52 mg GAE/g olarak belirlendi. Flavonoid madde miktarı CTM’de 11.71±0.14 mg KE/g iken CTY’de 21.93±1.53 mg KE/g olarak hesaplandı. C. tournefortii yaprak ekstraklarda radikal giderme aktivitesinin daha yüksek olduğu görüldü. Ayrıca Fe³⁺ ve Cu²⁺ indirgeme gücünün de C. tournefortii yaprak ekstraktında nispeten daha yüksek olduğu görüldü. Mevcut çalışmada C. tournefortii meyve ve yapraklarının biyoaktif bileşen içerdiğini ve antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Ekstrakların antioksidan aktiviteleri düşük bulunmasına rağmen radikal giderme ve indirgeme gücünün var olduğu tespit edildi. Elde edilen bulgular dardağan olarak isimlendirilen C. tournefortii bitkisinin fonksiyonel gıda bileşeni ve doğal antioksidan kaynağı olarak potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.

Bezelye (Pisum sativum L.) Çeşitlerinin Kalite Kriterlerine Ekim Zamanlarının Etkisi

Kazım Emre GÖKTAŞ — 2025-05-23

Bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş koşullarında bezelye yetişme sezonunda 5 farklı ekim zamanı uygulanarak Deren, Elena ve Irmak 01 bezelye çeşitlerinin kuru tane kalite özelliklerine ekim zamanlarının etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde kurularak ekim zamanları ana parsellere, çeşitler alt parsellere yerleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada bakla bağlama süresi, hasat süresi, hasat indeksi, bin tane ağırlığı, protein oranı, nişasta oranı, yağ oranı incelenmiştir. İncelenen özelliklerden bakla bağlama süresi, protein oranı, yağ oranı yönünden çeşitlere, ekim zamanlarına, çeşit x ekim zamanı interaksiyonları arasında istatiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar kaydedilmiştir. Nişasta oranı göre çeşitler arasındaki farklılıklar istatistiki olarak önemli olmuştur. Çeşitlere ve ekim zamanlarına göre bin tane ağırlığı istatistiksel önemli farklılıklar göstermiştir. Deren çeşidinin protein oranı yönünden diğer çeşitlerden daha yüksek değere sahip olduğu, geç ekimlerin protein oranını artırdığı, bin tane ağırlığının geç ekimlerde azaldığı, geç ve erken ekimlerde hasat indeksinin azaldığı kaydedilmiştir.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Li, Mn, Ni, and Ba Concentrations in Sediments of Lotic Habitats in the Biga Peninsula, Türkiye

cem TOKATLI — 2025-05-23

Sediments, which contain a wealth of various toxic and essential elements, play a very important role in our freshwater habitats. Although some elements are essential and needed by living things, it is known that long-term and large-scale exposure to them can be harmful, just like non-essential toxic elements. The Biga Peninsula, situated in the northwestern region of Anatolia, possesses significant agricultural, industrial, and touristic potential. This study was carried out to determine the spatiotemporal variations of lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and Barium (Ba) levels in sediments of the riverine ecosystems located in the Biga Peninsula. Five riverine ecosystems were selected for the study, and sediment samples were collected during both the dry and wet seasons of 2022–2023 to assess seasonal variations. According to the results of this research, the annually average concentrations of investigated elements in sediments of the riverine ecosystems located in the Biga Peninsula were found in the order of Mn (1076 mg/kg) > Ba (93 mg/kg) > Ni (21 mg/kg) > Li (14 mg/kg). While no significant seasonal differences were detected in Mn, Ni and Ba accumulations, it was recorded that the average Li values in the sediments increased approximately 8 times during the wet season.

Çökelek Peyniri Üretiminde Farklı Starter Kültür Kullanımı

Gökçe Eminoğlu — 2025-05-23

Peynir, süt ürünleri içerisinde en fazla çeşitliliğe sahip olan üründür. Ülkemizde en çok tüketilen peynir çeşitleri Beyaz ve Tulum olmakla birlikte, özellikle kırsal bölgelerde en çok tüketilen peynir çeşitlerinden biri de çökelek peyniridir. Çökelek peyniri, genellikle aile işletmelerinde geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilmekte ve Türkiyede çoğunlukla semt pazarlarında satışı yapılmaktadır. Çökelek peyniri ülkemizin farklı bölgelerinde yaygın şekilde üretilmekte ve üretildiği bölgenin özelliklerine ve üretim koşullarına bağlı olarak farklı isimlerle de adlandırılmaktadır. Çoğunlukla geleneksel olarak yoğurttan üretilen bu peynir çeşidi, süt, peyniraltı suyu, yayıkaltı ve ayrandan da üretilebilmektedir. Üretim prosesi bakımından büyük farklılık göstermeyen çökelek üretiminin temel aşaması, üretiminde kullanılan hammaddeye çeşitli pıhtılaştırıcıların eklenmesi (enzim, kültür ya da çiğ sütün doğal florası ile asitiliğin ilerletilmesi) ardından kaynatılması ve elde edilen pıhtının süzülmesi şeklindedir. Üretilen peynir çeşidinden bağımsız olarak, uygun başlangıç kültürlerinin dikkatli bir şekilde seçilmesiyle peynirin dokusunu ve tadını geliştirmek, peynir endüstrisinin büyümesini ilerletmek için önemli bir yöntemdir. Laktozdan laktik asit üretmek peynir yapımındaki en önemli adımdır. Starter kültürler, ürüne istenen tadı, aromayı ve yapıyı sağlayan belirli özelliklere sahip mikroorganizmalardır. Süt endüstrisinde standart ve kaliteli ürünlerin üretimi, uygun özelliklere sahip başlangıç kültürlerinin kullanılmasına bağlıdır. Starter kültürlerin ürünün lezzetini artıran bileşikler ürettiği bilinmekle birlikte, taze peynirler genellikle benzer lezzet ve aromaya sahiptir. Bu nedenle, taze fermente ürünlerin üretiminde başlangıç kültürünün seçimi, tüketicilerin tat ve aroma algısını şekillendirmede oldukça önemlidir. Bu düşünceden yola çıkarak, bu çalışmada çökelek peyniri üretimde 3 farklı ticari starter kültür kullanılmış ve elde edilen peynir örneklerinin mikrobiyolojik, fizikokimyasal, tekstürel ve duyusal özellikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Çökelek peyniri, starter kültür, DVS kültür

DETERMINANTS OF CHOICE OF MARKETING OUTLET FOR EDIBLE INSECTS AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS AND TRADERS IN WESTERN KENYA

Lydia Akinyi Omondi — 2025-05-23

The edible insect sector has, in recent times, gained significant prominence and attention. Particularly, the government of Kenya has made remarkable steps to achieve a potentially large and valuable edible insect market, with a significant milestone being the passing of regulations on edible insects as a new source of proteins. However, research on the edible insect marketing environment is still indistinct. Therefore, the study sought to evaluate the determinants of the market outlets preferred or used by smallholder farmers and traders of domesticated and field-collected edible insects (including cricket, bees, winged termites, lake flies, and dung beetle) in Siaya and Vihiga counties. This cross-sectional study was done among 188 edible insects’ farmers and traders. Purposive sampling identified the study area, while snowball sampling reached the study participants. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using multinomial logit regression to assess independent-dependent variable relationships, yielding marginal effects. Study findings showed that at 95% confidence interval, the yield was significant to the three outlets used by the farmers. Gender was significant to both institution and open-air markets outlets but insignificant to selling at the farm gate. Age, education level, and experience in marketing were insignificant to all the three market outlets. Marketing training was significant to the institution and open-air markets. The study also showed that farmers and traders had limited choices to sell their edible insect produce, which was majorly affected by yield and age variables. In view of these findings, enhancing edible insect marketing and training through initiatives that would increase production among farmers and breaking the attitudes toward open-air marketing among male farmers is pivotal to the thriving of the novel food enterprise towards achieving food security in the region.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Li, Mn, Ni, and Ba Concentrations in Sediments of Lotic Habitats in the Gelibolu Peninsula, Türkiye

cem TOKATLI — 2025-05-23

Sediments, rich in various toxic and essential elements, play a crucial role in freshwater habitats. While some elements are necessary for living organisms, prolonged and large-scale exposure to them—similar to non-essential toxic elements—can be harmful. The Gelibolu Peninsula, situated in the northwestern part of Anatolia, holds significant agricultural, industrial, and touristic potential due to its fertile lands, strategic location, and rich natural resources. This study was carried out to determine the spatiotemporal variations of lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and Barium (Ba) levels in sediments of the riverine ecosystems located in the Gelibolu Peninsula. Three riverine ecosystems were selected for the study, and sediment samples were collected during both the dry and wet seasons of 2022–2023 to assess seasonal variations. According to the results of this research, the annually average concentrations of investigated elements in sediments of the riverine ecosystems located in the Gelibolu Peninsula were found in the order of Mn (708 mg/kg) > Ba (52 mg/kg) > Ni (22 mg/kg) > Li (15 mg/kg). While no significant seasonal differences were detected in Mn, Ni and Ba accumulations, it was recorded that the average Li values in the sediments increased approximately 4 times during the wet season.

Şalgam suyu artık ürünü setik ilavesinin tarhananın fiziksel özellikleri üzerine etkisi

Hasan TANGÜLER — 2025-05-23

Tarhana üretiminde farklı oranlarda (%5, %10, %15 ve %20 artık setik tozu ilavesi) setik (bulgur unu) ikavesinin ürünün fiziksel özellikler üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Renk analizlerinde, kontrol örneği ile karşılaştırıldığında, setik tozu ilavesi ile L* (parlaklık) değeri düşerken, a* (kırmızılık) değeri artmıştır. Özellikle %20 setik tozu ilavesi (Se-Toz4) en yüksek kırmızılık değerini sağlamıştır. b* (sarılık) değeri ise setik tozu miktarı arttıkça azalmış, en düşük değeri Se-Toz4 örneği göstermiştir. Su tutma kapasitesi, köpük tutma kapasitesi ve stabilitesi değerleri incelendiğinde, setik tozu ikavesinin su tutma kapasitesini artırdığı görülmüş ve bu sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Köpük tutma kapasitesi ve stabilitesi değerlerinde ise farklı değişimler gözlenmiştir göstermektedir (P<0.05). Bu bulgular, tarhana formülasyonlarında setik tozu kullanımının ürünün fiziksel özelliklerini etkilediğini ve optimum oranların belirlenmesinin ürün kalitesi için önemli olduğunu göstermektedir.

Understanding Farmers’ Stated Preference for Gold-Mined Degraded Land Restoration

RIDWAN MUKAILA — 2025-05-23

Gold mining activities cause environmental issues and lead to farmland reduction, which calls for the restoration of degraded land. Therefore, this study investigates the influencing factors for farmers’ decision to pay for the gold-mined restoration process to have access to more fertile land and to improve the environment. Two hundred forty farmers were randomly selected for the study. The survey design follows a contingent valuation method, and logistic regression is used to analyze the data. The results show that 92.5% of the farmers are willing to pay an average premium of ₦250,313.42 for the land restoration process. Their decision to pay for the restoration process is influenced by their awareness of the negative impacts of land degradation, the size of arable land owned, membership in the cooperative association, higher education, higher income, access to credit, and being male. These findings show the importance of awareness, financial factors, and socioeconomic factors in the land restoration process. Thus, policy design should focus on them for efficient policy intervention to restore degraded land, which could be in the form of awareness creation and financial support.

Natural Bee Products for Calf Feeding

Hatice Nur KILIÇ ÖZEL — 2025-05-23

Antibiyotik kullanımının hayvansal ürünlere kalıntı bırakması ve bilinçsizce kullanımı hayvanlarda kullanımının yasaklanmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu nedenle antibiyotiğe alternatif olan doğal yem katkı maddeleri önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Günümüzde de doğal, büyüme uyarıcı, sindirim sistemini iyileştirici farklı yem katkı maddeleri arayışlar devam etmektedir. Bu yem katkı maddelerinden biri olan arı ürünleri (propolis, polen, arı sütü ve arı zehiri) hayvanların yem tüketimini, canlı ağırlık artışını ve yemden yararlanma oranını artırarak performans üzerinde olumlu etkiye sebep olabilmektedir. Arı ürünlerinden biri olan propolis ruminant hayvan beslemede antioksidan, antibakteriyel, antiviral ve antifungal özelliğinden dolayı hayvan beslemede kullanılabilmektedir.

Bu derlemede buzağı beslemede propolis, polen, arı sütü ve arı zehri olarak adlandırılan doğal arı ürünlerinin kullanımı olanağı, hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri kullanım dozları ve hayvanlardaki etkileri hakkında yapılan çalışmaların derlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Eğirdir Gölü'ndeki dar pençeli (Pontastacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) kerevitlerin boy-ağırlık ilişkisinde mevsimsel ve eşeysel varyasyon

Tuncay ATEŞŞAHİN — 2025-05-23

Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi (BAG), balık biyolojisi ve balıkçılık biliminin temel bir yönüdür ve büyüme analizi, stok değerlendirmesi, sağlık ve kondisyon, beslenme alışkanlıkları gibi çeşitli biyolojik ve ekolojik evrimler hakkında kritik bilgiler sağlar... Bu nedenle, doğru bir şekilde belirlenmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin en önemli kerevit stokunun boy-ağırlık ilişkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2015 yılında Eğirdir Gölü'nde yürütülmüştür. Mevsimsel örnekleme, farklı göz açıklıklarına sahip 200 fanyalı ağ kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. LWR, Le Cren'e (1951) göre belirlenmiş ve b değerinin 3'ten farklı olup olmadığını değerlendirmek için Pauly'yi (1984) takip eden bir t-testi kullanılmıştır. Veriler R paketi “ggFishPlots (v 0.3.1)” kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir (Vihtakari, 2025). Çalışmada, toplam uzunluğu 35,12 ila 155,11 mm ve toplam ağırlığı 1,20 ila 130,80 g arasında değişen 4.035 kerevit değerlendirilmiştir. Örneklemin %56,90'ı (2.295) dişi ve %43,10'u (1.738) erkek kerevitlerden oluşmuş olup, D:E oranı 1,32'dir. Değerlendirmeler, dişi kerevitlerin ilkbahar, yaz ve sonbaharda negatif allometrik büyüme sergilediğini, kışın ise izometrik büyüme gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Erkek kerevitler ise ilkbahar, sonbahar ve kış aylarında pozitif allometrik büyüme gösterirken, yaz aylarında izometrik büyüme göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak kerevitlerin büyüme özelliklerinin cinsiyete ve mevsime göre değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. LWR parametrelerinin kullanıldığı çalışmalarda, yılın sadece bir döneminde örnekleme yapılmasının yanıltıcı sonuçlara yol açabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle, aylık veya mevsimsel örnekleme daha doğru değerlendirmeler sağlayacaktır.

THE APPLICATION OF TANNIN’S IN RUMINANT NUTRITION (A REVIEW)

Abdulhamid Muhammad Garba — 2025-05-24

Tannin exists as a group of plant polyphenolic compounds which plays a vital role in animal feeding, especially for ruminants animals that exhibit protein cohesion properties. The hydrolysable tannin (HT) and condensed tannin which are two groups of tannin based on chemical structure were identified. The hydrolysable tannin when digested in the rumen of ruminants may release toxic compounds which when consumed in large quantities expose animals to health risks, while condensed tannin (CT) is the most common form of tannins which several nutritional benefits through the protection of dietary components from too much breakdown in the rumen, therefore enhancing protein use and reduction of Nitrogen (N) excretion. The study further highlighted the effects of tannin on feed intake, palatability, nutrient absorption, bloat prevention actions of tannins, and anti-parasitic functions. The moderate level of tannin in ruminant nutrition can enhance ruminant performance and excess consumption can lead to poor feed consumption with low nutrient absorption. This shows the need for selective diet formulation when including tannins in animal diets. There is a need for researchers to seek for strategic inclusion of tannins in ruminant diets especially types and amounts to optimize ruminant health and productivity. The need for future studies to continue with more understanding of tannin activities within the rumen and ways to develop protocols for effective consumption in ruminant nutrition is paramount.

Understanding Molecular Mechanisms: Recent Advancements in Plant Resilience to Drought and Salinity

Munawar Ali — 2025-05-24

Plant stress, drought, and salt reduce agricultural output and food security
worldwide. Rising cultivable land salinity is expected to reduce land availability by 30% in
25 years and maybe 50% by 2050. Therefore, plant biotechnology initiatives must prioritize
drought and salinity stress tolerance in agricultural plants (to assure food security) and
forest trees (which are vital to world ecology). Salt and drought stress have a large impact
on plant development, photosynthesis, ionic equilibrium, and oxidative balance than each
stress alone. CRISPR/Cas9, which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats, is a new way to edit plant genomes correctly and quickly. The
metabolic abilities of several plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) may reduce
the impacts of abiotic stresses. Plant-microbe interaction impacts non-living stress factors,
and PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) such as mycorrhizal fungi and
endophytes manage these stresses to enhance agricultural productivity and minimize
losses. We also discuss their role in aquaporin water absorption and transport. Drought
stress mobilizes plant energy to produce defense components and osmo-protectants like

proline, which damages plant development. This review aims more research into plant-
microbe interactions and stress tolerance ways at the molecular level. By improving our

knowledge in this domain, we can develop innovative solutions to reduce soil salinity and
drought stress, ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture in changing climates.

Recent trends developed to modify plant proteins, their effects and applications

elif meltem işçimen — 2025-05-24

Plant protein sources are gaining awareness because of their nutritional enrichment, imminent scarcity of animal proteins, high sustainability, and essential role in the manufacture of functional meals and bioactive peptides. However, negative consequences include the presence of anti-nutritional substances and low digestion may make plant protein sources problematic. Additionally, as compared to animal proteins, plant proteins usually have worse functional qualities and palatability.Many methods are available and are currently being investigated to modify the negative effects of plant proteins. One of these methods is the use of Maillard reactions.In the early phases of the Maillard process, glycosylation is the structural alteration of proteins caused by the addition of polysaccharides, which results in the formation of protein-polysaccharide conjugates. It has been demonstrated that the green and effective process of glycosylation produces changed proteins with improved solubility, emulsifying, and forming capabilities. Another method that can be used is fermentation. The production of bioactive peptides derived from fermentation and their application in commercial products is of significant value. The potential effects of new technologies in plant protein sources such as co-fermentation are being widely investigated. Moreover, many non-thermal approaches have been researched to enhance plant proteins' functional properties without compromising their nutritional value or sensory appeal. The technologies involved include dynamic high-pressure microjets, pulsed electric fields, cold plasma, ultrasound, and high hydrostatic pressure. There is a need to explain in detail the effects of these technique on the functional and structural behavior of proteins and to provide new perspectives.

Balık ve Yoğurt Tüketiminin Zehirlenme Algısı Açısından Biyojen Aminler Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi

Tuğba Gözde KENDİRLİ — 2025-05-24

Biyojen aminler, canlı organizmalarda ve gıdalarda doğal olarak bulunabilen serbest aminoasitlerin dekarboksilasyonu sonucu oluşan organik azot bazlarıdır. Gıdalarda bozulmanın bir göstergesi olarak et, balık, peynir, sebze, şarap vb. gibi protein içeriği yüksek veya fermente ürünlerde yaygın olarak bulunmaktadır. Gıdalarda bulunan türleri; histamin, tiramin, putresin, kadaverin, β-feniletilamin, agmatin, triptamin, serotonin, spermidin ve spermindir. Toksisitesi en yüksek biyojen aminler içerisinde histamin ve tiramin bulunmaktadır. Ekzojen enzimlerin aktivitesi sonucu histidin aminoasiti dekarboksile olarak histamine dönüşmektedir. Histamin, yaygın olarak balık ve balıkçılık ürünlerinde bulunmasının yanı sıra yoğurt ve peynir gibi fermente süt ürünlerinde de varlığına rastlanan bir biyojen amindir. Aminoasitlerin varlığına, dekarboksilasyondan sorumlu mikroorganizmaların gelişmesini ve aktivitesini destekleyecek koşullara (pH, sıcaklık, oksijen, su aktivitesi, NaCl konsantrasyonu, katkı maddeleri ve rekabetçi mikroorganizmalar vb.) bağlı olarak histamin birikimi meydana gelmektedir. Yüksek histamin içeriğine sahip Scombridae ve Scomberesocidae familyalarından (ton balığı, uskumru, palamut, lüfer vb.) balıkların tüketilmesi “Scombroid Zehirlenmesi olarak da bilinen “Histamin Zehirlenmesi” ile ilişkilidir. Amerikan Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi (FDA) tarafından, 100 g balık etinde en fazla 50 mg/kg histamin bulunabileceği rapor edilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği’ne üye ülkeler ve Türkiye’de ise bu miktar 100 mg/kg’dır. Uygun olmayan proses ve depolama koşulları neticesinde histamin içeriği artan ürünlerin tüketimine bağlı olarak gözlemlenen zehirlenmenin yaygın belirtileri; düşük kan basıncı, baş ağrısı, ödem ve alerjik reaksiyonlara özgü döküntüler şeklindedir. Bu çalışma, balık ve yoğurdun birlikte tüketilmesinin "zehirlenmeye" yol açtığına dair yaygın inanışı biyojen aminler açısından değerlendirerek, bu besinlerin kombinasyonunun toksik etki oluşturabilmesi için belirli konsantrasyon eşiklerinin aşılması gerektiğine dair verileri ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen veriler, balık ve yoğurt kombinasyonunun biyojen amin düzeylerinde kayda değer bir artışa neden olmadığını, ancak belirli saklama koşulları ve bireysel tolerans farklılıklarının semptomların şiddetini etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Başta, histamin ve tiramin gibi biyojen aminlerin varlığının, balık ve süt ürünleri tüketimiyle ilişkili semptomların temel nedeni olabileceği ancak gıda güvenliği standartlarına uygun ürünlerin tüketilmesi durumunda riskin minimal olacağı anlaşılmaktadır.

Assessment of Consumer Willingness to Consume Artificially-Sweetened Roselle Beverage

Jerry Ampofo-Asiama — 2025-05-24

The use of artificial sweeteners in developing countries is increasing, however, usage for sweetening indigenous drinks such as roselle beverage (Bissap) is limited. In this study, the objective was to assess the acceptability of artificially sweetened Bissap using either sucralose or saccharin, and evaluate consumers’ willingness to consume artificially sweetened Bissap. Sensory evaluation by a 44-member panel, revealed that 52.27 % of consumers preferred sucrose-Bissap compared to sucralose- (31.82 %) and saccharin-Bissap (13.63 %), with the major reason given for the preference of sucrose-Bissap attributed to the dislike of the aftertaste associated with using the artificial sweeteners. The major sensory attributes used to describe sucralose-Bissap cloudy/foamy while saccharin-Bissap was described as been bitter in taste.

Aspir Protein İzolatının Ultrases Destekli Enzimatik Hidrolizi

Burak Göroğlu — 2025-05-24

Bu çalışmada, ultrases ön işleminin aspir protein hidrolizatının fizikokimyasal özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Alkali ekstraksiyon ve izoelektrik çöktürme yöntemleri kullanılarak hazırlanan aspir protein izolatı, Alcalase ile ultrases ön işlemi uygulanmadan ve 200 W (20 kHz)’da 10 ve 20 dakika boyunca ultrases ön işlemleri uygulanarak hidrolize edilmiş ve sonra hidrolizatların hidroliz dereceleri, çözünürlükleri, yağ bağlama kapasiteleri, emülsiyon ve köpürme özellikleri analiz edilmiştir. Örneklerin hidroliz derecesinin %13.83-14.08 aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ultrases ön işlemiyle, aspir protein hidrolizatının çözünürlüğünde %90.85’ten %87.48 seviyesine kadar hafif bir azalma tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan, ultrason ön işlemi aspir protein hidrolizatının yağ bağlama kapasitesinde %17.96’ya kadar, emülsiyon kapasitesini ise %18.86’ya kadar artış sağlamıştır. Ancak ultrases ön işlemine tabi tutulan hidrolizatlarda stabil bir emülsiyon yapısı gözlenmemiştir. Ayrıca, 20 dakika ultrason ön işlemi uygulanan hidrolizat örneğinde en yüksek köpürme kapasitesi ve stabilite değerleri sırasıyla %130.00 ve %49.99 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, ultrases ön işleminin, aspir protein hidrolizatının fizikokimyasal özelliklerini iyileştirmede etkili bir yöntem olarak potansiyelini vurgulamıştır.

Farklı Şekillerde Dondurulduktan Sonra Termal Strese Maruz Bırakılan Alabalıkların Kalite Değişimlerinin Makine Öğrenmesi İle Belirlenmesi

Semih Bahadır ECEMİŞ — 2025-05-24

Bu çalışmada, farklı dondurma yöntemlerine tabi tutulmuş alabalıkların 25 °C’de maruz bırakıldıkları termal stres süresince gerçekleşen kalite değişimleri, makine öğrenmesi ve görüntü işleme teknikleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Deneysel tasarımda taze (dondurulmamış), ev tipi dondurulmuş ve endüstriyel (glaze) dondurulmuş olmak üzere üç ayrı grup oluşturulmuştur. Her bir grup için 0–7 saatlik depolama süresince, her saat başında farklı açılardan 175 adet olmak üzere toplamda her sınıftan 1400, genel toplamda ise 4200 görüntü elde edilmiştir. Görüntü kaydı, sabit bir ışık ortamında ve mobil cihaz kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş, böylece veri setinde homojenlik sağlanmıştır. Görüntülerin analizinde derin öğrenme modellerinden ResNet-50 mimarisi kullanılarak öznitelik çıkarımı yapılmış, ardından bu öznitelikler destek vektör makineleri (SVM) ile sınıflandırılmıştır. Sınıflandırma performansının eğitim verisi oranıyla doğrudan ilişkili olduğu gözlemlenmiş, eğitim oranı %40’ın üzerine çıktığında üç sınıf için de %90’ın üzerinde doğruluk elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, dondurma işlemlerine bağlı olarak meydana gelen tekstürel deformasyonlara rağmen, alabalıkların kalite değişimlerinin makine öğrenmesi yaklaşımları ile başarılı bir şekilde tespit edilebileceğini göstermektedir.

The some quality traits of oriental mustard lines in Ankara conditions

Fatma Kayaçetin — 2025-05-24

The environmental impacts of fossil fuel use make research and development studies for sustainable alternative solutions from renewable sources important. Thuse, there is a need to determine inexhaustible, renewable and sustainable biodiesel resources for biodiesel production from fixed oils obtained from plant sources. Oriental mustard is a species that contains a significant amount of fixed oil in its seeds. This study was carried out in 2020 in Ankara, Türkiye, in order to determine and compare some quality traits of five oriental mustard purelines in autumn sowing conditions under continental climate conditions. Oriental mustard lines used in this study were get from USDA gene bank and bred by pure line selection method. Field studies were carried out according to randomized block design with four replications. According to the results, it was shown that all oriental mustard purelines were statistically significant for moisture percentage in seed, crude oil percentage in moist seed, crude oil percentage in dried seed, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids. Erucic acid (20.01-24.41%), oleic acid (21.60-24.23%) and linoleic acid (20.11-22.24%) were determined as the main fatty acids. Fixed oil ratio of purelines varied between 27.83 and 42.10%. The results determined showed the potential of using in future breeding programs for alternative medicine, paint, food and biodiesel industry. It is thought that the crude oil content of Bjo3, Bjo4 and Bjo5 stages is quite high and can be evaluated in variety breeding studies for a more economical production in the supply of raw materials to different industries.

Assessing the Contribution of Musa Species to Sustainable Livelihoods of Agroforestry Farmers in Egbeda Municipality, Oyo State, Nigeria

Adebayo Adeoye — 2025-05-24

The livelihoods of agroforestry farmers are compromised by suboptimal management practices, inputs supply constraints, and post-harvest losses. The study assesses the role of Musa species in enhancing the livelihoods of agroforestry farmers in Egbeda municipality, Oyo State. A Multistage sampling design was adopted to select a sample size of 95 respondents from four wards. Questionnaire survey was conducted to gather data on socio-economic characteristics, Musa species acquisition, availability, management, and livelihood contributions. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that most respondents were males (69.5%), aged 40-50 (30.5%), and married (54.7%). Suckers were primarily sourced from fellow farmers (64.2%). Significant proportion of respondents (77.9%). Chi square analysis revealed significant associations between farmers’ age, livelihood activities, and Musa species’ contribution to livelihood improvement. The study concludes that Musa species production enhances agroforestry farmers’ livelihoods and recommends training in value-chain production techniques to optimize returns on investments.

Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of Heracleum platytaenium Boiss Essential Oil Against Alternaria alternata

Işıl Saraç Sivrikaya — 2025-05-24

Çalışma, Türkiye’nin endemik bitkileri arasında yer alan olan Heracleum platytaenium uçucu yağının Alternaria alternata adlı fitopatojen fungus üzerindeki antifungal etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. A. alternata, tarımsal üretimde önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açan yaygın bir fungal patojendir. Kimyasal fungisitlerin çevreye ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle, doğal antifungal ajanların araştırılması giderek önem kazanmaktadır.

Araştırmada, farklı yıllarda elde edilen H. platytaenium türünün meyveuçucu yağlarının antifungal etkinliği in vitro koşullarda test edilmiştir. Farklı konsantrasyonlarda (5, 10 ve 20 µL) uygulanan uçucu yağlar, Patates Dekstroz Agar (PDA) ortamında A. alternata’nın miselyal gelişimi üzerindeki etkileri açısından incelenmiştir. Bulgular, uçucu yağın doza bağlı olarak fungal gelişimi baskıladığını göstermiştir. En yüksek inhibisyon oranı 20 µL konsantrasyonunda gözlemlenmiş olup, 2021 yılına ait uçucu yağ %86,6'ya varan inhibisyon sağlamıştır. Bu sonuçlar, uçucu yağın antifungal aktivitesinin ekstraksiyon yılına bağlı olarak değişebileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

Sonuç olarak, H. platytaenium uçucu yağı, A. alternata’ya karşı umut vadeden bir doğal antifungal ajan olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ancak, bileşen profili, etkinlik mekanizmaları ve farklı patojenlere karşı geniş kapsamlı testler ile desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, tarımsal üretimde biyofungisit olarak kullanımı için daha kapsamlı incelemeleri içermelidir.

Can H. platytaenium Essential Oil Be Used as a Biopesticide Against White Mold Disease?

Işıl Saraç Sivrikaya — 2025-05-24

Çalışmada, Heracleum platytaenium uçucu yağının Sclerotinia sclerotiorum fitopatojeni üzerine in vitro antifungal etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yürütülmüştür. S. sclerotiorum, tarımsal üretimde ciddi ekonomik kayıplara yol açan yaygın bir fitopatojen fungus olup, genellikle kimyasal fungisitlerle kontrol altına alınmaktadır. Ancak, çevresel etkiler ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkiler nedeniyle bitkisel bazlı antifungal ajanlar sürdürülebilir alternatifler olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Çalışma, negatif kontrol (fungus gelişimi için herhangi bir uygulama yapılmayan ortam) ve pozitif kontrol (nistatin uygulaması) ve H. platytaenium uçucu yağı 5 µL, 10 µL ve 20 µL olmak üzere üç farklı konsantrasyonda test edilerek, fungusun miseliyal büyümesi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, yağın daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarının fungus gelişimini önemli ölçüde baskıladığını ortaya koymuştur. H. platytaenium uçucu yağının bitki hastalıklarıyla mücadelede doğal bir antifungal ajan olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar, yağın kimyasal bileşimi, antifungal mekanizmaları ve tarımsal uygulamalardaki potansiyel kullanımını daha ayrıntılı şekilde ortaya koyacaktır.

Türkiye'den Consolida orientalis'in İn Vitro Tirozinaz ve Kollajenaz İnhibitör Potansiyeli

Eda Sönmez Gürer — 2025-05-24

Kozmetik sektörü özellikle cilt yaşlanması üzerine ciddi bir büyüme göstermekte. Bu nedenle yaşlanma ve pigmentasyonu önleyen doğal kaynaklı ürünler üzerine yapılan çalışmaların popüler araştırma alanlarından olduğu bilinmektedir. Antioksidanlar cildimizi serbest radikallerden koruyarak yaşlılık belirtilerinin, cilt tonu eşitsizliklerinin önüne geçmemizde fayda sağlar. Yüksek tirozinaz inhibisyonu ciltte beyazlatma etkisi, kollajenaz inhibisyonu ise ciltte sarkma karşıtı etki göstermektedir. Antioksidan aktivite ve tirozinaz/kollajenaz enzim inhibisyon kapasiteleri birbirini destekleyen etkiler göstermektedir. Bu çalışma ile; antioksidan etkinliği literatürde kanıtlanmış olan Consolida orientalis çiçeklerinin etanol ekstrelerinin tirozinaz ve kollajenaz enzim inhibisyon potansiyellerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada; anti-tirozinaz aktivite için standart madde olarak kojik asit, anti-kollajenaz aktivite için standart madde olarak ise kersetin kullanılmıştır. Her iki analizle de ölçülen enzim inhibitör kapasite sonuçlarına göre; anti-tirozinaz aktivite %13.0, anti-kollajenaz aktivite %23.2 şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar bize; C. orientalis bitkisine ait çiçeklerin tirozinaz ve kollajenaz enzimini inhibe etme potansiyellerinin yüksek seviyede olmasa da varolduğunu göstermiştir. C. orientalis daha fazla çalışmayı hak eden, hiperpigmentasyon ve cilt yaşlanması yönetimine yönelik bitki kaynaklı ürün geliştirilmesi için yeni bir aday olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Kollajenaz, Consolida orientalis, Tirozinaz, Doğal kozmetikler

Disease Prediction in Poultry Using Artificial Intelligence Tools

kemal eskioğlu — 2025-05-24

Tavukçuluk, endüstriyel üretimin büyümesi ve gelişmesiyle dünya genelinde insan beslenmesinin vazgeçilmez bir parçası halini almıştır. Yılda milyonlarca ton hacim olan bu sektörün en büyük sorunlarından biri, bulaşıcı hastalıklardır. Bu hastalıklar yüzünden her yıl milyonlarca tavuğun öldüğü bildirilmiştir. Bu durum üreticilerin ciddi ekonomik kayıplarının yanı sıra sürü sağlığının kontrol edilemez boyutlara ulaşmasına neden olmuştur. Sürü içerisindeki hastalıkların zamanında teşhis edilip gerekli önlemlerin alınması ne yazık ki geleneksel yöntemler ile oldukça zor olmaktadır. Son yıllardaki teknolojik gelişmelerin ivmelenerek artması bu alandaki çalışmaları destekleyerek uygulama noktalarını arttırmıştır. Bu teknolojik gelişmelerin başında olan yapay zekâ uygulamaları, başta takibi oldukça zor olan tavukçuluk sektörünün pozitif yönde ilerlemesine yardımcı olmuştur. Bu teknoloji, Makine öğrenimi ve Derin öğrenme olarak iki temel birime ayrılarak büyük ve karmaşık verilerin işlenerek anlam kazandırılmasını sağlamaktadır. Yapay zekâ yöntemlerinin geliştirdiği modeller sayesinde, tavukların hem sürü içerisindeki hem de bireysel davranışlarının ve biyolojik verilerini analiz ederek hastalık semptomları başlamadan tespit edebilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda SVM (Support Vector Machine), Random Forest gibi Makine öğrenimi algoritmalarının yaklaşık %90’ ın üzerinde doğruluk oranlarına, CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) ve LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) gibi algoritmaların ise %94-98’ e varan başarıya ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Endüstriyel üretimde kullanılan bu sistemler sayesinde üreticiler, hastalıkları hatta hastalık etmenlerini erkenden fark ederek hayvan kayıplarını ciddi oranda azaltmakta ve biyo-güvenllik seviyesinin yükseltilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu teknolojik gelişmenin saha da daha yaygın kullanılması için veri kalitesinin arttırılması maliyetlerin düşürülmesi ve çiftçiyi entegre edebilmek için gerekli eğitimlerin verilmesi gerekmektedir. Sonuç olarak, yapay zekâ algoritmaları tavukçuluk sektörü için biyo-güvenliği arttıran, ekonomik kayıpları azaltan ve verimliliği arttıran yenilikçi bir çözüm sunmaktadır. Geleceğin sürdürülebilir ve teknoloji destekli hayvancılık modelini oluşturacak en önemli gelişme olarak görülmektedir.

Jujube ve Balkabağı ile Probiyotik ve Paraprobiyotik Fermente Süt: Üretim ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Elif Sezer — 2025-05-25

This study evaluated the effects of jujube and pumpkin supplementation on the microbiological, physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of probiotic and paraprobiotic fermented milk. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and yogurt cultures were used for fermentation, and paraprobiotic samples were obtained post-fermentation heat treatment (85 °C, 20 min). Viable counts of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus + L. rhamnosus declined during storage in probiotic samples, while low but detectable levels persisted in paraprobiotic ones, indicating incomplete inactivation. Jujube supplementation showed a relatively stabilizing effect on S. thermophilus counts by Day 24. Paraprobiotic samples exhibited higher pH and lower acidification due to reduced microbial activity. Viscosity was consistently lower in paraprobiotic samples compared to probiotic ones, and fruit addition slightly reduced viscosity in probiotic formulations. Both hardness and adhesive force were lower in paraprobiotic samples at the beginning and end of storage, although both increased over time. It was determined that brightness and whiteness values were lower in samples containing paraprobiotics and fruit, and decreased in all samples during storage. Fruit-enriched paraprobiotic samples exhibited the lowest serum separation, suggesting improved phase stability. In sensory analyses, especially for taste, control and jujube-supplemented probiotic samples scored particularly high. Although fruit addition enhanced sweetness perception across all samples, it did not improve overall taste acceptance. Paraprobiotic samples, especially those with pumpkin, received the lowest sensory scores. In summary, fruit supplementation and thermal treatment jointly affected the structural and sensory characteristics of fermented milk. While some physical parameters improved in paraprobiotic formulations, sensory attributes remained higher in probiotic samples. These findings provide insight into the challenges of balancing functionality and consumer appeal and may guide future work on optimizing fruit incorporation and processing methods in fermented dairy systems.

Çukurova koşullarında Paçuli (Pogostemon cablin ) bitkisinin verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi

meliha polen artun — 2025-05-25

Paçuli, dünyada ticareti yapılan ve uçucu yağı değerli olan hem terapötik özellikleri bakımından önemli hem de parfümeri sektöründe çokça kullanılan bir bitkidir. Bu araştırma; Paçuli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.) bitkisinin Çukurova koşullarında verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada çiçeklenme öncesi, tam çiçeklenme ve çiçeklenme sonrası olmak üzere 3 farklı dönemde biçimler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda en yüksek bitki boyu (47.39 cm) çiçeklenme sonrası, dal sayısı (16.13 adet), taze toprak üstü verimi (2106.78 kg/da), taze yaprak verimi (1022.36 kg/da), kuru toprak üstü verimi (458,74 kg/da) ve kuru yaprak verimi (209.88 kg/da) ise tam çiçeklenme dönemde yapılan biçimden elde edilmiştir. En yüksek uçucu yağ oranı (%1.77) çiçeklenme öncesi dönemde ve uçucu yağ verimi (207.36 kg/da) ise tam çiçeklenme döneminde yapılan biçimden elde edilmiştir. Uçucu yağın ana bileşenlerini Asetofenon %41.56, Patçuli alkol %28.30, trans-Nerolidol %17.17 oluştururken diğer bileşenler ise Karyofilen %8.71, α-Guaien %5.86, Seyşellen %4.84, α-Bulnesen %2.53, Pogostol %1.24 olarak GC-FID ve GC/MS (+/-0.5, n=3) ile tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Pogostemon cablin, paçuli, verim, uçucu yağ oranı, patçuli alkol

Tüketicilerin Sosyo-Demografik Özelliklerinin Gıda Tercihleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Osman İnanç Güney — 2025-05-25

Bu çalışma, tüketicilerin sosyo-demografik özellikleri ile gıda satın alma kararlarını etkileyen temel faktörler arasındaki ilişkiyi Türkiye örneğinde incelemektedir. Araştırma, gıda tercihlerini belirleyen dokuz ana faktörü (sağlık, ruh hali, hazırlama kolaylığı, duyusal çekicilik, doğal içerik, fiyat, kilo kontrolü, aşinalık ve gıdanın kökeni ile ambalajına yönelik etik kaygılar) temel alan Gıda Seçim Anketi (Food Choice Questionnaire - FCQ) çerçevesinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, Türkiye'nin yedi büyük kentinde gerçekleştirilen yüz yüze anketler aracılığıyla 1.016 tüketiciden elde edilen veriler üzerine kurulmuştur. Sıralı probit modeli kullanılarak yapılan analizler, sosyo-demografik değişkenler (cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş, eğitim, gelir ve hanehalkı büyüklüğü) ile gıda seçim faktörleri arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, kadınlar sağlık, doğal içerik ve etik kaygılar konusunda erkeklere kıyasla daha duyarlıdır. Yaş ilerledikçe ve gelir seviyesi arttıkça sağlıklı ve organik gıdalara yönelik tercihler artmaktadır. Ayrıca, gelir seviyesi yükseldikçe kilo kontrolüne verilen önem artarken, düşük gelirli bireylerin daha çok ekonomik ve erişilebilir gıdaları tercih ettiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, tüketicilerin gıda tercihlerini şekillendiren sosyo-demografik özelliklerin belirlenmesinin, kamu sağlığı politikaları, pazarlama stratejileri ve sürdürülebilir beslenme uygulamaları açısından kritik bir öneme sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda, farklı tüketici gruplarına yönelik sağlık politikalarının geliştirilmesi ve pazarlama stratejilerinin çeşitlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Topluluk Destekli Tarım Modeli: Yerel Gıda Üretimi ve Dayanışmaya Dayalı Bir Yaklaşım

Osman İnanç Güney — 2025-05-25

Topluluk Destekli Tarım (TDT) modeli, sosyo-ekonomik ve çevresel sorunlara yanıt olarak endüstriyel gıda sistemlerine yenilikçi ve sürdürülebilir bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma çeşitli ülkelerdeki başarılı uygulamaları inceleyerek TDT’nin temel ilkelerini, sağladığı yararları ve etkilerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular TDT’nin küçük ölçekli çiftçileri destekleme, yerel ve mevsimsel üretimi teşvik etme, toplumsal dayanışmayı güçlendirme ve gıda sistemlerinde sürdürülebilirliği artırmadaki rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Ülke örnekleri ise TDT modellerinin farklı sosyo-ekonomik koşullara nasıl uyum sağlayabildiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma ayrıca ekonomik erişilebilirlik, yasal tanınırlık eksikliği ve endüstriyel gıda sistemlerinin yarattığı rekabet gibi etmenlerin TDT’nin yaygınlaşmasının önündeki başlıca engeller olduğunu da ortaya koymaktadır. Tüm bu zorluklara karşın, TDT; çiftçilere ekonomik istikrar sağlayan, tüketicilerin üretim süreçlerine katılımını teşvik eden ve gıda üretiminin çevresel etkilerini azaltan dayanıklı bir sürdürülebilir tarım modeli olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir. TDT’nin potansiyelinin tam olarak hayata geçirilebilmesi için daha fazla politika desteği, finansal teşvik mekanizmaları ve tüketici farkındalığını artırıcı girişimlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Psödotahıllar ve Çimlendirmenin Bağırsak Mikrobiyotasına Etkileri

Tuğçe YÜLECİ KURTCU — 2025-05-25

Bu derleme çalışması, gluten içermeyen ve tahıllara benzer özellikler gösteren psödotahılların (amarant, karabuğday, kinoa ve chia) tüketiminin bağırsak sağlığı ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Psödotahıllar, yüksek diyet lifi ve biyoaktif bileşen içeriği sayesinde, bağırsak mikrobiyotasının dengelenmesine, probiyotik bakterilerin çoğalmasına ve patojen mikroorganizmaların baskılanmasına katkıda bulunabilmektedir. Çalışmada, çimlendirme işleminin, tanelerin besin değerini artırdığı, antibesinsel maddeleri azalttığı ve mineral emilimini iyileştirdiği; bunun yanı sıra antioksidan kapasitenin yükseltilmesine olan etkileri de ele alınmıştır.

Bağırsak mikrobiyotasının sağlıklı yapısının korunması, sindirim sisteminin düzenlenmesi ve bağırsak bariyerinin güçlendirilmesi açısından, psödotahılların prebiyotik etkileri önem arz etmektedir. Özellikle kısa zincirli yağ asitlerinin (SCFA) üretiminin artması, bağırsak epiteli için enerji kaynağı sağlamakta ve mukozal bütünlüğü desteklemektedir. Bu özellikleriyle psödotahıllar, çölyak hastaları ve gluten intoleransı bulunan bireyler için alternatif besin kaynakları olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Literatürde, psödotahılların sağlığa katkıları; hepatoprotektif, antiinflamatuar, antihipertansif ve antikanserik etkilerle ilişkilendirilmekte olup, uzun süreli beslenme deneyleri ve klinik çalışmalarla bu etkilerin daha detaylı değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar psödotahılların ve çimlendirilerek tüketiminin, glütensiz diyetlerin zenginleştirilmesinde ve bağırsak sağlığının iyileştirilmesinde potansiyel olarak faydalı olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Psödotahıllar, çimlendirme, bağırsak mikrobiyotası, diyet lifi, prebiyotik, gluten intoleransı, SCFA, antioksidan.

Cover crop biomass and organic manure applications for improved soil physico-chemical properties and tomato yield in a continuous-cropped arable land.

Joy Echebiri — 2025-05-25

The growing global population and limited land resources have made farmers to rely heavily on continuous cropping, which in turn has negatively impacted soil quality and crop productivity. This study, conducted at location is southwest Nigeria, aimed to restore a continuous-cropped arable land. The study assessed the effectiveness of cover crop biomass and organic manure application on soil physical quality and tomato yield through six treatments in two experiments involving groundnut planting and tomato cultivation. The treatments consisted of piggery manure and groundnut residues (PG+G); poultry manure and groundnut residues (PM+G); groundnut residues only (G only); poultry manure only (PM only); piggery manure only (PM only) and control (no manure). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected, before the experiment and after the harvest of both groundnut and tomato, from the soil depth 0-40 cm, at 10 cm increments. The results showed that organic amendments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soil organic matter by 11-38 % in the 0-10 cm surface layer and 15-36 % in the 10-20 cm subsurface layer while it reduced in the control. The pH increased, soil bulk density decreased by 14-27% (0-10 cm) and 3-27% (10-20 cm), soil water content increased by 12-118% (0-10 cm) and 4-30% (10-20 cm) while the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity improved by 17-218% (0-10 cm). Poultry manure gave the highest tomato yield components: ≈ 224 fruits, ≈ 45 mm fruit diameter, and 15.8 ton/ha yield, all significantly (p < 0.05) better than the control and other treatments. These findings showed that cover crops biomass cum organic manure could restore the soil physical quality of continuous-cropped arable lands and significantly optimize crop yield.

Bitki Gelişiminde Mikoriza Uygulamaları

Yeşim Sıla TEKİN — 2025-05-25

Dünya nüfusundaki hızlı artış ile beraber küresel gıda talebinde önemli ölçüde artış beklenirken özellikle artan kuraklık tehlikesi ve yeni tarım alanlarının sınırlı oluşu gibi sebeplerden dolayı bu talebin karşılanması yalnızca mevcut üretim alanlarında verim artışıyla mümkün gözükmektedir. Bu durum, geleneksel ıslah çalışmalarının yanı sıra sulama olanaklarının artırılması ve kimyasal gübre kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması gibi verim odaklı kültürel uygulamalara olan ihtiyacı artırmıştır. Kimyasal gübrelerin yoğun ve uzun süreli kullanımı, kısa vadeli verim artışına katkı sağlarken, toprak mikrobiyal çeşitliliğini azaltmakta ve toprak sağlığına olumsuz etkilerde bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamaları kapsamında kimyasal girdilere olan bağımlılığı azaltacak, çevre dostu alternatif yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi özellikle son yıllarda önem bir hedef haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda mikrobiyal gübreler dikkat çekerken, bunlar arasında mikoriza mantarları bitki gelişimini destekleyen önemli biyo-girdiler olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Mikoriza, bitki kökleri ile toprak mantarları arasında kurulan karşılıklı yarar esasına dayalı bir simbiyotik ilişkidir. Mikorizal mantarlar, kök yüzey alanını artıran hif yapıları sayesinde besin elementlerinin daha etkin alımını sağlamakta; başta fosfor olmak üzere çinko, demir, potasyum ve azot gibi elementlerin taşınımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Ayrıca mikorizosferdeki mikrobiyal dengeyi güçlendirerek bitkinin büyümesini teşvik etmekte, patojen baskısını azaltmakta ve stres koşullarına karşı tolerans kazandırmaktadır. Bu derlemede, mikoriza uygulamalarının bitki gelişimi üzerindeki morfolojik, fizyolojik ve mikrobiyal etkileri güncel literatür bulguları ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

DÜNYA’DA VE TÜRKİYE'DE PATATES ÜRETİMİ İLE YERLİ VE MİLLİ PATATES GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMALARI

necmettin oguz demir — 2025-05-25

Bu makale Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de patates üretim istatistikleri ile Türkiye'de gerçekleştirilen yerli ve milli patates çeşidi geliştirilmesi çalışmaları yer almaktadır.

Identification of Novel TMC1 and TECTA Mutations in the Pakistani Population: Insights into the Genetic Basis of Hearing Impairment

Saba Zafar — 2025-05-25

Hearing impairment is the 4^th most prominent reason for disability worldwide, and according to the WHO report of 2018, the highest prevalence of HI is observed in Europe (8.36%), followed by South Asia (7.37%). The occurrence of significant reciprocal hearing impairment is around 1.6 out of 1000 among individuals of the Pakistani population. This study provides insight into the genetic basis of the hearing loss in the Population of Pakistan. identified by linkage mapping or Exome Sequencing (ES). We found novel mutations in two families, NM_138691.3: c.1259G>A [p. (Cys420Tyr)] and NM_005422.4: c.1247_1248delGG [p. (Gly416Aspfs*24)], in TMC1 and TECTA genes, respectively. Pathogenicity analysis for these novel variants was performed using various insilico tools, which established the deleterious impacts of these variants on the encoded proteins. Variants identified in TECTA, TMC1 were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic. The Clustal W alignment online tool showed the high conservation of the altered amino acid residues by aligning sequences from different species. Further, the effects of alteration in protein were predicted by the 3D modeling and it showed the visible change in structures of proteins for both identified variants. This study would help to expand knowledge and understanding of the genetic spectrum of hearing loss genes in the Pakistani population. Advances in molecular genetics will play a crucial role in the diagnosis and genetic counseling of families affected by hearing loss, ultimately paving the way for progress in personalized medicine and gene therapy.

The Antagonistic Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Euphorbia rigida against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato

Raziye Koçak — 2025-05-25

Bu çalışma, sütleğen (Euphorbia rigida) bitkisinden endofitik fungusları izole etmek ve bu izolatların Botrytis cinerea'ya karşı in vitro biyokontrol potansiyelini değerlendirmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma kapsamında, sütleğenin farklı dokularından toplam otuz endofit fungus izolatı elde edilmiştir. Bu izolatlar, bitkinin gövde (5), yaprak (16) ve çiçek (9) dokularından izole edilerek, makromorfolojik ve mikromorfolojik özelliklerine göre teşhisleri yapılmıştır. Buna göre, izolatların %66,67'sinin Trichoderma sp. türlerine ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. Trichoderma izolatlarının, gri küf hastalığı etmeni Botrytis cinerea'ya karşı biyokontrol potansiyelleri, antagonistik aktiviteleri bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Dual kültür testlerinde Patates Dekstroz Agar (PDA) ortamı kullanılmış olup biyoajan funguslar B. cinerea'nın miselyal gelişimini 11 ile 35 mm arasında sınırlandırmıştır. Test edilen izolatlardan 8 tanesinin belirgin antifungal aktivite sergilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bu izolatlar, patojenin miselyal gelişimini %75,5 ile %100 arasında inhibe etmiştir. Elde edilen bu bulgular, sütleğenin yüksek biyokontrol aktivitesi olan fungal endofit türlere konukçuluk yaptığını ve bu fungusların B. cinerea'ya karşı potansiyel birer biyoajan olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Fasulye Adi Mozaik Virüsü (Bean common mosaic virus, BCMV), Fasulye Sarı Mozaik Virüsü (Bean yellow mosaic virus, BYMV) ve Fasulye Adi Mozaik Nekroz Virüsü (Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, BCMNV)‘nün Karaman İli Fasulye Ekim Alanlarında Varlıklarının v

Çiğdem ALBAYRAK — 2025-05-25

Bu çalışmada Türkiye fasulye yetiştiriciliği açısından önemli bir yeri olan Karaman ilindeki üretim alanlarında, bazı virüs hastalıklarının varlığı ve mevcut durumları araştırılmıştır. Fasulye yetiştiriciliğinde pekçok fizyolojik ve patolojik etken verim ve kalite üzerinde olumsuz etkilerde bulunabilmektedir. Virüs hastalıkları da fasulye yetiştiriciliğinde sorun olan biyotik kaynaklı hastalık etmenlerinden bir tanesidir. Özellikle bazı virüs hastalıklarının fasulye tohumları ve doğada yaygın olarak bulunan vektör böceklerle taşınabilmeleri fasulye yetiştirciliğinde önemli bir sorun haline gelmelerine sebep olmaktadır. Araştırılan virüs etmenleri Potyviridae familyasının Potyvirus cinsine ait olan Fasulye adi mozaik virüsü (Bean common mosaic virus, BCMV), Fasulye sarı mozaik virüsü (Bean yellow mosaic virus, BYMV) ve Fasulye adi mozaik nekroz virüsü (Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, BCMNV)‘dür. Karaman fasulye üretim alanlarında, 2023 yılı üretim sezonunda yapılan sürveyler sonucunda yapraklarda mozaik, kloroz, şekil bozuklukları ve bitkinin tamamında ise solgunluk, ve bodurluk gibi viral hastalık simptomları sergileyen fasulye bitkilerinden 140 yaprak örneği alınmıştır. Toplanan örneklerde, belirtilen virüslerin varlığı DAS-ELISA yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda örneklerden 20 tanesinin söz konusu virüslerden en az bir tanesi ile bulaşık olduğu belirlenmiştir. Başka bir ifadeyle, testlenen bitki örneklerinin %14,29’unun bu virüslerden en az bir tanesi ile bulaşık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu 20 örnekten 11 tanesinin BCMV, 4 tanesinin BCMNV, 1 tanesinin BYMV, 3 tanesinin BCMV+BCMNV ve 1 tanesinin BCMV+BYMV+BCMNV ile bulaşık olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Ethiopia’s Livestock Production and its Contribution to Food Security

Esubalew Abate Alemu — 2025-05-25

Livestock production plays a fundamental role in ensuring food security and sustaining livelihoods in Ethiopia. This study employs thematic analysis to systematically examine peer-reviewed literature, government reports, and development agency publications to assess how livestock contributes to food security in the Ethiopian context. The analysis identifies four key themes: (1) nutritional contributions through animal-source foods, (2) income generation and economic resilience, (3) integration with crop production systems, and (4) climate change adaptation strategies. Findings reveal that livestock provides 16-20% of total calorie intake and 25-30% of dietary protein for rural households, while serving as a critical asset for risk mitigation during food shortages. However, systemic challenges including feed deficits (estimated at 40-60% of requirements), disease prevalence, and market access limitations constrain full productivity potential. The study concludes with policy recommendations emphasizing the need for integrated livestock-crop systems, improved animal health services, and climate-smart production practices to enhance the sector's contribution to national food security goals.

Using compost and compost tea as biofertilizers to improve onion growth and yield in the field at Gapring-Lara in the Department of Mayo Kani (Cameroon)

mohamadou Moussa — 2025-05-25

In Cameroon, onion production has grown but poor agricultural practices are challenges to be addressed in order to improve its production. The aim of this study is to assess the fertilizing effects of compost and compost tea on onion growth and production, in order to provide a plausible alternative to synthetic chemical inputs. The study was conducted at the Gapring-Lara experimental site (Cameroon). The experimental set-up used was a randomized complete block consisting of three replications and five treatments including Cow dung compost (Cp), Cow dung compost tea (CpT), Cow dung compost + Cow dung compost tea (Cp+CpT), Negative control (Ctrl) and NPK 20-10-10 (ChF). The results showed that the experimental soils contained high concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium and nitrogen after experimentation. Four species of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus sp.) were determined, with Pseudomonas sp. dominating in the compost (69.14%) and compost tea (56.32%). The plots amended with compost had the best average harvest weights, with 248.33±88.08g and 234±77.61g respectively over the two years of the study. Agronomic production was considerably increased by the CpT treatment with 65.48 t/ha in 2018/2019 and by the Cp treatment with 28.14 t/ha in 2019/2020. In view of the results obtained, this study shows the value of using organic matter as a fertilizer in onion cropping systems, in order to increase soil productivity and ensure its sustainable use.

Sustainable feed to reduce the environmental impact of poultry production

YUSUF SHAFIU YUSUF — 2025-05-25

The increasing global demand for poultry products presents significant environmental
challenges, particularly concerning resource-intensive feed production. Traditional feed
ingredients, such as soybean and maize, contribute to deforestation, water depletion, and
greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, nutrient runoff from poultry waste leads to water
contamination and ecosystem degradation. Sustainable feed alternatives, including insect-
based proteins offer viable solutions to mitigate these environmental impacts while
maintaining nutritional efficiency. The integration of these alternative feed sources reduces
dependence on conventional crops, enhances circular economy principles, and promotes
waste valorization. Furthermore, utilizing insect meal and single-cell proteins improves feed
conversion efficiency and minimizes land and water use, making poultry production more
sustainable. The adoption of these feed innovations not only supports environmental
conservation efforts but also ensures food security for a rapidly growing population.
Transitioning toward sustainable feed practices is essential for aligning poultry production
with global sustainability goals, reducing its ecological footprint, and fostering a more
resilient agricultural system. This paper highlights the critical role of sustainable feed
ingredients in shaping the future of poultry production, emphasizing their necessity in
addressing climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation.

Role of Genomics in Improving Egg and Meat Production

YUSUF SHAFIU YUSUF — 2025-05-25

Poultry breeding programs have been augmented with technologies such as genome-wide
association (GWAS), marker-assisted selection, genomic prediction models, and genome
editing (CRISPR/Cas9), creating significant advancement in productivity, resistance to
diseases, and quality of products. The aim of this review is to discuss how genomics
positively impacts various aspects of egg-and-meat production in poultry. The paper
discusses genetic factors that influence traits of major importance, that is, growth rate,
efficiency in feed conversion, muscle development, and egg-laying performance, emphasizing
domestic breeding aided by molecular tools and bioinformatics as a strategy to accelerate
genetic gain. Relevant findings on Norfa chickens, Japanese quail, and indigenous African
poultry suggest that breeding strategies can be designed addressing both ecological constraints
and economic demands. With beneficial changes, the review acknowledges some challenges,
including source data complexity, the ethics of the matter, and the integration of genomic
technologies into conventional breeding programs. The discoveries emphasize that meeting
the increasing global demand for high-quality animal protein with utmost care for sustaining
genetic diversity and resilience within poultry may call for a balanced approach combining
state-of-the-art genomics with sustainable management practices.

UTILIZATION OF URBAN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN OSOGBO METROPOLIS OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

John Oyetoro — 2025-05-25

Urban agriculture is fundamental to Nigeria's economy, as it addresses the pressing issues of food insecurity, rapid urbanization, and environmental degradation and promotes sustainable livelihoods, hence, this study assessed the utilization of urban agricultural practices in Osogbo metropolis. Specifically, it described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identified the urban farming practices in the study area, as well as the level of utilization of these practices and constraints facing utilization of urban agricultural practices. To accomplish the objectives of the study, data was collected with the aid of a well-structured interview schedule and snowballing was used to generate a sampling frame and, consequently, random sampling to obtain 83 respondents as the sample size. Data collected was analyzed using frequency counts, percentages and mean while Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) was used to test the hypothesis. Result revealed that Urban livestock is very popular in the study area, while Aquaponics and hydroponics attracted less attention. Women participated more in urban agricultural practices, as 60.2% of the respondents were female, also, respondents earned a substantial amount of money from urban agriculture. Regulatory restriction, Initial investment cost and Limited space were the constraints facing the utilization of urban agricultural practices. There was significant relationship between annual income (r= 0.247, p= 0.024) and level of utilization of urban agricultural practices. The study concluded that many urban dwellers in Osogbo metropolis practiced urban agriculture, such as urban livestock and culinary gardens, but faced problems of regulatory restrictions, initial investment cost and limited space. The study recommends that, the extension services of Osun State Agricultural Development Programme should be extended to those practicing urban agriculture, this will go a long way in improving and sustaining households’ livelihoods.

Biosurfactant Production by Aeromonas caviae

Abdul Wakil AYAN — 2025-05-25

Sürfaktanlar, yüzey aktif maddeler olarak bilinen amfifilik bileşiklerdir. Bu özellikleriyle farklı fazlar arasındaki yüzeylerde birikir ve bu fazlar arasındaki yüzey gerilimini azaltarak bunların daha kolay karışmasını ve emülsiyon oluşumunu sağlar. Bu sayede sürfaktanlar deterjan ve temizlik ürünleri, gıda endüstrisi, kozmetik ve kişisel bakım ürünleri, petrol ve gaz endüstrisi, tıp ve ilaç endüstrisinde geniş kullanım alanlarına sahiptir. Ancak, kimyasal olarak sentezlenen bu sentetik sürfaktanlar çevresel ve sağlık açısından bazı olumsuz etkilere sahiplerdir. Bu yüzden, sürfaktanlara alternatif olarak genellikle bakteriler, mantarlar ve diğer mikroorganizmalar tarafından doğal olarak sentezlenen biyosürfaktanlar büyük önem kazanmıştır. Çevre dostu biyosürfaktanlar düşük toksisite, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilirlik, yüksek biyouyumluluk, sürdürülebilir üretim, farklı koşullarda kararlılık gibi avantajlara sahiptir. Ayrıca, biyosürfaktanların çeşitliliği, onları geniş bir endüstriyel ve biyoteknolojik uygulama yelpazesinde potansiyel olarak kullanılabilir bir bileşik grubu haline getirir. Bu çalışma ise Aeromonas caviae LipT51 suşunun biyosürfaktan üretim potansiyelini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Biyosürfaktanlar, düşük toksisite, biyobozunurluk ve çevresel uyumluluk gibi avantajları nedeniyle biyoteknolojide giderek daha fazla ilgi görmektedir. A. caviae LipT51 zeytinyağı içeren besi ortamında kültüre edilerek biyosürfaktan üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Parafilm M testi, yağ yayma testi, E24 emülsifikasyon indeksi ölçümü, CTAB agar yöntemi hemolitik aktivite testi, köpüklenme testi ve fenol sülfirik asit yöntemi ile biyosürfaktan üretimi doğrulanmıştır. Yapılan testler sonucunda, üretilen biyosürfaktanın yüzey aktif özellikler gösterdiği, emülsifikasyon kapasitesine sahip olduğu ve hidrokarbon bioremediasyonu, antimikrobiyal etkisi ile biyoteknolojik uygulamalar için potansiyel taşıdığı belirlenmiştir.

Effect of stocking density on crablets nursing performance and assessment of growth comparison between wild-sourced and hatchery-sourced juvenile crabs

Md. Masudul Haque — 2025-05-25

Mud crab (Scylla olivacea) farming has gained popularity in Bangladesh but most farmers depend on wild juveniles for stock establishment. This dependency on wild sources for juvenile crabs is the key challenge for sustainable crab aquaculture. Hence, this study aims to assess the effect of stocking densities on the growth and survivability of crablets in the nursing pond and the growth comparison of wild and hatchery-sourced juvenile crabs in farming ponds. Thus, two separate experimental trials were conducted in a Randomized Complete Block design to determine the effective stocking density for crablets nursing and to compare the performance of wild and hatchery-sourced juveniles for aquaculture practices. Three different stocking densities (T1=1000 ind/decimal, T2=1500 ind/decimal, and T3= 2000 ind/decimal) were treated for seven weeks for the first experiment to compare the result of growth variables (body weight, carapace width, carapace length, and abdominal width) and survivability percentages. The study results showed that growth variables and survivability rate varied significantly (p < 0.05) in different weeks. However, at harvest, the highest body weight (27.33 ± 1.53 g), carapace width (55.17 ± 1.04 mm), carapace length (41.67 ± 0.58 mm) abdominal width (25.50 ± 0.50 mm), and survivability rate (58.10%) was observed at T1 stocking density. However, the highest survivability 60.67% was observed with hatchery-sourced juvenile crabs. The study explored that stocking density T1(1000 ind/decimal) is the most suitable density for crablets nursing in ponds, and the hatchery-sourced juvenile was better than that of wild-sourced juvenile for crab aquaculture practices.

İngilizce

Serhan Yeşilköy — 2025-05-25

In recent years, heatwaves have developed into a phenomena that is growing more prevalent and severe on a worldwide scale. The issues of public health, agriculture, water supplies, and other environmental concerns are all significantly impacted by these heatwaves. The frequency, duration, and intensity of heatwaves have all been shown to have significantly increased, according to statistical data, both worldwide and regionally. Heat stress poses a threat to lives and livelihoods all across the world, particularly in the agricultural sector. By causing decreasing yields and a reduction in food quality, it exacerbates the water scarcity that already exists. Greater strain is being placed on water supplies as heatwaves exacerbate drought conditions, decrease the amount of water that is accessible, and raise the danger of wildfires. There are disruptions that occur in ecosystems, such as the loss of biodiversity and the deterioration of habitat systems. The frequency and duration of heatwaves in Mediterranean Basin are increasing. Across the country, there has been a notable increase in the number of heatwaves, and air temperatures have exceeded records in a number of different places. In a warming climate, it is projected that heatwaves would grow more frequent, stay longer, and extend across greater geographical regions. This is a cause for concern since it indicates that heatwaves will become more commonly occurring. In this study, using the most recent climate projections, the number of heatwave episodes that occurred across agricultural lands in Turkey as well as their length will be provided.

English English

Anita Bhandari — 2025-05-25

Özet

Mung fasulyesinin (Vigna radiata W.) verimliliği, düzensiz tohum çimlenmesi nedeniyle düzensiz bitki örtüsünden ciddi şekilde etkilenir. Tohum ön hazırlığı, mahsulün başarısının birincil nedenleri olduğu düşünülen mahsulün çıkışını ve yerleşmesini iyileştirebilir. Bu nedenle, çalışma ön hazırlama ajanlarının mung fasulyesi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktı. Deney, Nepal, Mahottari, Bardibas'taki Doğal Kaynak Yönetimi Koleji'ndeki laboratuvar koşullarında yürütüldü. Bu araştırma, 3 tekrarlama ile 6 uygulamadan (T1, kontrol, T2; %5 inek idrarı çözeltisi, T3, musluk suyu, T4; %5 Moringa yaprağı özü çözeltisi, T5; %5 Neem yaprağı özü çözeltisi ve T6; %5 Aloe Vera özsuyu çözeltisi) oluşuyordu ve tam rastgele tasarımda (CRD) düzenlendi. Tohumlar ön hazırlama çözeltisinde 24 saat bekletildi ve ekimden önce oda sıcaklığında 2 saat kurutuldu. Çimlenme çeşitliliği parametreleri (yani, çimlenme hızı, çimlenme %'si, kök uzunluğu, sürgün uzunluğu, kuru ağırlık, tohum canlılık indeksi 1, tohum canlılık indeksi 2) kaydedildi ve Gen-Stat Ver 2015 kullanılarak analiz edildi. Veriler, maş fasulyesinin tüm çimlenme parametrelerinin tohum ön uygulamasından büyük ölçüde etkilendiğini ortaya koydu. En yüksek çimlenme %'si (%85,55), kuru ağırlık (0,2180 gr), tohum canlılık indeksi 1 (1942 cm) ve tohum canlılık indeksi 2 (1,865 gr) %5 Aloe Vera özsuyu çözeltisinde gözlendi. En yüksek çimlenme hızı (22,75 tohum/gün) %5 inek idrarı çözeltisinde, bunu %5 Aloe Vera özsuyu çözeltisi (22,43 tohum/gün) izledi. En yüksek kök uzunluğu (5,04 cm) %5 Neem yaprak özütü çözeltisinde ve sürgün uzunluğu (19 cm) %5 Moringa yaprak özütü çözeltisinde kaydedildi. Aloe vera özsuyu solüsyonu kullanılarak tohum aşılamasının, mung fasulyelerinde çimlenmeyi, ürün oluşumunu, tohum ve fide canlılığını artırmada etkili olduğu bulundu. Sonuç olarak, bu aşılama sonuçların doğrulanması için çiftçinin tarla koşullarında yapılmalıdır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Aloe vera, özler, çimlenme, yaprak, neem, moringa, mung fasulyesi, tohum aşılama, solüsyon.

Karbon Emisyonlarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri: Türkiye-AB Karşılaştırması

SEMA EZGİ YÜCEER — 2025-05-25

Araştırmada, Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkelerinde tarımsal katma değer, üretici fiyat endeksi, gübre ve enerji kullanımı ile kara üzerindeki sıcaklık değişiminin; tarım sektöründen kaynaklanan karbon emisyonları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Regresyon analizi ile karbon emisyonlarının belirleyicileri incelenerek, Türkiye ve AB arasındaki farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmada değişkenlere ait veriler 2000-2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Türkiye’de tarımsal üretici fiyat endeksi, gübre kullanımı ve kara üzerindeki sıcaklık değişiminin tarımsal karbon emisyonlarını istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği’nde ise tarımsal üretici fiyat endeksi karbon emisyonlarını azaltıcı yönde etkilerken, gübre kullanımı emisyonları artırıcı etki göstermiştir. Her iki modelde de tarımsal girdi kullanımının emisyonlar üzerindeki artırıcı etkisi, sürdürülebilir üretim tekniklerinin benimsenmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye’nin Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı hedefleri doğrultusunda düşük karbonlu tarım uygulamalarını yaygınlaştırması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir.

OKUL ÇAĞI ÇOCUKLARINDA AMBALAJLI GIDA TÜKETİM ALIŞKANLIKLARININ BELİRLENMESİ OBEZİTE İLE İLİŞKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Feride Özer — 2025-05-25

Amaç: Hızla değişen modern dünyada, tüketiminin hızlı, taşınmasının kolay olması ve daha ekonomik olması sebebiyle bireylerin paketlenmiş gıda ve fast food ürün tüketimleri artmıştır. Bu gruptaki besinlerin enerji ve yağ içeriği geleneksel gıdalara oranla oldukça yüksektir. Sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlıklarının değişmesiyle beraber yetersiz fiziksel aktivite nedeniyle dünya genelinde obezite oranları hızla artmaktadır. Çocukluk döneminde kazanılan beslenme alışkanlıkları obezite ve beraberinde getirebileceği hastalıkları önleme noktasında kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, öğrencilerin beslenme davranışları ve paketlenmiş gıda tüketim sıklığının kilo kontrolü ve obezite üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: İstanbul ili Güngören ilçesinde yer alan ilkokul ve ortaokullarda eğitim gören 7-14 yaş arasındaki gönüllü katılımcılar çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan ve sosyo-demografik özellikleri ve beslenme alışkanlıklarını değerlendiren anket formu, tüm katılımcılara uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada 98 çocukla yapılan anket ile sağlık durumu, yeme alışkanlıkları, besin tüketimi verileri toplanmış ve antropometrik ölçümler yapılmıştır.

Bulgular: Araştırma bulgularına göre, çocukların Vücut Kitle İndeksi (VKİ) değerlerine göre beslenme alışkanlıkları arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Evde yemek yiyen çocuklar ile okul kantininde yemek yiyen çocuklar arasındaki ilişki dikkate alındığında, evde yemek yiyen çocukların VKİ değerleri anlamlı olarak daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Paketlenmiş gıda tüketimi ile BMI arasındaki ilişki de anlamlı bulunmuştur. Haftada bir veya daha fazla paketlenmiş gıda tüketen çocukların VKİ değerlerinde, daha az tüketenlere göre istatistiksel olarak farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir (p<0,05). Ayrıca, annenin eğitim düzeyi ile çocuğun paketlenmiş gıda tüketimi arasında da anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p<0,05).

Sonuçlar: Okul çağı dönemi tüm hayat boyu sürecek ve sağlığı etkileyen davranışların kazanıldığı bir dönemdir. Bu yaşlardaki çocuklar günün büyük bir kısmını okulda geçirmekte ve okulda kantin/yemekhane hizmetinden yararlanmaktadırlar. Toplum sağlığı açısından okul çağı çocuklarının sağlıklı besinlere ulaşımının sağlanması ve sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlıklarının kazandırılması başta çocukluk çağı obezitesinin önlenmesi olmak üzere birçok olumlu etkilere sahiptir. Bu gruptaki çocuklara verilecek olan beslenme eğitimleri ve okul diyetisyenliği çalışmaları ile okul çağı çocuklarına büyük faydalar sağlanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Obezite, Beslenme, Paketli Gıda, Beslenme Durumu

The Current Situation And Future of Beekeeping in Düzce

Meral Kekeçoğlu — 2025-05-25

Düzce, Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz bölgesinde yer alan coğrafik konumu, iklimi ve floral yapısı bakımından arıcılık açısından son derece önemli illerimizden biridir. Düzce arıcılık sektöründe tescilli Yığılca bal arısı ve patentli kestane balıyla ön plana çıkmıştır. Düzce’nin Yığılca ilçesine endemik olan Yığılca ekotipi morfolojik, genetik ve fizyolojik bakımlardan özelleşmiş, davranış ve performans bakımından yüksek verimli bir ekotiptir. Düzce Yığılca ekotipi Tarım Orman Bakanlığı ırk tescil komisyonu tarafından tescillendikten sonra İlçede 9 adet ana arı üretim işletmesi kurulmuştur. Düzce genelinde arıcılık kayıt sistemine kayıtlı 713 adet arıcılık işletmesi ve 59.911 adet arılı kovan bulunmaktadır. İlde monofloral kestane balı, ormangülü ve polifloral çiçek balı üretilmektedir. Ancak Düzce ilinde arıcılar monofloral kestane (Castane) ve orman gülü (Rhododendron) balı üretimi üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Düzce’de on yıllık ortalamaya göre 551 ton/yıl bal üretimi yapılmakta olup Türkiye genelinde 54. sırada yer almaktadır. Balmumu üretimi ise ortalama 22.117 ton olup 46. sırada bulunmaktadır. Son dönemlerde arı sütü ve propolis gibi bal dışındaki katma değeri yüksek ürünlerin üretimine de ağırlık verilmiştir. Ancak bu üretim tipleri istatistiklere yansıtılmamıştır. Düzce ili arıcılık faaliyeti bakımından Türkiye’de üst sıralarda olmasada, yerel flora ve fauna kaynakları, patentli kestane balı ve eşsiz Yığılca ekotipi nedeniyle Düzce ili arıcılık faaliyetleri nedeniyle Türkiye için son derece önemlidir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Düzce’de son yıllık süreçte arıcılığın durumu, arı ürünleri üretimi ve üretim miktarı, koloni bakım yönetiminde yapılan uygulamalara ilişkin verileri inceleyerek Düzce arıcılığı için gelecek planlamaları yapmak ve yol haritası oluşturmaktır.

English

Maliha Afreen — 2025-05-26

Agriculture is a main source of economic and food security in low- and middle-income countries and there is a growing trend of migration from rural to urban areas and towards developed countries. Migration causes a loss of agricultural productivity due to many factors in which the main is shortage of agricultural workers in rural areas. Other factors including improper usage of fertilizers for better growth and production of crops, Households with more migrants have difficulties in dealing with harsh weather to get more agricultural yield. Those regions which have higher rate of male migration have problem to hire manpower for agricultural work. Then women are playing these roles properly, but they receive discrimination because many people believe that these works are specified for men. This discriminate behaviour leads to the potential for less agriculture production. Migration also causes diseases to spread in crops, humans and animals. Crop and animal diseases led to reduction in agricultural production and human disease cause reduction in farm workers. This labor shortage causes difficulty in crop management like planting, weeding and harvesting. It also causes a rise in salaries of agricultural workers which increases the cost of growing crops and less profit from agricultural production.

English

Maliha Afreen — 2025-05-26

Food has been evolved in recent years as consumer demand for as they think food is not just to satisfy hunger but its directly impact their health. Scientists are trying to formulate novel food products by blending foods or by adding some additives to natural foods or byy using some technological methods. Some scientific methods like biotechnology and animal and plant breeding also can produce novel food products. There are some innovative methods which can be used to increase the shelflife of food products including edible packaging, coating and microencapsulation. Processing of agricultural raw material for food production makes the food industry one of the most important industry in European Union. Thus food industry has to adopt innovations in raw material and production methods to compete with other industries and fulfill the consumer demand. Food Innovations include scientific and technological procedures for food processing to make it more appealing for customers. Functional foods include probiotics and vegan products are examples of food innovations and now are trending in european union.

Comparative Analysis of Water Quality in Dam Lakes of Edirne Province, Türkiye

Said Muhammad — 2025-05-27

Edirne Province is located in the northwestern part of Türkiye's Marmara Region. This area is classified as "Agricultural Land" because of its abundant freshwater resources and fertile soils. In the current research, the water qualities of Sultanköy and Altınyazı dam lakes were assessed and compared. Water samples were taken from the reservoir outlets in the autumn of 2024. A total of 12 physicochemical parameters were measured, including dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity (Tur), salinity (Sal), suspended solids (SS), nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N), phosphate-phosphorus (PO₄-P), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), sulphate (SO₄), and ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) using a multi-parameter meter and a spectrophotometer. The results of the study indicated that the water quality in both dam lakes was comparable, with both reservoirs demonstrating first-class water quality for DO, pH, NO₃-N, and NH₄-N parameters, second-class water quality for EC and NO₂-N parameters, and third-class water quality for PO₄-P.

Quality of smoked-cooked chicken sausage with soy flour and oil

Worlah Yawo Akwetey — 2025-05-27

The study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of soya flour and soya oil on the sensory attributes and nutritional qualities of smoked-cooked chicken sausages. The sausages were manufactured by replacing part of the chicken meat in four treatments with soya flour (T1 =0.0g; T2=94g; T3 =75g and T4 = 52g) and soya oil (T1=0.0ml; T2=56ml; T3=75ml; and T4= 98ml). The products were smoked, cooked and served to forty consumer panelists for sensory evaluation. Consumer panelists evaluated the appearance, texture, juiciness, flavor, taste and overall acceptability of the sausages using a 9-point hedonic scale. Other parameters determined were proximate composition, cooking yield and water holding capacity. The results from proximate composition showed no significant differences (p>0.01) in ash and moisture contents of all treatments. There were significant differences (p<0.01) in the protein contents, with T2 having the highest protein content and T4 having the lowest. It was observed that fat contents significantly increased (p<0.01) as the levels of inclusion of soy oil increased in sausage formulations, and T4 had the highest fat content. There were also significant differences (p<0.01) in water holding capacity, with T2 having the highest. No significant differences (p>0.01) were observed in the cooking yield and all the sensory attributes evaluated. It was concluded that using higher quantities of flour and lower oil levels resulted in higher protein contents of sausages. While incorporating lower quantities of flour and higher oil levels resulted in higher fat contents. But the levels of soya flour and soya oil used did not affect the sensory attributes of sausage. The best chicken sausage was obtained with 5.35% soya flour and 3.18% soya oil in product formulations.

Türk Kahvesi, Filtre Kahve ve Espresso Kahvenin Biyoaktif Özellikleri ve Fenolik Bileşiklerinin Karşılaştırılması

Sevde Nur Çataltepe — 2025-05-27

Bu çalışmada, yerel bir işletmeden alınan Türk kahvesi, espresso ve filtre kahvelerin toplam fenolik içeriği, toplam flavonoid içeriği, antioksidan aktivitesi ve fenolik bileşen içerikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Kahve oldukça zengin biyoaktif bileşikleri sayesinde insan sağlığı açısından önemli etkileri olan ve sosyal hayatta tüketilen popüler bir içecektir. Kafeik asit ve türevleri, klorojenik asitler ve flavonoidler gibi fenolik bileşenler kahvenin antioksidan aktivitesine önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır.

Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid miktarı sırasıyla 6185.71 mg GAE/100 g ve 4886.90 mg QE/100 g olarak en yüksek espresso kahvede bulunmuştur. Antioksidan aktivitesi en yüksek kahve ise filtre kahve (70.25 mmol TE/kg) olarak belirlenmiştir. Kahvenin dominant fenolik bileşenleri; Türk kahvesinde kafeik asit (113.73 mg/100 g) ve klorojenik asit (85.47 mg /100 g), espresso kahvede protokateşuik asit (118.27 mg /100 g) olarak maksimum düzeyde belirlenmiştir. Kahvelerin flavonoid içerikleri karşılaştırıldığında ise kateşin miktarı açısından espresso kahve (2709.53 mg/100 g) ilk sırada yer alırken, bunu Türk kahvesi (1270.80 mg/100 g) takip etmiştir. Dekoksiyon (Türk kahvesi), basınç (espresso) ve infüzyon (filtre kahve) olmak üzere üç farklı yöntemle hazırlanan kahvelerin önemli miktarda fenolik bileşenleri içerdiği ve yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Antioksidan aktivite, Fenolik bileşen, Espresso, Türk kahvesi, Filtre kahve

Effects of Parboiling on Cooking Qualities of the Super Green Rice Variety Grown in Ethiopia

Melese Ageze — 2025-05-27

As a result of the parboiling procedure, where the starch in the grains is gelatinized and solidified when cooled, the husk may be removed from the grain during shelling with minimal harm. Nutrient loss while cooking the grain is also prevented as a result of gelatinization. Water was absorbed by the grain's empty spaces during the gelatinization and retrogradation processes. Hence, the absorbed water and nutrient molecules can't leave after the starch has swelled up and cooled. In this study, the Selam rice variety was subjected to three factors: soaking temperatures of 40, 60, and 80^oC; soaking times of 6, 12, and 24 hours; and steaming times of 15, 25, and 35 minutes. The control group, non-parboiled rice, was also subjected to the full factorial design, which had a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) arrangement. The samples exposed to the highest time-temperature combinations showed variations in cooking time, swelling ratio, water uptake ratio, and percentage of chalkiness that were statistically significant (P<0.05). The cooking duration varied between 8.13 to 12.37 minutes, whereas the control took 9.28 minutes. The swelling ratio varied from 1.04 to 1.57, while the control was 1.26. The water uptake ratio values weren't statistically different, though. The color value difference varied from 8.95 to 19.57. When the soaking and steaming periods were extended to 24 hours and 35 minutes, respectively, for the 80^oC soaking temperature, the amount of chalkiness in the grains drastically dropped from 99.48% of the non-parboiled rice to just 0.33%. The highest soaking temperature (80^oC), soaking time (24 hours), and steaming time (35 minutes) were generally the best combinations for achieving the best cooking quality of parboiled rice.

Türkiye'de Makro Ekonomik Değişkenlerin Tarımsal Üretim Üzerine Etkisi

Zeki BAYRAMOĞLU — 2025-05-27

Türkiye ekonomisinde tarımsal üretim, makro ekonomik değişkenlerden yoğun bir şekilde etkilenmektedir. Enflasyon, faiz oranları, döviz kuru ve kredi politikaları gibi makroekonomik göstergeler, tarım sektöründe üretim hacmini belirleyen temel unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de makro ekonomik faktörlerin tarımsal üretim üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada, zaman serisi analizleri kullanılarak, belirlenen makro ekonomik değişkenlerin tarımsal üretim üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), Merkez Bankası ve diğer resmî kurumlardan temin edilerek analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, döviz kurlarındaki dalgalanmaların üretim üzerinde etkili olduğu, faiz oranlarındaki değişikliğin tarımsal yatırımları etkilediğini ve kamu desteklerinin sektörde üretim seviyesini önemli ölçüde şekillendirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, makro ekonomik politikaların tarımsal üretime olan etkilerini daha iyi anlamaya yönelik çözüm önerileri sunarak, tarım sektöründe sürdürülebilir büyümeyi destekleyici politikaların geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.

Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Türkiye'de Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Dışa Bağımlılık ve Kırılganlık Üzerine Etkileri

Zeki BAYRAMOĞLU — 2025-05-27

Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı, küresel gıda ve tarım piyasaları üzerinde derin etkiler yaratmış olup, Türkiye gibi ayçiçeği yağı ithalatına bağımlı ülkeler için önemli bir risk faktörü oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye, ayçiçeği yağı ihtiyacının büyük bir kısmını Ukrayna ve Rusya'dan karşılamakta olup, savaş nedeniyle bu tedarik zincirinde ciddi aksaklıklar yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, Rusya-Ukrayna savaşının Türkiye'deki ayçiçeği üretimi, ithalat bağımlılığı ve sektördeki kırılganlıklar üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, savaş öncesi ve savaş sonrası ithalat verileri, fiyat dalgalanmaları ve Türkiye'nin yerli üretim kapasitesindeki değişimler analiz edilmiş, sektördeki dışa bağımlılığın azaltılmasına yönelik politika önerileri tartışılmıştır. Bulgular, savaş nedeniyle Türkiye'de ayçiçeği yağı arzında ciddi bir dalgalanma yaşandığını, fiyatların arttığını ve yerli üretimin yetersiz kaldığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, ayçiçeği yağı ithalatındaki dışa bağımlılığın azaltılması için yerli üretimin desteklenmesi, tedarik çeşitliliğini artıracak stratejiler geliştirilmesi ve tarım politikalarında uzun vadeli planlamalar yapılması önerilmektedir.

Evaluation of Bacillus Strains for Protease Production

Fikriye Alev Akçay — 2025-05-27

Proteases have diverse industrial applications, particularly in laundry detergents and the leather industry, as well as in the food, textile, and pharmaceutical sectors. While plant- and animal-derived proteases are traditionally used, their production is limited by environmental and agricultural constraints. Microorganisms, especially Bacillus species and lactic acid bacteria, have emerged as key sources due to their high yield and ease of biotechnological manipulation, accounting for nearly 60% of global commercial enzyme sales. This study aimed to evaluate protease production in Bacillus isolates obtained from food and soil samples. Eight isolates were screened on milk powder-containing agar, and six demonstrated significant protease activity. The isolates ZGT9, EBTA7, and ZBP10 showed the largest clear zones (20.0, 18.8, and 18.5 mm, respectively) and were selected for further investigation. Crude enzymes were obtained from 48-hour nutrient broth cultures, and protease activity was assessed using 1% casein solution at pH 8 and 60°C for 15 minutes. Protein concentrations were determined using Bradford assay, with BSA as the standard. Total protein content ranged from 112.6 to 182.6 μg BSA eq./mL, while protease activity varied between 360.8 and 2530.8 U/mL. Specific activities ranged from 3221 to 13,862 U/mg. The isolate with the highest activity (EBTA7) was further analyzed to determine its optimal operating conditions. Enzyme activity was evaluated at various pH (7–11) and temperature (50–80°C) values. The enzyme showed maximal activity at 60°C and pH 9, with high relative activity at 50°C (76%) but a sharp decline above 60°C (35% at 70°C, 29% at 80°C). These results indicate that the enzyme is moderately thermophilic and functions best under alkaline conditions. Biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis confirmed that the strain belongs to the Bacillus genus.

Ingilizce

Mustafa Guzel — 2025-05-27

Sesame-based products such as tahini and halva have gained international popularity due to their nutritional benefits and cultural significance. However, their association with recent Salmonella outbreaks and recalls has raised global concerns regarding their microbiological safety. Despite low water activity traditionally limiting microbial growth, these products have demonstrated the ability to harbor Salmonella for extended periods, leading to recalls and international trade disruptions.

This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of Salmonella strains isolated from sesame, tahini, and halva. Genome assemblies were obtained from the NCBI database and filtered based on product metadata. Quality control assessments were performed using CheckM and QUAST to ensure high-quality genomes. Serotyping and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) were conducted using SISTR, while resistance genes, virulence factors, and plasmid content were identified using Abricate and Bakcharak. Pangenome analysis was performed with Roary, and phylogenetic relationships were inferred using IQ-TREE with 1,000 bootstrap replicates.

The analysis revealed notable genomic diversity among the Salmonella isolates, with multiple serovars and cgMLST types identified across the three commodity groups. Several isolates carried clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors, including those linked to enhanced environmental persistence. Phylogenomic analysis showed both commodity-specific clustering and instances of inter-commodity genetic similarity, indicating potential shared contamination sources or cross-contamination events.

These findings underscore the importance of genomic surveillance in tracking the emergence and dissemination of foodborne pathogens in low-moisture foods. By applying molecular epidemiology approaches, this study contributes to the understanding of Salmonella diversity, resistance, and distribution in sesame-based products and highlights the need for proactive food safety strategies in international supply chains.

Impact of Varying Moringa oleifera Leaf Diets on Productive Performance and Reproductive Characteristics of Nubian Goats

Hosam Husien — 2025-05-27

This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) supplementation on fetal growth in Nubian goats within the Butana region, utilizing real-time ultrasonography. The research aimed to explore the relationship between gestational age and key fetal measurements, including crown rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (BPD), and femur length (FL). A total of 200 Nubian female goats, aged 24.00 ± 0.75 months and weighing 46.42 ± 2.96 kg, were randomly selected from a large herd and assigned to four groups (n=50 each) based on their dietary supplementation of M. oleifera: Group A (0%, control), Group B (20%), Group C (40%), and Group D (60%). Pregnancy was confirmed through management practices and transabdominal ultrasound. Fetal measurements were taken at three distinct stages of gestation to assess CRL, BPD, and FL. Results indicated significant differences in CRL measurements at day 45 of gestation (p < 0.05), with Group C exhibiting the highest mean measurement and Group D the lowest. At day 80, significant differences were observed in FL and BPD measurements among the groups (p < 0.05). The study also found significant correlations between CRL, BPD, and FL with gestational age (p < 0.05), with FL demonstrating the strongest positive correlation (R = 0.957), followed by BPD (R = 0.614) and CRL (R = 0.501). In conclusion, M. oleifera supplementation significantly influenced fetal growth parameters, particularly CRL, FL, and BPD. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation of M. oleifera may enhance fetal development in Nubian goats, highlighting its potential benefits in goat husbandry.

Sensory and Texture Profile Analyze of Bulgur Samples

Buket Çetiner — 2025-05-27

Sensory and textural characteristics have a great influence on consumers' purchasing and consumption decisions and the food product should have a certain level of sensoral and textural profile to be preferred by the consumers. The main aim of this study was to compare the sensory and texture profile of the bulgur samples produced by two pea cultivars and commercial bulgur as a control sample. The hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience characteristics were determined to assess the texture profile of the bulgur samples. There were statistically significant differences between samples in terms of hardness (p<0.05). Hardness values of bulgur samples produced using cv. Deren and Irmak-01 were 2132 and 1801 g, respectively, while the value of the control bulgur sample was 682 g. In terms of adhesiveness and springiness, the differences between samples were not statistically significant (p>0.05).In terms of cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience values, cv. Deren had the highest values (p<0.05). Sensory analyses of bulgur samples were conducted by fifteen panelists. Panelists were asked to score the cooked bulgur samples in terms of appearance, color, smell, texture, taste and overall acceptability. They were evaluated with the 9-point hedonic scale ranging from 1 = Dislike extremely and 9 = Like extremely. The sensory profile of pea bulgur samples produced with cv. Deren and Irmak-01 had lower scores as compared to the control bulgur (7.47) in all characteristics with an overall acceptability value of 4.47 and 4.43, respectively. The color, smell and taste values of the bulgur produced with cv. Irmak-01 had slightly higher scores rather than those of cv. Deren (4.67), however, the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). It can be concluded that the sensory profile of pea cultivars had almost similar sensory profiles. Hovewer, textural profiles of bulgur samples varied depending on the variety.

Responses of Some Almond (Prunus dulcis) Varieties to Drought Stress

MELIH AYDINLI — 2025-05-27

Drought stress, which has become more pronounced due to global climate change, is a significant factor limiting agricultural sustainability. One of the necessary steps to address this issue is the use of drought-tolerant plants. In this study, the drought tolerance of some newly developed almond varieties, such as Makako, Marinada, and Vairo, was determined with the help of morphological and physiological markers. The plants, grafted onto Garnem rootstocks and grown in 18-liter pots, were subjected to deficit irrigation treatments (T1: 100% irrigation (control); T2: 50% irrigation; T3: 25% irrigation) for two years to induce drought stress. At the end of the study, it was found that fresh and dry plant weights, membrane stability index (MSI), leaf water potential (LWP), CO₂ assimilation rate, and stomatal conductance were significantly affected by drought stress. The Marinada variety exhibited the highest fresh and dry plant weights. However, in terms of MSI, LWP, CO₂ assimilation, and stomatal conductance, the Vairo variety showed greater drought tolerance. As a result, the drought tolerance and sensitivity of the grafted varieties on Garnem rootstock were evaluated. However, it is believed that detailed biochemical analyses and field studies are necessary to reach a definitive conclusion.

Kuraklık ve Sıcaklık Stresinin Patates Bitkisi Üzerine Etkileri

Tuğba Özkan — 2025-05-27

Özet: Küresel iklim değişikliği, tarım sektörünü önemli ölçüde etkileyen bir faktördür. İklim değişikliği ile birlikte kuraklık olaylarının sıklığı ve şiddeti artmaktadır, bu da tarımsal üretimi ve gıda güvenliğini tehdit etmektedir. İklim değişikliği nedeniyle artan kuraklık şiddeti ve sıklığı, patates üretimini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bunun yanı sıra küresel iklim değişikliği; sıcaklık ve CO₂ seviyeleri, zararlılar ve hastalıklar, toprak ve su kaynakları ve bölgesel farklılıklar gibi faktörlerde patates verimini ciddi anlamda azaltır. Artan sıcaklıklar, değişen yağış zamanları ve miktarları tarımsal üretimi ve gıda güvenliğini tehdit etmektedir. Bitkiler abiyotik streslere karşı farklı mekanizmalar geliştirebilirler. Bu streslerle mücadelede fotosentez, biyokimyasal yollar ve stres toleransı gibi çeşitli mekanizmaları kullanırlar. Patates suya duyarlı bir bitki olduğundan kuraklık stresinde verim ve kalite olumsuz etkilenir. Bu çalışmada iklim değişikliğinin tarıma etkisi, kuraklık ve sıcaklık streslerinin patatese etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar kelimeler: İklim değişikliği, Kuraklık-Sıcaklık stresi, Verim, Kuraklığa tolerans

A Çukurova Koşullarında Ölmez Çiçek (Helichyrsum italicum ) Bitkisinin Farklı Gelişme Dönemlerinde Verim ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Dilek Savaşlı Yıldırım — 2025-05-27

Çukurova koşullarında ölmez çiçek (Helichyrsum italicum (Roth) G. Don fil.) bitkisinin farklı gelişme dönemlerinde verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma 2021-2022 yıllarında Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü araştırma alanına kurulmuştur. Ölmez çiçek bitkisinde hasat zamanı olarak çiçeklenme başlangıcı, tam çiçeklenme ve çiçeklenme sonrası olmak üzere üç farklı gelişme dönemi seçilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda hasat zamanlarına göre bitki boyu ortalamaları 37.43-47.80 cm, taze herba verimleri 534.37-784.83 kg/da, kuru herba verimleri 139.50-361.32 kg/da, taze çiçek verimleri 65.24-203.80 kg/da, kuru çiçek verimleri 25.66-111.64 kg/da, çiçekte uçucu yağ oranı (% 0.30-0.88), çiçek uçucu yağ verimleri 0.22-0.4 l/da arasında değişmiştir. Uçucu yağın ana bileşenleri α-Pinene, γ-Curcumene, italidion I, Neryl acetate, italidion II, Caryophyllene , β-Selinene olduğu ve bu bileşenlerin oranlarının bitkinin hasat zamanına göre değişim gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda H.italicum’da en uygun hasat zamanının çiçeklenme başlangıcı ve tam çiçeklenme dönemleri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, çiçeklenme başlangıcında da uygun zamanı belirlemek için daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir.

The Feather-Plucking in Blue-Breasted Quails (Synoicus chinensis): An Abnormal Behavior Associated with Courtship Feeding?

Arzu Üçtepe — 2025-05-27

Bu çalışmada yirmi çift mavi göğüslü bıldırcın kullanılmıştır. Bıldırcınlara 70 günlük yaştan itibaren her gün marul verilmiştir. Tüy yolma, tüy yeme davranışı ve tüy kondisyon skorları 65 ve 100 günlük yaşlarda gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, ilk on yumurtadan elde edilen döllü yumurta sayısı 52-70 günlük ve 95-115 günlük yaş dönemlerinde kaydedilmiştir.

Bu çalışma, mavi göğüslü bıldırcınlarda tüy yolma ile kur beslenmesi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Hem erkeklerde hem de dişilerde gözlemlenen tüy yolma davranışının, erkeklerin dişilere yolunan tüyleri sunmasıyla kur beslenmesiyle bağlantılı olabileceği varsayılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, istatistiksel analiz, tüy kondisyon skorları ile hem 52-70 gün hem de 95-110 gündeki döllenmiş yumurta sayısı arasında anlamlı bir korelasyon olmadığını ortaya koymuştur (P > 0.05). Sonuçlar, tüy yolmanın ve ardından dişiler tarafından tüketilmesinin kur beslenmesiyle bağlantılı olabileceğini düşündürse de, bu çalışmada anlamlı bir korelasyon bulunmadığından, bu davranışın bu türde üreme başarısını doğrudan etkileyip etkilemediği belirsizliğini korumaktadır.

Tarım Ekonomisi ve Tarım Ekonomisinin Sürdürülebilirliği

Ahmet Bayraç — 2025-05-27

Tarımsal finans, tarımsal gıda tedarik zincirinde yer alan tedarikçiler, çiftçiler, gıda işleyicileri, lojistikçiler, toptancılar, perakendeciler ve hükümetler gibi aktörleri içeren önemli ve karmaşık bir yapıdır. İnsan hayatında stratejik öneme sahip tarla bitkilerinin birim alan verimini ve kalitesini artırma çabaları bilim camiası için merak konusudur. Bu noktada tarla bitkilerinin yanı sıra gıda güvenliği ve gıda güvencesi de en önemli konular olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tarımsal gıda tedarik zinciri yönetimi, gıda ürünlerinin çiftlikten çatalına yolculuğunda verimliliği ve katma değeri artırmak amacıyla tedarik zinciri üyelerinin tek bir işletme gibi çalışmasını öngören bir felsefedir. Tüm bu zorluklarla mücadele etmek ve insanların yeterli ve makul fiyatlarla kaliteli gıdaya erişebilmesini sağlamak amacıyla, çiftçilerden tüketicilere, işletmelerden devletlere kadar tüm aktörlerin katılımı ve katkısıyla tarımsal gıda tedarik zincirinin uygun şekilde yönetilmesi, bugün olduğu gibi gelecekte de en önemli konular arasında yer alacaktır. Tarımsal gıda tedarik zincirinin konusu bitkisel ve hayvansal ürünler olmasına rağmen, konular çok geniş olduğundan bu çalışmada yalnızca tarla bitkileri yönü ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışma, bu konudaki sorunları ele almak, gelişmeleri ortaya koymak ve sektörün dünyadaki durumunu incelemek amacıyla bilimsel veriler ışığında hazırlanmıştır.

Obruklar ve Tarımsal Sürdürülebilirlik

Ali Kahraman — 2025-05-27

Natural disasters are known as natural events that suddenly occur in a certain region on earth, create social stress, create significant losses on people and human settlements, and disrupt life in society. Sinkholes are considered a natural disaster that can cause serious damage to society and the environment. Such unpredictable geological disasters have the potential to cause irreversible damage, especially to settlements and agricultural areas. There are thousands of sinkholes in regions containing salt, gypsum and carbonate rocks in different parts of the world and the main factor that accelerates them is human activities. Disaster prevention and damage reduction policies can be developed with sinkhole risk assessment studies, and disaster-oriented planning can be made to reduce the damage caused by sinkholes. These natural events that occur beyond human control cause loss of life and property. Within the scope of this study, sinkholes, that are considered as an important component of natural disasters and whose numbers are increasing over the world, and agricultural sustainability are discussed.

Machine Learning Techniques to Enhance Management and Decision-Making in Commercial Banana Plantations (Musa AAA) in Ecuador

Ronald Oswaldo Villamar Torres — 2025-05-27

This research aims to optimize management and decision-making in commercial banana plantations (Musa AAA) in Ecuador through the use of advanced machine learning techniques, with a particular emphasis on identifying and grouping lots affected by Moko, a disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 2. The initial component of the study involves analyzing the health status of the plantations using high-resolution images obtained by drones and extracting the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), thereby detecting anomalies associated with Moko outbreaks. This information has been crucial for applying clustering techniques, such as K-means, where specific metrics were used to segment lots according to the intensity of the infection, facilitating the identification of those with the highest concentration of outbreak sites. Additionally, other clustering algorithms, including DBSCAN and hierarchical methods, have been implemented to classify the lots based on post-harvest bunch quality. This segmentation has proven fundamental for decision-making, as it differentiates between high- and low-quality lots, thus optimizing the value chain and logistics in product commercialization. The methodological approach further extends to the analysis of nutritional data, where clustering models have been employed to identify lots with similar nutritional profiles. This information enables the development of highly precise fertilization plans, ensuring greater efficiency in the application of inputs and resource optimization. Furthermore, predictive tools such as linear regression have been explored, driven by the limited number of observations in certain scenarios. At the same time, other predictive algorithms—logistic regression, decision trees, k-nearest neighbors, random forests, and neural networks—are being tested on various datasets from other banana plantations. This comprehensive set of techniques and models significantly contributes to the improvement of agricultural management, enabling early and precise interventions that translate into increased productivity and sustainability in banana cultivation.

Sürdürülebilir Tarım: Toprak ve Örtü Bitkileri

Neslihan Doruk Kahraman — 2025-05-27

Tarım arazilerinde üretilen ürünler ve kullanılan üretim yöntemleri her bölgeye özgü çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Sosyal yapı, iklim, toprak yapısı, kırsal alanlardaki su bulunabilirliği gibi birçok parametre ürün ve üretim yöntemlerinin çeşitliliğine neden olmaktadır. Yaşam döngüsünü sağlayan en önemli ekosistem olan toprağın tanınması, korunması ve iyileştirilmesi konusunda çalışmalar yapılması önem taşımaktadır. Medeniyetimizi devam ettirebilmek için daha sürdürülebilir üretim yöntemlerine geçilmeli, türlerin ve yaşam alanlarının korunmasına ve iyileştirilmesine önem vermeliyiz. Topraktaki bitki örtüsünün yanı sıra birçok farklı yaşamsal aktivite toprağın devamlılığını sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca toprak, canlıların yaşamına zararlı olabilecek birçok maddeyi dönüştürerek canlı yaşamına sürdürülebilirlik sağlamaktadır. Örtü bitkileri, toprak verimliliğini artırmak, toprak erozyonunu önlemek, toprağı zenginleştirmek ve korumak, besin ve su bulunabilirliğini ve toprak kalitesini artırmak için yetiştirilen bitkilerdir. Örtü bitkileri, tarımsal üretimde kullanılan topraklara çok yönlü faydalar sağlayarak sürdürülebilirliğe katkıda bulunur. Bu çalışmada, toprakların durumunun değerlendirilmesi, tarım topraklarındaki sorunların belirlenmesi, toprakların korunmasının öneminin anlaşılması, tarımda kullanılan toprak koruma ve iyileştirme yöntemlerinin tanıtılması, örtü bitkileri ve toprak iyileştirme konusunda teorik ve pratik bilgiler derlenmiştir.

Advancing Banana Cultivation Through Multispectral Imaging and Precision Agriculture: A Scalable Algorithm for Crop Optimization

Luis Godoy Montiel — 2025-05-27

Precision agriculture has emerged as a transformative approach to modern crop management, integrating advanced technologies to optimize productivity, resource efficiency, and sustainability. This research presents a novel multispectral image classification algorithm specifically designed for banana cultivation (Musa AAA), combining aerospace technology, spectral analysis, and machine learning to address critical challenges in tropical agriculture. The study was conducted in a commercial banana plantation, where high-resolution visible and near-infrared spectral data were acquired using state-of-the-art optical sensors mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The methodology employed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a primary tool for crop zoning and health assessment. Through sophisticated image processing techniques implemented in Python, we generated precise vegetation and soil fragmentation masks at the administrative plot level, enabling spatial resolution in crop monitoring. The algorithm successfully identified subtle variations in plant health and nutritional status across different sectors of the plantation, allowing for the creation of detailed sub-plots with distinct agronomic requirements. Comprehensive statistical analysis of spectral data provided actionable insights into plot-specific needs, facilitating data-driven recommendations for fertilizer application, irrigation scheduling, and pest management. This work represents a significant advancement in precision agriculture for banana cultivation, offering a scalable solution that can be adapted to diverse growing conditions in Ecuador and the around the world. The integration of aerospace technology with advanced analytics not only improves production efficiency but also contributes to sustainable farming practices by minimizing unnecessary resource inputs. With further development, this approach could be extended to other tropical crops, potentially revolutionizing agricultural practices in developing nations. The study underscores the critical role of spectral technology in addressing global food security challenges while promoting environmental stewardship.

Tohum Kaplama ve Sürdürülebilir Tarım

Neslihan Doruk Kahraman — 2025-05-27

Increased productivity in agriculture is possible with technological developments. One of these technologies is the protection of seed quality. Synthetic seeds are artificially encapsulated plant propagation material. It is coated with special substances containing nutrients and protective compounds. The main goal of seed coating technologies is to enable small seeds to grow to larger and uniform sizes. Synthetic seed production offers the opportunity for a cheap and practical tissue culture production technique. Plant nutrients, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides and beneficial organisms can be added to the seed coating material. Seed coating technologies are mostly carried out as pelletizing, film coating or pellet+film coating methods. Owing to the seed coating method, the performance of the seeds for germination will increase and thus the ability of the plants to combat against possible diseases and pests during the germination and seedling periods will increase. One of the difficulties in agricultural practice and research today is how to cope with biotic and abiotic stress conditions, especially climatic changes, in an economically and environmentally sustainable approach. In this prepared study, information is given about seed coating and its applications in field crops.

Peyzaj Tasarım Çalışmalarında Kapsül Evler Kullanımı

Doç.Dr.Gülden Sandal Erzurumlu — 2025-05-27

Hızlı kentleşme gelişimi, mimari peyzaj tasarımının gelişimi için büyük fırsatlar sunmuş, ancak buna paralel olarak çeşitli büyük zorlukları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu tür bir gelişim hızı, insanlara yeni kentsel alanların hızla ortaya çıkması, bitmek bilmeyen yeni inşaat projeleri gibi unsurlar sunmaktadır. Doğal ortamlara özlem duyanlar için bungalov evler, karavan ve kapsül evler, çadırlar vb. ilgi çeken mekanlar oluşturmaktadır. Kapsül evler, modern peyzaj tasarımında sürdürülebilir, estetik ve işlevsel çözümler sunan yenilikçi yapılar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Doğayla uyumlu tasarımları ve taşınabilir yapıları sayesinde kırsal, doğal ve rekreasyon alanlarında geniş kullanım imkânı sunarlar.

Doğal, estetik, fonksiyonel ve ekonomik özelliklere sahip doğal ve kültürel peyzaj alanları farklı kullanım alanları sunmaktadır. Su veya deniz kenarları, kırsal alanlar, tarihi alanlar, milli parklar vb. doğal alanlara talepler günden güne talep artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, adı geçen paltformlarda yaşam mekanları için oluşturulacak tasarım çalışmaları için öneriler geliştirilecektir. SketchUp yazılımı kullanılarak farklı modellemeler oluşturulacaktır.

Accessing Drinking Water and Global Warming in Sudan

Wadah ELSHEIKH — 2025-05-27

Sudan's primary water sources are the Nile and non-Nile water resources, including rainfall, seasonal streams, and groundwater, which support a large part of the population. However, water scarcity will worsen with declining rainfall, increasing evaporation, and more frequent extreme weather events due to global warming, affecting rural and urban communities. The climate of Sudan varies from tropical wet and dry in the southwest to desert in the north. From south to north, rainfall drastically declines, and semi-arid regions experience acute water scarcity. In this assessment, we have tried to shed light on the difficulties in guaranteeing sustainable and fair access to drinking water in the face of environmental stressors and offer suggestions for managing Sudan's water resources. To increase agricultural productivity and satisfy the nation's expanding residential and industrial water demands, it is crucial to support the development of water resources for home and agricultural use. Sudan's water resources are multi-sectoral, therefore efficient coordination is essential. Specialized authorities must investigate ways to maximize water usage and set rules to direct and regulate these initiatives.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF SYNTHESISED SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM CITRUS SINENSIS PEEL AGAINST SOME SELECTED PATHOGENS

Gbemisola Elizabeth Ogunleye — 2025-05-27

The increasing resistance of microorganisms to conventional antibiotics necessitates the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as an alternative due to their unique properties, such as high surface area to volume ratio and ability to disrupt microbial membranes. This study aims at investigating the phytochemical components, synthesising silver nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis peel extract, characterizing, and evaluating their inhibitory activities against some test organisms. Citrus sinensis peel extract was used to reduce silver nitrate to AgNPs. Phytochemical analysis was done using standard procedures. UV-Visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infared (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to characterise the AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis revealed that saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols were present. Alkaloids (1400 mg/100g) and flavonoids (710 mg/100g) Silver nanoparticles were synthesised and a change in colour from yellow to brown was observed, surface plasmon resonance peak was at 300 nm, the morphology of the AgNPs was spherical, cubical having size ranging from 50 - 150 nm. In the FTIR analysis, the peak at 3466.00 cm^-1indicates Hydroxyl groups, 1820.00 cm^-1 is imine and 1042.00 cm^-1 is carbonyl and are responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline nanoparticles. EDX confirmed the presence of silver element. The synthesised AgNPs exhibited significant inhibitory activity against E. coli (15±0.32 mm), K. pnuemonieae (17±0.45 mm) and Candida albican (18±0.24 mm). The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis peel extract is an eco-friendly method that utilizes natural properties of plants compounds which has inhibitory potential.

Biyolojik Mücadele Uygulanan Biber Seralarında Farklı Tonlardaki Sarı ve Mavi Yapışkan Tuzaklarda Orius laevigatus ve Creontiades Pallidus’un Yakalanma Durumunun Belirlenmesi

Nurdan TOPAKCI — 2025-05-27

Ticari olarak temin edilebilen faydalı organizmaların uygulanması, örtüaltı biber üretiminde zararlı türlerin biyolojik kontrolünde önemli başarılar sağlamıştır. Bunlar arasında, Orius laevigatus Fieber, serada yetiştirilen biberlerde önemli bir zararlı olan Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) popülasyonlarını bastırmak için entegre zararlı yönetimi (IPM) programlarında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Biyolojik ajanlara ek olarak, biber seralarında yaygın olarak sarı ve mavi yapışkan tuzaklar kullanılmakta olup, öncelikli olarak thrips ve beyazsinekleri hedef almaktadır. Ancak, bu renk tuzakları, O. laevigatus gibi faydalı böcekler de dahil olmak üzere hedef olmayan organizmaları istemeden yakalayabilir. Bu çalışmada biyolojik mücadele uygulanan biber seralarında zararlı türler için kullanılan farklı tonlardaki sarı ve mavi yapışkan tuzaklarda yararlı tür O. laevigatus’un ve özellikle biyolojik mücadele uygulanan seralarda meyvelerde önemli zararlar oluşturabilen zararlı tür Creontiades pallidus (Rambur)’un yakalanma durumu araştırılmıştır. Araştırma, 2022 ve 2023 yetiştirme sezonlarında Antalya ilinde bulunan iki ticari biber serasında yürütülmüştür. Toplam altı tuzak renk çeşidi (her biri üç farklı sarı ve mavi tonlarında) bitkilerin üzerine dikey olarak asılmış, haftalık olarak değiştirilmiş ve her bir tuzakta yakalanan birey sayısı kaydedilmiştir. Denemeler tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve her hafta toplam 24 adet tuzak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucuna göre tuzak renk tonlarının O. laevigatus üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunurken (P<0,01), C. pallidus üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmamıştır. Her iki yıla ait verilere göre, en fazla O. laevigatus bireyi açık mavi tuzaklarda kaydedilmiştir. Buna göre biyolojik mücadele uygulanan seralarda zararlılar için kullanılacak yapışkan tuzakların bu renk tonunda seçilmemesi, faydalı türlerin istenmeyen kayıplarının önlemesi için uygun olabilecektir. Ayrıca mavi tuzaklarda yakalanan tripsler ile sarı tuzaklarda yakalanan beyazsineklerin analizinde, her bir rengin farklı tonları arasında yakalanan birey sayılarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığı da ortaya konulmuştur.

Kent Alanlarının Peyzaj Tasarımlarında Enstalasyon Sanat Kullanımı

Doç.Dr.Gülden Sandal Erzurumlu — 2025-05-27

Görsel sanatların doğasının temel niteliklerinden birisi, estetik boyutun derin bir şekilde yer almasıdır; bu özellik, görsel sanatları benzersiz kılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, sadece estetik bir değer taşımakla kalmayıp işlevsel niteliklere de sahiptir; yani, hem güzelliği hem de işlevselliği bir araya getirerek dikkat çekici bir potansiyele sahip bir disiplin hâline gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda, görsel sanatlar alanı hem işlevsel hem de estetik özellikleri bünyesinde barındırır ve tasarım alanlarının görsel çekiciliğine önemli katkılar sunar. Standart tasarım uygulamaları alanın etkililik derecesini düşürmektedir. Bu nedenle, tasarım çalışmalarına sürekli yeni uygulamalar eklemek gerekmektedir. Bunlardan birisi enstalasyon çalışmasıdır.

Sonuç olarak bu araştırma, peyzaj tasarım çalışmalarına yönelik farkındalığı ve takdiri artırmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu nedenle, hükümetlerin ve yerel toplulukların, kamusal alanları zenginleştiren, duygusal ve terapötik etkileri de göz önünde bulundurarak sanatçılardan eserler sipariş etmeleri önerilmektedir. Ayrıca sanatçılar, hem anıtsal yapılar olarak hizmet edecek hem de kamusal çevrenin estetik deneyimini artıracak daha büyük ölçekli eserler üretmeleri konusunda teşvik edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, enstalasyon uygulamalarının peyzaj tasarım çalışmalarında kullanım alanlarını belirlemek, çizim örnekleri sunmak ve öneriler geliştirmektir.

Determination of Heating Potential with Geothermal Energy in Greenhouses in Kırklareli Province

Murat Özocak — 2025-05-27

Seralarda iklim koşullarından bağımsız şekilde üretim yapılmasının sağlanmasında en önemli değişken ısıtma imkanlarının sağlanmasıdır. Özellikle düşük hava sıcaklığının olduğu koşullarda optimum bitki gelişimi açısından sera içi istenilen sıcaklığın sağlanması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca ısıtma imkanlarının yüksek maliyetle olması bazı bölgelerimizde seracılığın kısıtlı olmasını sonucunu oluşturmuştur. Bu bakımdan bölgesel olarak seracılığın yaygınlaşması açısından özellikle doğal kaynaklardan sağlanan ısıtma imkanlarının sağlanması önem kazanmıştır. Seralarda doğal kaynakların kullanılması ile çevreye zarar vermeden, sürdürülebilir ve düşük maliyetli ısıtma imkanlarından yararlanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada seracılığın fazla gelişme göstermediği Kırklareli ilinde jeotermal kaynaklarla ısıtma imkanlarının geliştirilebilme olanakları araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Kırklareli ilindeki jeotermal açıdan potansiyel kaynaklar araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen jeotermal kaynakların ısıtma potansiyelleri ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırmada Kırklareli - Asılbeyli bölgesinde yeni bulunan jeotermal enerji kaynağının potansiyel kullanımı ortaya konulmuştur. Bu potansiyel kapsamında Kırklareli ilindeki seracılığın alansal olarak mevcut durumu kapsamında jeotermal kaynaklarla ısıtılabilecek potansiyel belirlenmiştir. Araştırma ile Kırklareli ilindeki mevcut jeotermal kaynakların bulunması çalışmalarındaki artış ile seracılığın gelişme potansiyeli olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Ayrıca bölgedeki seracılık çalışmalarının doğal kaynaklar ile ısıtılması araştırmalarının daha fazla yapılması sera kaynaklı üretime olumlu etkileri olacaktır. Elde edilen sonuçlar Kırklareli ilinde jeotermal kaynaklardan yararlanarak seralarda üretim yapılmasının ildeki seracılığın gelişmesine büyük katkı sağlayacağının göstermiştir.

Yenilebilir Peyzaj Bahçelerinin Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerindeki Etkileri: Selçuk Üniversitesi Örneği

AHMET AKAY — 2025-05-27

Bu çalışma, Selçuk Üniversitesi kampüsünde oluşturulan yenilebilir peyzaj bahçesinin üniversite öğrencileri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Günümüz kentlerinde sosyolojik, ekonomik, ekolojik ve kültürel farkındalıkların artmasıyla birlikte yenilebilir peyzaj kavramı büyük önem kazanmıştır. Bu yaklaşım, kent sakinlerine doğrudan ve sağlıklı gıda sağlama, kentsel biyoçeşitliliği destekleme, topluluklar arası iş birliğini güçlendirme, çevre eğitimi fırsatları yaratma ve sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine ulaşma gibi çeşitli önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın temelini oluşturan ilk aşamada, Selçuk Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin yenilebilir peyzaj kavramına dair mevcut bilgi düzeyleri incelenecek ve bu alanların potansiyel faydalarına ilişkin farkındalıkları bir anket çalışması aracılığıyla belirlenecektir. Anketin sonraki bölümlerinde ise bahçeyi aktif olarak kullanan öğrencilere yönelik sorular yöneltilecektir. Bu sorular aracılığıyla öğrencilerin bahçeyi ne sıklıkta ziyaret ettikleri, hangi amaçlarla kullandıkları ve bahçeye yönelik genel memnuniyet düzeyleri gibi önemli veriler toplanarak kullanım sonrası değerlendirmeler yapılacaktır. Elde edilen verilerin analiz edilmesiyle, öğrencilerin yenilebilir peyzaj konusundaki genel bilgi birikimleri ve bilinç düzeyleri ile birlikte kampüs içerisindeki yenilebilir peyzaj bahçesine karşı geliştirdikleri tutumlar ve bahçeyi kullanma alışkanlıkları bütüncül bir şekilde ortaya konulacaktır. Araştırma sonucunda, bir üniversite kampüsünde hayata geçirilen yenilebilir bitkiler bahçesinin öğrencilerin yaşamları üzerindeki çeşitli etkileri değerlendirilecektir. Buna ek olarak, elde edilen bulgular ışığında gelecekte benzer yenilebilir peyzaj uygulamalarının daha başarılı bir şekilde hayata geçirilmesi için somut ve uygulanabilir öneriler sunulması temel hedeflerden biridir.

Alışveriş Merkezi Otoparklarında Gölge Ağaçlarının İncelenmesi ve Peyzaj Tasarım Önerisi: Konya M1 AVM Örneği

AHMET AKAY — 2025-05-28

Bu çalışma, Konya M1 AVM otoparkındaki gölge ağaçlarının detaylı bir incelemesini yaparak, sürdürülebilirlik prensipleri ve kullanıcı ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda geliştirilmesine yönelik kapsamlı bir peyzaj tasarım önerisi sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Günümüzde kentlerdeki geniş geçirimsiz yüzeylerin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturan otoparklar, kentsel ısı adası etkisini tetikleyerek, çevresel sorunlara ve kent estetiğinin olumsuz etkilenmesine neden olabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle, otopark alanlarına yapılacak bitkisel tasarım, özellikle uygun ağaç türlerinin seçimi ve doğru konumlandırılması ile doğrudan gölgeleme sağlayarak otopark yüzeylerinin ve çevredeki havanın sıcaklığını önemli ölçüde düşürebilir. Bu çalışma, Konya M1 AVM otoparkında bulunan mevcut ağaçların tür çeşitliliğini, büyüklüklerini, taç yapılarının gölgelendirmedeki etkinliğini ve genel sağlık durumlarını bilimsel yöntemlerle değerlendirecektir. Ayrıca, otopark kullanıcılarının gölge beklentileri, termal konfor algıları ve otoparkın genel estetiğine yönelik görüşleri dikkate alınarak otopark için ekolojik açıdan sürdürülebilir, estetik ve kullanıcı konforunu ön planda tutan yenilikçi bir peyzaj tasarım projesi geliştirilecektir. Önerilen proje, maksimum düzeyde gölge sağlayacak, park halindeki araçların aşırı ısınmasını engelleyecek ve dolayısıyla araç içi sıcaklığı düşürerek klima kullanımını azaltmaya yardımcı olacaktır. Bu doğrultuda proje kapsamında kullanılacak ağaç türleri, ideal dikim mesafeleri ve yerleşim planları detaylı olarak sunulacaktır. Aynı zamanda, seçilecek ağaçların mevcut ortama görsel bir zenginlik katması ve otopark kullanıcılarının memnuniyet düzeyini artırması hedeflenmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının, benzer özelliklere sahip alışveriş merkezi otoparklarının termal konforunu iyileştirme ve kullanıcı deneyimini zenginleştirme konularında uygulanabilir ve ilham verici bir model sunması öngörülmektedir.

Physicochemical and nutritional values of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) oil from three regions of Côte d'Ivoire

Gilles Léonce Niamketchi — 2025-05-28

In many rural areas of West Africa, the consumption of lipids by farmers is one of the problems affecting their nutrition and even their health. In Côte d'Ivoire, tiger nut, consumed as part of the traditional diet of rural populations in the north and centre of the country, is a potential source of dietary lipids. The aim of this study was to contribute to the valorisation of tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) through the physico-chemical characterisation of the oil extracted from tubers from three regions of Côte d'Ivoire. To do this, samples of tiger nut tubers were collected and the oil was extracted using standard methods. Tiger nut oils exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics, with acid value ranging from 0.13 to 3.14 mg KOH/g oil, iodine value from 68.92 to 94.54 g I₂/100 g oil and saponification value from 174.2 to 185.13 mg KOH/g oil. The oils were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid being the most abundant (73 - 80%) and demonstrated greater oxidative indexes. Tiger nut oil from the three regions contained significantly higher levels of α-tocopherols and polyphenols. Due to these characteristics and nutritional properties, tiger nut oil presents significant potential for application in food, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries.

Developments of Food Industry 4.0 in Europe

Wadah ELSHEIKH — 2025-05-28

Food security risks are increasing due to the global population explosion and climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to develop plans to conserve resources and ensure their sustainability using modern technologies to achieve this purpose. This report aims to examine the advancements in the European Food Industry 4.0. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) is gaining traction as a critical driver of sustainable growth and a valuable catalyst for resolving global issues. Technology from the Fourth Industrial Revolution is now widely used in the food business, and its use has increased dramatically in recent years. These innovations will lower manufacturing costs, improve food safety and quality, use less energy and resources, and decrease food loss and waste. The use of technology 4.0 has accelerated over the past few years due to its high efficiency in the food industry. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on technology 4.0 in Europe and its development over the past. The food processing business is one of the numerous industrial sectors that industry 4.0 technologies have redefined and transformed in the last few years. Several Industry 4.0 technologies have become more well-known and thriving in the food, safety, and quality sectors.

Effect of Adding Camel Hump Fat on Quality Attributes of Beef Burger

Abdalla Hassab Elrasoul Ahmed Ibrahim — 2025-05-28

The study was conducted to determine the sensory properties of beef burgers manufactured with different levels of camel hump fat. The hump fat, which has low cholesterol, is successfully used in many regional countries.is almost neglected as a binder in processed meat production in Sudan. The samples were weighed, and burger patties were formulated in 5 treatments T1: 0% T2: 10%, T3: 15%, T4: 20% and T5: 25% hump fat, respectively. The treatments were subjected to 4 replications. The sensory evaluations included tenderness, juiciness, colour, flavour and overall acceptability. The data were statistically analyzed using variance analysis for a completely randomised design using the SPSS version 8.0 computer program. LSD did mean separation, and the values were expressed as means and standard error. The difference between mean values was significant at P < 0.05. The flavour (T1: 5.54 ͢, T5: 5.11).juiciness (T1: 5.64 T5: 5.45) and total acceptability (T1: 6.11, T5: 5.57) decreased by increase of camel hump fat. The study concluded that camel hump fat can be added to the beef burger formulation. However, the negative effect of flavour can be solved by increasing the level of spices.

Effect of Garlic Powder and Probiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

Ruvini Kamalika Mutucumarana — 2025-05-29

Garlic (Allium sativum), known for its bioactive compounds, antimicrobial properties, and widespread availability, serves as an effective natural feed additive in broiler diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of either (i) commercially available imported (CIGP) or (ii) locally produced (LGP) garlic powders in combination with probiotics on the performance of broiler finishers. The experimental design was a completely randomized design evaluating five (05) treatments (Control: Basal diet containing 0.1% probiotic; T1: Basal diet containing probiotic at 0.1% and CIGP at 0.025%; T2: Basal diet containing probiotic at 0.1% and LGP at 0.025%; T3: Basal diet containing probiotic at 0.05% and CIGP at 0.025%; T4: Basal diet containing probiotic at 0.05% and LGP at 0.025%). A total of 150, 21-day-old, unsexed Indian River broiler chickens (BW±SD: 1096±46 g) were assigned randomly into five (05) treatments. Each treatment had two (02) replicates (15 birds/replicate). Proximate composition and gross energy (GE) content of both garlic powders and treatment diets were evaluated. Performance was also assessed. The LGP had higher crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), and GE than CIGP (P<0.05). The moisture, CP, ether extract (EE), ash, and NFE across the treatment diets were similar (P>0.05). The birds fed T1, T2, T3, and T4 diets showed comparatively a higher feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) (21-28 d) than those fed the control diet (P<0.05). The broilers fed garlic-incorporated diets reduced FCR (P<0.05) over the period tested. The local garlic when combined with probiotic at a rate of 0.05% resulted the least production cost. Overall, the present study concluded that inclusion of LGP in combination with probiotic supplementation improves the performance of broiler finishers.

Key Words: Broiler finisher, Garlic powder, Growth performance, Indian River, Probiotics

Effect of Paddy Straw and Wood Shavings as Alternative Bedding Materials for Broiler Chickens

Ruvini Kamalika Mutucumarana — 2025-05-29

Effect of Paddy Straw and Wood Shavings as Alternative Bedding Materials for Broiler Chickens

Dileepa Shanthapriya¹, Ruvini Mutucumarana¹,Manula Senanayake²

¹Department of Livestock Prodution, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka.

²JP Poultry Products (Pvt.) Ltd., Walowitawatta, Badalgama, Sri Lanka.

Abstract

Litter materials play a crucial role in optimizing broiler performance, welfare, and environmental sustainability within the poultry industry. This study aimed to assess the effect of paddy husk (PH), wood shavings (WS) and paddy straw (PS) as alternative litter materials for performance of broilers. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) evaluating three litter materials (paddy husk: PH, WS and PS). A total of 72, 14-day old Indian River (IR) broilers were weighed (540.55+23 g) and assigned randomly to three (03) treatments. Each treatment was replicated two (02) times (12 birds/replicate). Performance of birds was recorded weekly for the period of 14-35 days. Litter material had no effect (P>0.05) on the feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality of broilers. The litter material did not have any influence (P>0.05) on the dressing percentage (DP%) of broilers. The present study demonstrates that the tested litter materials has no effect on the performance, DP% in IR broiler chickens.

Key Words: Broiler, Litter, Paddy husk,Paddy straw, Wood shavings, Growth performance

Keklerin kara mürver ekstraktı ile zenginleştirilmesi: Farklı formülasyonların biyoaktif özellikler ve kek kalitesi üzerine etkisi

Müberra Birkan — 2025-05-29

Kek, formülasyondaki ve üretim şekillerindeki farklılıklardan dolayı değişik çeşitlerde (krema veya köpük tipi gibi) üretilebilmektedir. Farklı meyve ekstraklarının fırıncılık ürünlerine ilavesi ile bu ürünlerin biyoaktif özelliklerini artırmaya yönelik çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Fakat kullanılan formülasyonlardaki farklılıklardan dolayı, özellikle biyoerişebilirlikleri açısından çok farklı sonuçlar alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, içerdiği fenolik bileşikler sayesinde yüksek antioksidan kapasiteye sahip üzümsü meyvelerden biri olan “kara mürver” (Sambucus nigra L.) meyvesi (KMM), toz ekstrakt şeklinde keklerin antioksidanlarca zenginleştirilmesinde kullanılmıştır. KMM ekstraktının in-vitro biyoerişebilirliğinde farklı kek formülasyonlarının etkisi araştırılmıştır ve en yüksek KMM biyoerişebilirliğinin elde edildiği kek tipinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toz ekstrakt; köpük tipi (sponge kek), krema tipi (pound kek), köpük tipi+krema tipi (şifon kek) formülasyonları ve standart AACC kek formülasyonuna %2 olarak eşit oranda eklenmiştir. Üretimi yapılan keklerin bazı kalite özellikleri (pişme kaybı, renk ve tekstür) ve kek hamuru viskozitesi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca biyoaktif özellikleri (toplam fenolik madde ve toplam antioksidan kapasite) ve in vitro sindirim modeli kullanılarak antioksidan kapasitelerindeki değişiklikler araştırılmıştır. Her bir formülasyonun ekstraktsız kontrol kekleri de üretilip aynı analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. En yüksek pişme kaybı, en düşük hamur viskozitesi ve en düşük kek sertliği şifon kekte görülmüştür (p<0,05). Formülasyonların kendı arasında iç (gözenek) renk değişimi (ΔE) anlamlı bulunmazken (p>0,05) dış (kabuk) ΔE değeri en az bulunan şifon kek olmuştur (16,28) (p<0,05). In- vitro sindirim öncesi örnekler kontrolu ile kıyaslandığında sponge kekin diğer formülasyonlardan daha yüksek toplam fenolik madde ve antioksidan aktiviteye (ABTS ve CUPRAC) sahip olduğu görülmüştür (p<0,05). Ancak bağırsak sindirimi sonrası şifon kek örneklerinde ABTS dışında antioksidan aktivite (CUPRAC 527,83 mg TE/100g FRAP 186,5 mg TE/100g) toplam fenolik miktarı (165,59 mg GAE/100 g) ve biyoerişilebilirlik indeksi (%138,82 - 230,82) diğer formülasyonlardan önemli düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kara mürver ekstraktının şifon kek formülasyonunda kullanılmasının, kek kalitesini olumsuz etkilemeden, biyoaktif özelliklerinin geliştirilmesinde daha etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Techniques on Honey Bee Taxonomic Studies

Rana Özdemir — 2025-05-29

Taksonomik zooloji hayvanların sınıflandırılması ve adlandırılmasında kullanılan kuralları içeren, bir çok disiplinden yararlanan biyolojinin bir alt dalıdır. Klasik taksonomi, morfolojiden sağlanan karakterlerin analizi ile ilgilinir iken modern taksonomik yaklaşımlar geometrik morfometri, populasyon genetiği, moleküler biyoloji, biyoinformatik vb. analiz ve belirteçleri kullanmaktadır. Bu analizlere göre bal arısı biyolojik çeşitliliği Afrika (A), Mediterranean (M- ), Oriental (O), Avrupa, Kuzey Akdeniz -Orta Doğu (C) ve Yemen (Y) hatlarında toplanmıştır. Günümüzde 29 alttür ile temsil edilmektedir ve bu sayı halen tartışmalıdır. SEM yöntemi çeşitli taksonlara ait taksonomik problemlerin çözümü ve yeni taksonların tanımlarında başvurulan bir yöntem haline gelmiştir. Ancak bal arılarında bilinen diagnostik karakterlerdeki mikrofarklılaşmalar üzerine yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar son derece azdır. Dahası, olası yeni morfolojik karakterlerin tespiti de mümkündür. Bu bakış açısıyla; SEM yöntemi kullanılarak alttürlerin ve/veya ekotiplerin kısa bir analiz işlemi ile hızlı bir şekilde ayırt edilebilmesi, yeni populasyonların tanımlarının yapılabilmesi mümkündür.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bal arısı biyoçeşitliliğini açıklamada SEM morfolojisi yönteminin uygulanabilirliğini değerlendirmek ve taksonomik çalışmalarda klasik ve modern yaklaşımları destekleyecek karakter analizleri yapmaktır.

Bu çalışma, Rana Özdemir'in yüksek lisans tezinin bir bölümünü içermektedir ve “Düzce ili bal arısı biyolojik çeşitliliğinin SEM morfolojisi yöntemi ile araştırılması (2021.21.09.1164)” başlıklı proje tarafından desteklenmiştir.

PERCEIVED IMPACT OF TEA FARMING ON LIVELIHOODS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN PANCHAGARH DISTRICT

Abdullahi Ali Ibrahim — 2025-05-29

Key Words: Livelihood, Smallholder tea growers, Percieved impact, Tea farmers, Panchagarh district

Tıbbi Aromatik Bitkiler için yapılan çalışmanın özet metni

Nisanur Alaca — 2025-05-29

Küresel ısınma ile artan sıcaklık, azalan su kaynakları peyzaj tasarımında kullanılan bitki türlerinin seçiminde sınırlama getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, belirlenen koşullarda uygun olabilecek, kekik (Thymus sp.) ve adaçayı (Salvia sp.) türlerinin botanik özellikleri, ekolojik gereksinimleri, yetiştirme teknikleri ve peyzaj tasarım çalışmalarında kullanımını incelenmektedir. Her iki bitki de tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler arasında önemli bir yere sahip olup sağlık, kozmetik ve gıda sektörlerinde geniş kullanım alanına sahiptir. Ayrıca, ekolojiye uygun sürdürülebilir peyzaj tasarımlarında fazlasıyla tercih edilmektedir. Kekik türleri, özellikle Akdeniz iklimine adapte olmuş olup, iyi drene edilen, kireçli ve kumlu-tınlı topraklarda başarılı şekilde yetiştirilmektedir. Uçucu yağ içeriği açısından yüksek değere sahip olan kekik, antimikrobiyal, antioksidan ve antiinflamatuvar özellikleriyle öne çıkmaktadır. Adaçayı ise ılıman iklim koşullarına uyum sağlayan ve toprak seçiciliği düşük olan bir bitkidir. Bununla birlikte, adaçayı bitkisi aynı zamanda antioksidan ve iltihap önleyici bileşenleri sayesinde bağışıklık sistemini destekleyici etkileriyle bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, adaçayının beyin fonksiyonlarını destekleyici etkileri olduğu, hafızayı güçlendirdiği ve sinir sistemine olumlu katkılar sunduğu belirlenmiştir. Kekik (Thymus sp.) ve adaçayı (Salvia sp.) türlerinin polinatörleri çekerek biyolojik çeşitliliği desteklediği ve sürdürülebilir tarım için önemli olduğu belirtilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, Thymus sp. ve Salvia sp. türlerinin kuraklığa dayanıklı olması, xeriscaping uygulamalarında avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bu bitki türlerinin doğal zararlılara karşı dirençli olması, kimyasal pestisit kullanımını azaltarak ekolojik tarım uygulamalarına katkı sunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, kekik ve adaçayı türleri tıbbi, aromatik ve peyzaj uygulamaları açısından büyük potansiyele sahiptir. Ekonomik değeri yüksek bu bitkilerin, ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik ve çevresel iyileştirme açısından da önemli katkılar sunduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak artan kuraklık koşullarında, su kullanımını optimize eden bitkilerin seçilmesi, gelecekte tarımsal üretimde ve peyzaj tasarımlarında önemli bir strateji olacaktır. Çalışmamızda, değerlendirilecek bitkilerle oluşturulmuş peyzaj alanlarında Sketchup, Lumion programlarında titizlikle detaylı modelleme yapılarak görseller oluşturulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kekik, Adaçayı, Ekoloji, Yetiştirme Teknikleri, Peyzaj Kullanımı, Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler, Sürdürülebilir Tarım, Xeriscape

Farklı Oranlarda Glisirizik Asit Kullanımının Sarıağız (Argyrosomus regius) Juvenillerinde Büyüme Parametrelerine Olan Etkileri

Hakan Borucuoğlu — 2025-05-29

Akuakültür sektörü, gelişen teknoloji ile paralel olarak Akdeniz ülkeleri ve ülkemizde gelişim göstermektedir. Ancak artan üretim miktarı da beraberinde yeni sorunları gündeme getirmiştir. Özellikle balık sağlığı ve ürün kalitesinin geliştirlşmesi açısından her geçen gün yeni katkı maddeleri tanımlanmaktadır. Glisirizik asitte (GA) son yıllarda hem insan sağlığı hemde tarım ve akuakültürde kullanımı yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde üretilen potansiyel yeni türlerin başında gelen sarıağız (Argyrosomus regius) juvenillerinde glisirizik asidin büyümenin yanında asit ve alkalin proteaz aktivitesine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Toplamda 60 gün ve 3 tekrarlı süren denemelerde ortalama 8,38±0,23 cm boy ve 9,86±0,29 g ağırlığa sahip 180 adet sarıağız yavrusu 2 grupta kontrol (0 ml.kg^-1 GA) ve deneme grubu (4 ml.kg^-1GA) olmak üzere 2 farklı diyetle beslenmiştir. Deneme sonunda 4 ml.kg^-1GA eklenen gruptan elde edilen hem yem dönüşüm oranı (FCR) ve spesifik büyüme oranı (SGR) (p<0.01) hem de asit ve alkalin proteaz aktivitelerinde önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Bununla birlikte yaşama oranı oranı açısından deneme grupları açısından bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak yeme 4 ml.kg^-1GA eklenmesinin sarıağız kültüründe başta büyüme performansı olmak üzere enzimatik aktivitede ve besleme parametlerinde de önemli olumlu sonuçlar sağladığı tespit edilmiştir.

Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants Belonging to Family Fabaceae

Md. Shakib Al Islam — 2025-05-29

Many plants from the Fabaceae family have long been used for their pharmacological and protective properties, gaining popularity for commercial and academic purposes. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical potential of eight high-value species from the Bangladesh Agricultural University Botanical Garden namely: Lojjaboti (Mimosa pudica L.), Krisnachura (Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.), Edanchi (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.), Kolka-sunda (Senna occidentalis (L.) Link), Koroi (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.), Karanja (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre), Shingra (Cynometra ramiflora L.) and Rati (Abrus precatorius L.). Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and major pigments (chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids) were measured using standard protocols. The findings indicated that S. tora had the highest TPC (15.999 mg GAE/g DW) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with 8.25 mg AA/g FW, while A. lebbeck exhibited maximum TFC (27 mg QUE/g DW). M. pudica had the highest levels of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (a+b), with 1.58 mg/g FW and 2.62 mg/g FW, respectively. D. regia leaf showed the highest amount of chlorophyll b (1.81mg/g FW) and carotenoids content (4.52 mg/g FW). Significant positive relationships were found between different phytochemicals such as TPC and TAC; total chlorophyll and total carotenoids, while a non-significant relationship was found between TAC and other pigments. The species were categorized into three clusters and the phytochemicals were grouped into two groups. Variations were observed among all the species, but S. tora and M. pudica were placed into cluser-1 containing highest phytochemical contents while C. ramiflora showed lowest phytochemicals which placed into cluser-3 and remaining others were in cluster-2. These findings suggested the potential of these plants as promising sources for medicine development, with their bioactivity supporting their strong recommendation for their use in traditional medicine.

Çipura (Sparus aurata, L.) Larva Yetiştiriciliğinde Erken Dönemde Canlı Yem Kullanımının Azaltılması Enzimatik ve Histomorfolojik Gelişime Olan Etkileri

Özge Aksu — 2025-05-29

Son yıllarda artan üretim maliyetleri deniz balığı yetiştiriciliğinde maliyetleri düşürmeye ve sürdürülebilirliği artırmaya yönelik alternatif beslenme stratejilerini gündeme getirmiştir. Canlı yem üretiminin yüksek iş gücü ve uygulama gerektirmesi üreticileri bu alanda kısıtlamalara ve yeni katkı maddelerinin kullanımına yönlendirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde yoğun olarak üretimi yapılan çipura (Sparus aurata) larvalarının beslenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan canlı yem olan rotiferin (Brachionus plicatilis) kademeli olarak azaltılmasının enzimatik ve histolojik açıdan etkileri incelenmiştir. Deneme kapsamında biri kontrol kalan üçü deneme grubu olmak üzere toplamda 4 deneme grubu üç tekrarlı olarak tasarlanmış ve kontrol grubundaki çipura larvalarına verilen rotifer miktarı azaltılmaz iken diğer deneme gruplarında sırasıyla %25, %50 ve %75 oranlarında azaltılma yapılmıştır. Azaltılan oranda yerine ticari bir ürün olan Natura Pro^® kullanılmıştır. Deneme sonunda, %25 ve %50 rotifer azaltımı ile beslenen larvaların, tam rotifer takviyesi alan kontrol grubuyla benzer büyüme performansı, total proteaz aktivitesi ve gastrointestinal histomorfolojiye sahip olduğunu ve istatistiksel farklılık olmadığını göstermiştir (p>0.05). Ancak, rotifer kullanımının %75 oranında azaltılması, önemli şekilde düşük büyüme hızı, enzimatik aktivite ve gastrointestinal histomorfolojide gelişim bozuklukları ile daha yüksek mortaliteye yol açmış ve rotifer takviyesinin larva sağlığı ve gelişimi için kritik bir eşik oluşturduğunu ortaya koymuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak çipura larva kültüründe erken dönemde larvanın besinsel gereksinimi göz önünde bulundurularak eklenen katkı maddeleri desteği ile canlı yemin %25 ile %50 oranlarında azaltılmasının ekonomik ve anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Effect of Needle Micro-Perforation Pretreatment as an Alternative to Alkaline Dipping Solution in Grape Drying on Bioactive Compounds

Ebru Köroğlu — 2025-05-29

Grape (Vitis sp.) is widely consumed and cultivated globally. In addition to being consumed fresh, as wine, juice, or dried fruit, it is known for its bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, and tannins, which provide health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. However, grapes are highly susceptible to microbial spoilage due to their high water content, limiting their shelf life. Drying is one of the most common methods used to extend grape shelf life. Pre-treatments before drying facilitate moisture removal, accelerating the drying process and preserving nutrients.

This study investigates the potential of needle micro-perforation (0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm needle lengths) as an alternative to the widely used dipping method. The total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH and CUPRAC), and anthocyanin content of Kavacık grapes (Vitis vinifera L. "Alphonse Lavallée" variety) were analyzed. Pre-treated grapes were dried using static and convective methods at 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C, and their bioactive compounds were evaluated.

Results showed that different pre-treatments had varying effects on bioactive compounds. Needle micro-perforation was as effective as the dipping method in preserving total phenolics, antioxidants, and anthocyanins. In static drying, the total phenolic content of samples with needle micro-perforation was approximately 250 mg per 100 g of dry matter higher than that of samples with the dipping treatment. In convective drying, this difference increased to about 400 mg per 100 g of dry matter. Similarly, antioxidant capacity was about 10 µmol Trolox equivalent per gram of dry matter higher in needle micro-perforation samples under static drying and 20 µmol higher under convective drying.

In conclusion, needle micro-perforation effectively preserves bioactive compounds and can be considered an alternative to the dipping method.

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil and Medicinal Plants (Bryophyllum Pinnatum[BPi] and Vernonia Amygdalina [VA]) using Risk Assessment Indices

Oluwadurotimi Olutosin Akintade — 2025-05-29

The study of heavy metal contamination in soil and plants is crucial in environmental science because it has significant implications for ecosystem health and human well-being. Heavy metals have become environmental pollutants due to human activities such as industrialization, agricultural intensification, and urbanization. The aim of this research is to analyse heavy metals in soil and medicinal plant of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (BPi) and Vernonia Amygdalina (VA) using environmental and health risk indices.

The soil and medicinal plant (leaves, stem, root) for heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb) were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The soil and medicinal plant (leaves, stem, root) calculated environmental and health risk assessment. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation.

The heavy metal concentrations in soil for BPi and VA ranged from 15.82-217.33 and 366.38-513.60 mg/kg for Mn; 8541.78-9632.78 and 6500.23-16045.03 mg/kg for Fe; 16.30-18.93 and 5.95-23.58 mg/kg for Cu; 161.18-202.35 and 18.88-255.28 mg/kg for Zn; 12.93-18.63 and 6.00-15.58 mg/kg for Cr while Pb is 24.60-30.20 and 0.00-23.65 mg/kg. Heavy metal concentrations in medicinal plants (leaves, stem and root) of BPi and VA ranged from 3.08-72.60 and 8.53-109.13 mg/L for Mn; 36.05-2546.34 and 159.23-382.63 mg/kg for Fe; 5.55-13.68 and 4.13-14.05 mg/kg for Cu; 6.55-104.85 and 9.78-58.78 mg/kg for Zn; 0.0020.75 and 0.00-6.15 mg/kg for Cr while Pb was 0.00-18.08 and 0.00-0.00 mg/kg. Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb were below the WHO allowable level while Fe especially in the soil was above the WHO permissible limit. The heavy metals was positively correlated in medicinal plants and soil of BPi and VA which are: Mn (1.00 and 1.00); Fe (0.99 and 0.93); Cu (0.93 and 0.77); Zn (0.96 and 0.68); Cr (0.70 and 0.87); Pb (0.95 and 0.67). Ecological risk assessment shows that the soil of the medicinal plants indicates severe pollution. Health risk assessment observes HI < 1, and do not pose non-carcinogenic risk in both plants and soil for adults and children. Also, the two medicinal plants did not pose carcinogenic risk because their Pb and Cr value are 0.00 which is less than 1*10^-4. Non-carcinogenic and Carcinogenic risks assessed on the soil and leaf of plants indicates that the two samples (BPi and VA) can be used for the cure of some illnesses such as cancer and malaria already specified in literature because they have been proven to be below the threshold value.

Tarımda Dijital Teknolojilerin Kullanımı: Üretim ve Pazarlama Açısından Karşılaştırmalı Analiz

Nebi SEREN — 2025-05-29

Bu çalışma öncelikle tarımda dijital teknolojilerin kullanımını iki farklı perspektiften değerlendirerek ortaya koymaktadır. Ardından bu verileri kullanarak yapılan korelasyon analizleriyle iki farklı perspektiften hangisine yoğunlaşan ülkelerin tarım ihracatında daha önde olduğunu göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Scopus veri tabanında başlık, özet veya anahtar kelimeler kısmında "agriculture" kelimesini içeren ve tüm alanlar kısmında "digital technology" ve "production" anahtar kelimelerini içeren yayınlar tarım üretiminde dijital teknolojilerin araştırıldığı yayınlar olarak kaydedilmiştir. Ardından yine Scopus veri tabanında başlık, özet veya anahtar kelimeler kısmında "agriculture" kelimesini içeren ve tüm alanlar kısmında ise "digital technology" ve "marketing" kelimelerini içeren yayınlar tarım ürünleri pazarlamasında dijital teknolojilerin araştırıldığı yayınlar olarak kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen bu iki veri seti OECD veri tabanlarından elde edilen ihracat verileri ile korelasyon analizine tabi tutularak tarım, dijital teknolojiler, üretim ve pazarlama ekseninde etkileşimler ortaya konmuştur. Tüm elde edilen veriler içerisinden ihracat verilerine ulaşılan OECD üyesi ülkeler seçildikten sonra bu ülkelerin belirtilen koşullara sahip akademik yayın sayıları ayrı tablolarda verilmiştir. OECD üyesi ülkeler üzerinde gerçekleştirilen korelasyon analizi, 2020–2024 dönemine ait ortalama tarım ihracat hacimleri ile Scopus veri tabanında indekslenen tarım, dijital teknolojiler ve üretim terimlerini içeren bilimsel yayın sayısı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve güçlü bir pozitif ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Pearson korelasyon katsayısı r = 0.813 olarak hesaplanmış olup, anlamlılık düzeyi p = 0.004 bulunmuştur. Benzer korelasyon analizi tarım, dijital teknolojiler ve pazarlama terimleri içeren yayınlar ile yapıldığında Pearson korelasyon katsayısı: r = 0.958 anlamlılık düzeyi p: 0.001 olarak elde dilmiştir. Bu bulgu, OECD üye ülkeleri üzerinde yapılan incelemede tarım alanında daha yüksek düzeyde akademik çıktı üreten ülkelerin (hem üretim hem pazarlama terimleri içeren yayınlar) tarım sektöründeki ihracat performanslarının da daha yüksek olma eğiliminde olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, akademik üretkenlik ile uluslararası tarım ticaretinde elde edilen ekonomik çıktılar arasında potansiyel bir ilişki olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Effect of Orange Albedo on Nutritional, Functional and Cooking Properties of Semolina Pasta

Hatice Sena Olcay — 2025-05-29

In this study, the effect of debittered orange albedo on the nutritional, functional and cooking properties of pasta samples was investigated. Orange albedo was substituted into durum wheat semolina at 2.5%, 5% and 10% levels and the moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, energy, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, water uptake and cooking loss of the pasta samples were determined. Albedo substitution increased the fat content (p>0.05), ash content (p<0.05), carbohydrate content (p>0.05) and energy value (p>0.05) of pasta samples. Pasta sample without added albedo was found to have the lowest total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, water uptake and cooking loss, and as the albedo substitution rate increased, total phenolic content (p>0.05), antioxidant activity (p<0.05), water uptake (p>0.05) and cooking loss (p<0.05) of pasta samples increased. The use of albedo, one of the by-products of the food industry, in pasta production has both increased the functionality of the pasta and recovered a product separated as waste.

Alternative Protein Sources Used in Poultry Nutrition: Insects

Özlem Erol — 2025-05-29

In animal nutrition, it is important to provide a balanced diet that is sufficient in terms of protein to ensure the continuity of vital activities. The protein composition of the feed given to the animal should be both economical and sustainable and environmentally friendly. When the protein given to the animal is sufficient, it strengthens the animal's immunity and reduces the risk of contracting diseases, but when it is insufficient, the animals' productivity decreases and if the insufficiency is not met for a long time, it can result in death. In broiler chicken production, where high live weight gain is targeted in a short time, it is important to meet the high protein and energy needs of the animals. In this context, animal and plant protein sources are used to meet the protein needs in poultry nutrition. Today, as a solution to the problems experienced in the supply of these resources as a result of their insufficiency and high cost, sustainable alternative protein and feed raw material searches continue. Insects, potentially requiring less space and water and also being able to be produced quickly on organic wastes, show that they are economically feasible alternative protein sources. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of using insects in animal nutrition are discussed and studies conducted on poultry nutrition of some insects are mentioned.

Şalgam Benzeri bir Ürün Üretiminde Sütçülük Yan Ürünü Olarak Ayrılan Permeat ve Süzme Yoğurt Suyunun Kullanılabilirliğinin Belirlenmesi

İlayda ÖZÇELİK — 2025-05-29

Fermantasyon bir gıdayı olduğundan daha dayanıklı hale getirmek için kullanılan etkin ve ekonomik bir yöntemdir. Mutfak kültürlerinde fermente ürünlerin önemli bir yeri vardır. Fermente ürünler bakımından oldukça kapsamlı ve zengin olan Türk mutfağı içerisinde ayran, sirke, boza, süt temelli ve biyoaktif peptit olan kımız, kefir ve birçok sebzeden üretilen turşular salamura sularıyla içecek olarak tüketilebilir. Mevzubahis olan şalgam suyu da fermente bir içecek olup, Türk kültüründe yer almaktadır. Permeat sütün ultrafiltrasyon sırasında membrandan geçen sıvı kısımdır. Ultrafiltrasyon yönteminin bir yan ürünü olan permeat yüksek düzeyde protein barındırır. Fabrikalarda genellikle kullanılmayan permeat sütçülük atığı olarak kabul edilir ve çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Süzme yoğurt ülkemizde tüketilen fermente süt ürünlerinden biridir. Süzme yoğurt üretiminde açığa çıkan yoğurt suyu mineraller ve laktoz bakımından zengindir.

Bu çalışmada, süt ürünleri endüstrisinde atık madde olarak bilinen süzme yoğurt suyu ve permeat suyunun kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bu atık maddelerin LAB ve biyoaktif madde açısından zengin olduğu bilinmektedir. Formülasyonda su yerine süzme yoğurt suyu ve permeat suyu kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, çalışmada, üretilen şalgam suyunun fiziksel ve duyusal özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu amaçla, şalgam suyu üretimi için sanayiden süzme yoğurt suyu ve permeat suyu temin edilmiş, kontrol örnek olarak ise içme suyu kullanılmıştır. İşlenmiş numunelerdeki değişiklikler fermantasyon süresince ve fermantasyondan sonra belirlenmiştir. Bu sırada örnekler, pH, asitlik, renk analizleri ve duyusal açıdan analiz edilerek, atık suların hem fermantasyonun ilerlemesi hem de fermantasyon sonrası nihai ürün üzerindeki etkileri belirlenmiştir.

Biostimulants Commonly Preferred Nevşehir Yöresinde Patates Yetiştiriciliğinde Yaygın Olarak Tercih Edilen Biyostimülantlar ve Üretimdeki Etkileri

Serap Özer — 2025-05-29

Günümüzde tarım, üretimde verimlilik ve sürdürülebilirlik konularında büyük zorluklar ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu zorluklar tarımsal metodlarda çevre dostu ve yenilikçi çözümlerin benimsenmesini ve uygulanmasını gerektirmektedir. Biyostimülantlar, tarımsal üretim sahasında uygulandığında büyümeyi teşvik eden, bitki sağlığını optimize eden, abiyotik stres faktörlerine karşı yetiştiriciliği yapılan bitkiyi güçlü kılan, tohuma, bitkiye ve toprağa uygulanabilen doğal veya biyolojik kökenli materyallerdir. Biyolojik kökenli oluşu ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliği desteklemesi nedeniyle üretimde aktifleşmesi ve yaygınlaşması için tanımının ve tanıtımının etkin bir şekilde yapılması önem arz etmektedir.1997 yılında, Virginia Tech ve Eyalet Üniversitesi Bitki ve Toprak Çevre Bilimleri bölümü uzmanları Zhang ve Schmidt, biyostimülanları "bitki büyümesini destekleyen az miktarda malzeme" olarak tanımladılar. Bazı araştırıcılar biyostimülantları bitkilerin besinleri almasına yardımcı olma ve ürün kalitesini artırma konusundaki benzerliklerine dayanarak bitki besleme ürünleri ile aynı kategoride değerlendirmektedir. Biyostimülantların sınıflandırmaları tamamen kesinleşmekle birlikte önemli kategorileri bazı çalışmalar sonucunda belirlenmiştir. Bu kategorilerden bazıları deniz yosunu ve bitki ekstraktları, amino asit ve diğer azotlu birleşikler, yararlı mantar ve bakteriler, humik ve fulvik asitler olup yapılan bu çalışmada Nevşehir yöresinde yetiştiriciliği yaygın olarak sürdürülen patates bitkisi üzerinde farklı firmalara ait biyostimülantlar farklı alanlarda ve farklı ekolojik koşullarda denenmiş ve etkileri gözlemlenmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı, biyolojik kökenli materyallerin patates üretimindeki etkilerini ortaya koymak ve farkındalık oluşturmaktır. Çalışmanın sonucunda kullanılan biyostimülantların patates bitkisinin fizyolojisi, besin elementlerine ulaşımı ve stres toleransına etkileri derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyostimülant, Patates, Fulvik Asit, Bakteri, Bitki ekstraktları

A Traditional Fermented Food: Miso

Hümeyra Duymaz — 2025-05-29

Son yıllarda sağlıklı beslenmeye olan ilginin artmasıyla birlikte, Miso gibi fermente gıdaların önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Miso, çok eski yıllardan bu yana üretilen ve tüketilen önemli bir fermente gıdadır. M.Ö. birinci yüzyılda, Çin’de “Chiang” olarak isimlendirilen Miso benzeri ürün, daha sonra Japonya ve diğer Doğu ülkelerine yayılarak “Miso” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Miso üretimi amacıyla öncelikle pişmiş pirinç, arpa veya soya fasulyesi ezilerek yabani küf sporlarıyla fermente edilmekte (Koji), ardından elde edilen Koji, tuz ve suyla karıştırılarak çömleklerde ikinci fermantasyona bırakılmaktadır. Fermantasyon süresi Miso’nun çeşidine bağlı olarak değişmekte, renk ve lezzet yoğunluğu daha uzun fermantasyon süresine paralel olarak artmaktadır. Geleneksel Miso, evlerde küçük partiler halinde yapılırken, bunun yerini son yıllarda ticari Miso üretimi almıştır. Miso, özellikle esansiyel aminoasitler açısından oldukça zengindir. Koji ve Miso’da yer alan mikroorganizmalar, ürünün benzersiz tadının, dokusunun, besin profilinin ve sağlık üzerine olumlu etkilerinin oluşumunu sağlamaktadır. Miso hem tuzlu hem de tatlı yiyeceklerde lezzet arttırıcı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, Koji ve Miso’nun fiziksel, kimyasal, biyoaktif ve duyusal özellikleri ile ilgili çalışmalar ayrıntılı olarak tartışılmaktadır.

Şalgam suyu artığı havuç tozunun yoğurt üretiminde değerlendirilmesi

Hasan TANGÜLER — 2025-05-23

Yoğurt, sütün laktik asit kültürleriyle mayalanması sonucu elde edilen fermente bir süt ürünüdür. Yüksek besin değeri ve sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkileri nedeniyle birçok araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Şalgam suyu ise laktik asit fermantasyonu ile üretilen, kendine özgü ekşi tadı ve koyu kırmızı rengiyle bilinen geleneksel bir içecektir. Son yıllarda şalgam suyu üretiminin artmasıyla birlikte fabrikalarda büyük miktarda üretim artığı ortaya çıkmakta ve değerlendirilemediği takdirde ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma, şalgam suyu üretimi sırasında açığa çıkan siyah havuç artıklarının değerlendirilerek yoğurt üretiminde kullanım potansiyelini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, şalgam suyu artıkları siyah havuç, içilebilir şalgam suyundan ayrıldıktan sonra dondurularak kurutulmuş, toz haline getirilmiş ve farklı oranlarda (%0, %0.1, %0.25, %0.5, %1.0, %2.5) yoğurt formülasyonlarına eklenmiştir. Üretilen yoğurt örneklerinde pH, toplam asitlik, kuru madde, protein, antioksidan kapasite ve renk (L*, a*, b*) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş, ayrıca depolama sürecinde (1., 7., 15. ve 21. günler) bu parametrelerdeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, şalgam suyu artığı fermente havuç tozu ilavesi yoğurdun pH ve L* ile b* değerlerinde azalmaya neden olurken, toplam asitlik, kurumadde, antioksidan kapasite ve a* değerlerinde artış sağladığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, şalgam suyu üretimi sonucu ortaya çıkan fermente siyah havuç artıklarının fonksiyonel özellikleri artırılmış yoğurt üretiminde değerlendirilebileceği ve böylece gıda endüstrisinde atık yönetimi açısından önemli bir katkı sağlayabileceği belirlenmiştir.

İç Mimarlık Eğitiminde Mesleki Uygulama Bilgisi, Keşif, Metraj ve Yaklaşık Maliyet

ALİ AKÇAOVA — 2025-05-29

İç mimarlık eğitimi, teorik bilgilerin yanı sıra tasarım bilgi ve becerisi, malzeme bilgisi, şantiye uygulama bilgileri ve maaliyet hesapları gibi konuları kapsayan bilim dalıdır. Öğrencilerin eğitim sürecinde temel tasarım bilgileri yanı sıra, mesleki uygulama içerikli dersleri de yer almaktadır. Bu derslerin amacı, öğrencileri şantiye ortamında projenin uygulama safhasın ve öncesinde yapılması gereken işlemleri ele almaktır. İç mimari projede tasarım sürecinde karar verilen malzemelerin birimlerine göre metraj miktarlarının çıkartılması, fire hesapları, pozisyon numaraları, yaklaşık maaliyeti (keşif), uygulama aşamasına geçmeden önce, iç mimar tarafından yönetilmelidir. Bu kapsamda çalışma Selçuk Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi İç Mimarlık bölümü 7. Dönem müfredatında zorunlu ders olarak yer alan Yapı Metraj ve Keşif kapsamında uygulanan ders içeriğini incelemektedir. Ders kapsamında fiziki olarak belirlenen mekânın iç mimari proje aşamaları, rölöve, metraj, keşif ve yaklaşık maaliyet hesaplamaları ele alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamına İç mimarlık 4. Sınıf öğrencilerinin, Yapı metraj ve Keşif dersinin yürütüldüğü 411 numaralı dersliğin aynı fonksiyon ile yeniden tasarlanması istenmiştir. Proje kapsamına tasarım süreci, rölöve, metraj, keşif ve uygulanacak işlerin organizasyon sıralaması ve yaklaşık maaliyet hesapları istenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın iç mimarlık alanında yaklaşık metraj cetveli ve maliyet hesaplamalarının nasıl yapılabileceğine yönelik bir örnek oluşturması ve literatüre katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Gluten-free Noodles from Cassava-Bambara groundnut Composite Flour: Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Acceptability

ROSEMOND DADZIE — 2025-05-29

The aim of this study was to develop gluten-free noodles with enhanced nutritional quality using cassava and Bambara groundnut flours as alternative ingredients. A combined mixture-process design was applied to investigate the effects of two mixture components (cassava and Bambara groundnut flours) and two process factors (whole egg and xanthan gum) on the quality attributes of noodles. The responses (protein content, ash content, L*-values, Hue, chroma, browning index, weight gain, and cooking loss) were modelled by mixture-process equations. The results indicated that the protein, ash, and weight gain of the noodles increased with an increase of both cassava and Bambara groundnut flours. The noodles were optimised based on the desirability function and three optimal formulations were selected for sensory evaluation. The formulation with the highest desirability index (0.82) consisted of 70.4 % cassava flour, 29.57 % Bambara groundnut flour, 40 % whole egg, and 0.49 % xanthan gum. However, the sensory panel preferred the formulation without Bambara groundnut flour (100% cassava flour, 36.92% whole egg, and 0.23% xanthan gum), although the addition of Bambara groundnut flour enhanced protein, ash, fat and fibre contents, weight gain, phytochemical composition, hardness, chewiness and gumminess of the noodles, while reducing cooking loss.

Tarımsal Üretimde Su Ayak İzinin Hesaplanmasında Kullanılan Yöntemler

Burak Şen — 2025-05-29

Tarımsal üretimde su ayak izi, su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir yönetimi için kritik bir değerlendirme aracıdır. Su ayak izi, tarımsal üretimde kullanılan su miktarını analiz ederek hem çevresel sürdürülebilirliği hem de ekonomik verimliliği artırmaya yardımcı olur. Tarım sektöründe su yönetimi, azalan su kaynakları, iklim değişikliği ve artan nüfus gibi faktörler nedeniyle giderek daha karmaşık hale gelmektedir. Su ayak izi hesaplama yöntemleri, doğrudan ölçümler ve hesaplanmış değerlerin kombinasyonuna dayanır. Sulama yöntemleri, bitki türleri, toprak yapısı ve iklim koşulları gibi faktörler su ihtiyacını belirler. Bu hesaplamalar, tarımsal işletmelere sürdürülebilir su yönetimi stratejileri geliştirme fırsatı sunar. Özellikle kablosuz sensörler ve uzaktan algılama teknolojileri, su kullanımının gerçek zamanlı izlenmesini sağlayarak suyun daha verimli kullanılmasına katkıda bulunur. Su yönetimi politikalarının etkin uygulanması, ekosistem dengelerinin korunmasına ve tarımsal sürdürülebilirliğin artırılmasına yardımcı olur. Çiftçilerin, su yöneticilerinin ve yerel toplulukların bu süreçlere dahil edilmesi, su tasarrufunu teşvik eder. Eğitim programları ve farkındalık kampanyaları, doğru sulama tekniklerinin uygulanmasını sağlayarak tarımsal su kullanımını optimize etmeye yardımcı olabilir. Sonuç olarak, tarımsal üretimde su ayak izinin doğru hesaplanması ve yönetilmesi, gelecekte su kaynaklarının korunması ve sürdürülebilir tarımsal kalkınmanın sağlanması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Su verimliliği artırıldıkça, çevresel ve ekonomik faydalar sağlanarak tarımsal üretkenlik optimize edilebilir.

Effect of Gibberellin acid on Mechanical and Morpho-physical properties of Seedless grapes

Marie Grace Uwisize — 2025-05-29

Gibberellic acid, a bio-regulator commercially used for berry elongation in seedless grapes. The European grape species (Vitis vinifera L.) is characterized by easily breakable flesh and prone to cracking in high rainfall areas. The firmness of flesh is the major determinant factor for eating quality of table grapes and firmer flesh is usually preferred by the consumers. As the grape production sector under subtropical plains is handicapped by berry cracking due to pre-monsoon showers, the present investigation was carried at Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IARI, New Delhi in 2017-18 for improving the textural properties of seedless grapes through pre-harvest application of gibberellic acid (GA₃). Four different concentrations of GA₃(20, 30, 40, 60 ppm) were applied at 20 days after full bloom stage. Five seedless grape varieties viz., Pusa Seedless, Perlette, Beauty Seedless, Pusa Trishar, and Pusa Aditi were taken for this study. The highest firmness value was obtained at 40 ppm GA₃concentration in Pusa Aditi (5.35 N), Beauty Seedless (4.78 N), Perlette (4.13 N), Pusa Trishar (3.81 N) and Pusa Seedless (3.76 N). In cv. Pusa Seedless, the highest bunch weight (447.73 g), bunch length (21.13 cm), berry weight (1.78 g), berry length (1.58 cm) and berry diameter (1.28 cm) was obtained with 60 ppm GA₃. In cv. Perlette, the highest bunch weight (447.23 g), bunch length (19.23 cm), berry weight (2.75 g), obtained with 40 ppm GA₃, whereas maximum berry length (17.4 mm), and berry diameter (16.48 mm) was obtained with 60 ppm GA_3.In cv. Beauty Seedless, the highest bunch weight (312.76 g), bunch length (16.22 cm), berry weight (3.47 g), berry length (17.49 mm), and berry diameter (14.04 mm) was obtained with 40 ppm GA₃. In Pusa Trishar, the highest bunch weight (661.23 g), bunch length (27.34 cm), berry weight (3.45 g), berry length (17.68 mm), and berry diameter (16.33 mm) was obtained with 40 ppm GA₃. In Pusa Aditi, the highest bunch weight (520.41 g), bunch length (24.62 cm), berry weight (4.31 g), berry length (21.95 mm), and berry diameter (19.14 mm) was obtained with 40 ppm GA₃.

Impact of zinc fertilizer on zinc content rice varieties to curve the disease status at farmer’s field in Bangladesh

Mohammad abul Monsur — 2025-05-29

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient, that play a positive role in plant defense system to exclude the development and enzymatic reaction of different phytopathogens. Zn is responsible for sustainable plant growth by focusing the nutrient signaling and disease resistance mechanism. Zinc is also a crucial micronutrient for human health. In Asia, more than one billion peoples, specifically children and pregnant women are suffering to Zn deficiency problem. So, by producing zinc content rice variety we can reduce rice disease pressure and can fill-up our zinc requirements in human health. We did an experiment to observe the Sheath blight, Brown spot and Bacterial leaf blight disease status in farmer’s field under Shirajgonj district in Bangladesh, where soil content minimum zinc level. Two zinc content rice variety BRRI dhan62 (19.8 milligram/kg), BRRI dhan72 (22.8 milligram/kg) and as a control check two non-zinc rice variety BRRI dhan52 and BRRI dhan87 were transplanted in rain fed season. Three doses of zinc fertilizer were used i) Zn present in soil 0.93 ppm (control) ii) soil test based recommended dose iii) soil test base double of recommended dose. Split-splot design and three replications were followed, where zinc fertilizer were applied in main plot and variety in subplot. We found that disease incidence (DI and Disease severity (DS) in all three diseases like Sheath blight, Brown spot and Bacterial leaf blight disease significantly lower where applied zinc double of recommended doses in rice variety BRRI dhan62 and BRRIdhan72. Disease incidence were 4% (sheath blight), 3% (Brown spot) and 5.7% (Bacterial leaf blight) in BRRI dhan72, where in BRRI dhan87 DI were 12.3% (Sheath blight), 11.7% (Brown spot) and 14% (Bacterial leaf blight) in double of recommended doses zinc treatment. Double doses recommended zinc decrease nitrogen content in all four rice varieties, but Potassium content increase in Zinc rice variety (BRRI dhan72, and BRRI dhan62) and decrease in non-zinc variety (BRRI dhan52 and BRRI dhan87) at booting stage. Zinc content were found 44.95 ppm, 50.17ppm, 52.09 ppm and 62.59ppm at BRRI dhan52, BRRI dhan87, BRRI dhan62 and BRRI dhan72, respectively at booting stage. Disease incidence and severity were minimum in BRRI dhan 72, because it contents higher zinc. Thus, it is important to cultivate zinc content rice variety and apply soil test base zinc fertilizer to reduce disease pressure for better yield and ensure sound health status.

Süt Sığırlarında Topallık Tespitinde Bilgisayar Görüsü Tabanlı Güncel Uygulamalar

Furkan Aksoy — 2025-05-29

Topallık, süt endüstrisinde süt azalması ve erken itlaf nedeniyle ekonomik kayıplara yol açan üç yaygın bozukluktan biridir. Sürü verimliliğini ve hayvan refahını etkilemektedir ve etkisini en aza indirmek için etkili yönetim stratejileri gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle, çevresel sürdürülebilirliğe odaklanarak süt hayvancılığında topallığın kesin ve uygulanabilir bir şekilde tespit edilmesi çok önemlidir. Topal ineklerde topallığın tespitine yönelik görsel hareket skoru yaklaşımı, bedensel anormalliklerin farklı kombinasyonların değerlendirilmesini içeren kalitatif analize dayanır, gözlem becerisi ve uzmanlık gerektirir. Süt sığırlarının yürüyüş ve duruşlarının izlenmesinde bilgisayarla görme (CV) teknolojisinin kullanılması, zaman çizelgesi üzerinde video verilerinin toplanması, hızlı teşhis için özellikle uygundur. CV'de hareket skorunun belirlenmesinde yer alan süreçler şu şekilde tanımlanmaktadır: veri toplama, ön işleme, vücut bölgelerinin tanımlanması, özelliklerin çıkarılması ve sınıflandırıcının eğitimi. Bu araştırma, süt sığırlarında topallığın tespiti için araştırma ve uygulamada kullanılan literatürdeki bilgisayarlı görmeye dayalı en son gelişmeleri içermektedir.

İç Mimarlık Eğitiminde Biyomimikrinin Rolü ve Strüktürel Biçimler

ALİ AKÇAOVA — 2025-05-29

Biyomimikri, doğanın tasarım prensiplerini ve süreçlerini taklit ederek insan yapımı sistemlerin geliştirilmesini amaçlayan bir yaklaşımdır. İç mimarlık eğitiminde, biyomimikrinin uygulanması, öğrencilerin yaratıcı düşünme becerilerini geliştirmelerine ve sürdürülebilir tasarım çözümleri oluşturmalarına olanak tanımaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, doğal sistemlerin estetik ve işlevsellik açısından ilham verici özelliklerini iç mekân tasarımına entegre etmeyi hedefler. Bu kapsamda çalışma Selçuk Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi İç Mimarlık bölümü 3. Dönem müfredatında zorunlu ders olarak yer alan Strüktür Bilgisi kapsamında uygulanan ders içeriğini incelemektedir. Ders kapsamında yapının taşıyıcı sistem elemanları kolon, kiriş, döşeme, temel çeşitleri hakkında bilgileri verilmiş ve biyomimikri tasarım yaklaşımının tasarım sürecine katkısı, strüktürel sistem ve kabuk oluşumunun safhaları incelenmiştir. Çalışmada amaç öğrenciler biyomimikri prensiplerini kullanarak, doğadaki yapılar ve organizmaların strüktürel özelliklerini analiz edip, kendi projelerinde tasarım sürecnin ana hatlarını oluşturmasıdır. Biyomimikri kavramı, iç mimarlık eğitiminde yenilikçi ve sürdürülebilir strüktürel biçimlerin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunarak, doğa ile uyumlu tasarım anlayışını benimsemelerine yardımcı olmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamına İç mimarlık 2. Sınıf öğrencilerinin, Strüktür Bilgisi dersi kapsamında proje stüdyosunda çalıştıkları iç mimari projelerine kabuk ve taşıyıcı sistem oluşturulması istenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ortaya çıkan farklı kabuk oluşumları ve doğanın tasarım sürecine olan etkisi öne çıkarılmıştır. Bu çalışma biyomimikri kavramının tasarım sürecinde etkisine yönelik bir örnek oluşturması ve literatüre katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Numidian fir tree (Abies numidica) role in the restoration of high mountain areas in Algerian forests

Hakima KEBAILI — 2025-05-29

The Numidian fir tree (Abies numidica) can play a significant role in the restoration of high mountain areas and the colonization of limestone terrains, as well as in environmental protection. The aim of this work is to study the plant and forests of the Numidian fir tree and to explore its cultivation methods and conditions, including the propagation of this plant in situ (Djebel Babor) and ex situ (Tiner Wlad Saber Nursery in Sétif). It is important to note that micropropagation is a specialized technique that requires specific skills and adequate facilities, including a well-equipped tissue culture laboratory. We have learned from individuals involved in the project that approximately 1500 Numidian fir tree seeds were planted, and among them, 800 trees have survived and grown successfully in the Setif region. This represents an estimated success rate of 53.33%.

Konya Selçuklu İlçesindeki Tropikal Kelebek Bahçesi ve Kalehan Ecdat Parkının Kullanıcı Tercihleri Açısından Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Sertaç Güngör — 2025-05-29

Araştırma materyali olarak, Konya ili Selçuklu ilçesinde yer alan Tropikal Kelebek Bahçesi ve Kalehan Ecdat Parkı kullanıcıları seçilmişlerdir. Yapılan detaylı literatür taramasıyla kent parklarının kullanımına dair mevcut veriler incelenmiş ve literatürden elde edilen veriler ışığında park kullanıcılarının demografik özelliklerini ve park kullanım alışkanlıklarını belirlemek amacıyla anket soruları hazırlanmıştır. Anket soruları, kullanıcıların demografik özelliklerini (cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu, gelir seviyesi ve meslek) içermektedir. Ayrıca, kullanıcıların park ziyaretlerine ilişkin tercihleri, parkları kullanma amaçları, parklarda bulunması gereken birimler ve ekipmanlar, parkların sağladığı faydalar ve aktiviteler gibi parametrelerde değerlendirmeye dahil edilmiştir. Park kullanımının incelenebilmesi için, Kartopu tekniğine göre, hafta içi ve hafta sonu rastgele günlerde alana gidilerek, park kullanıcılarıyla kişisel verilerin korunması kanunu ve gönüllülük esasına dayanarak yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. Yapılan anket, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi Etik Kurul onayı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Güngör 2024’a göre anketten güvenilir sonuçlar elde etmek için evren büyüklüğü hesaplanmıştır. Konya ili, Selçuklu ilçesi 2024 yılı nüfusu dikkate alınarak %95 güven aralığında, %5 hata payı ile anket yapılmış ve toplamda 220 kişi ile anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplanan veriler SPSS programı kullanılarak, Chi-Square analizi ile tespit edilmiştir. Anket sonuçlarına ilişkin frekans dağılımları, çapraz tablolar ve istatistiksel analizler ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anketten elde edilen veriler, nicel ve nitel analiz teknikleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Nicel veriler, frekans ve yüzdelik olarak analiz edilmiş ve demografik özellikler ile park kullanımı arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Nitel veriler ise içerik analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiş ve park kullanıcılarının beklenti ve ihtiyaçları ile park özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler belirlenmiş ve öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Çocuk Oyun Alanı Tasarımında Güvenlik Faktörü: Seydişehir Millet Bahçesi Örneğinde Bir Araştırma

Sertaç Güngör — 2025-05-29

Children's playgrounds should be spaces that support children's interests, imagination and the development of large muscle motor skills, and are designed to allow children to move freely. There is a very special relationship between children and play; children learn, socialize, grow and develop by playing. Safety in children's playgrounds is the most important issue to be considered when designing these areas. The material of the research is the children's playground located in the National Garden in Seydişehir district of Konya province. In order to determine the problems related to security in the park, according to the Snowball technique, a face-to-face survey was conducted with the children and their parents on the basis of the law on the protection of personal data and the principle of volunteerism by going to the area on random days on weekdays and weekends. The survey was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Selçuk University, Faculty of Architecture and Design. 330 children or parents were interviewed, security problems related to the park were revealed and solutions were proposed.

Kahramanmaraş İli Dulkadiroğlu İlçesinde Üzüm Üretiminin Katma Değer Analizi

Fatma Nur YILMAZ — 2025-05-29

Kültüre alınan en eski bitkilerden biri olan asma (Vitis vinifera L.) dünyada ve ülkemizde yetiştirilen ekonomik açıdan önemli bir ılıman iklim bitkisidir. Üzümden üretilen ürünlerden katma değerli ürün geliştirme gündeme gelmesi gereken bir konudur. Fakat bir ürüne katma değer katmak ya da yeni bir ürün geliştirmek belirli bir süreç gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, üzüm üretiminde katma değer analizini Kahramanmaraş ili Dulkadiroğlu ilçesi örnek alınarak test etmektir. Çalışmanın birincil verilerini Kahramanmaraş ili Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde üzüm üretimi yapan üreticiler ile 2024 yılı Ekim – Kasım aylarında yapılan anketlerden elde edilen veriler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada örnek işletmelerin sayısı tabakalı tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenmiş olup örnek hacmi 111 işletme olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırma sonuçlarına göre; Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde bağcılık faaliyetinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı Bertiz yöresinde genel olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan Kabarcık çeşidi çoğunlukla şıralık olarak değerlendirilmesinin yanı sıra sofralık, cevizli sucuk ve bastık olarak da tüketilmektedir. Ayrıca Mahrabaşı, Antep Karası, Azezi, Yıldız Üzümü de üretimi yapılan ve kurutmalık olarak değerlendirilen çeşitlerdendir. Bölgede genellikle serpene olarak adlandırılan bir terbiye sistemi kullanılmaktadır. Yörede hastalık-zararlı mücadelesi, gübreleme ve sürüm gibi genel bakım işlemleri yoğun olarak görülmektedir. Üretimdeki en büyük sorun hastalık mücadelesinin yanı sıra pazara uzaklık ve ulaşım problemleri gelmektedir. Bertiz bölgesinde üzümden üretilen katma değerli ürünlerin başında pekmez ve cevizli sucuk gelmektedir. Bu katma değeri yüksek ürünlerin dünya ve ülkemize tanıtılması ve markalaşmanın sağlanması önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca, salamura yaprak, revanda şerbeti, sirke gibi katma değer sağlayan ürünlerin bölgeye tanıtılması önem taşımaktadır.

Impact of climate change on harmful pest population

Srishti Chauhan — 2025-05-29

Climate change, resulting from environmental fluctuations and human activities, has a significant impact on agricultural pests by altering their life cycles and infestation trends. Increasing levels of greenhouse gases, high temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and droughts affect both crops and pests. As temperatures rise, pests can develop more quickly because they receive the necessary amount of heat exposure required for their development. These weather variations influence pest growth, virulence, multiplication, persistence, and range expansion favourably, leading to more severe infestations. Crop yields depend on effective pest and disease management, which can be improved by adopting methods that consider the impact of climate change on plants and pests. In this article, we attempt to present information addressing the issues related to the impact of climate change on crop pests. The influence of basic climatic factors like greenhouse gas emission and temperature on insects are discussed, specifically about the possible effects of climate change, i.e., the gradual increase in the average temperature. The analysis reveals that pests have caused significant crop damage, leading to yield losses and posing a threat to food security. However, strategies such as proper monitoring of insect populations and their invasion patterns can help to adapt to crop health crises caused by climate change.

EFFECT OF GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR IMPROVED NUTRITION (GAIN) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SWEET POTATOES FARMERS IN OYO STATE NIGERIA

John Oyetoro — 2025-05-29

The integration of new technologies by GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition) on sweet potatoes in Nigeria is cardinal to boost the bioavailability of micronutrients, increase crop yields, promote sustainable agriculture practices, ultimately improving the nutritional status and livelihoods of farmers and their families. This study evaluates the effect of the GAIN technology transfer initiatives on the nutritional status of sweet potato farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 234 farmers from the catchment areas of Ido, Iseyin, and Oyo West Local Government Areas. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation. Results indicated that 71.8% of farmers were male, with a mean age of 41.5 years. Most respondents (87.2%) were married, 53.8% had at least seven years of formal education, and sweet potato farm sizes averaged 1.7 hectares. Access to extension services was high (92.3%), with frequent interactions (85.9%). Pearson’s correlation revealed significant relationships between household size (r = 0.727*, p = 0.000), frequency of contact with extension agents (r = 0.727*, p = 0.000), and nutritional status of respondents. The study concluded that while GAIN interventions have improved production and nutrition, challenges such as high input costs and market constraints persist. The study recommended that additional agronomic practices addressing pest infestations on potato tubers should be promoted to improve post-harvest management and storage facilities.

AI and IoT-Based Smart Irrigation: A Review of Challenges and Future Trends

Yusuff LAWAL — 2025-05-29

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) integration has established a new generation of intelligent irrigation systems that deliver sustainable water management solutions to address world water scarcity problems and agricultural requirements. This literature review presents an analysis of the present situation and obstacles alongside emerging trends of AI and IoT-based smart irrigation systems supported by international examples and technological milestones. Physical water conservation through AI-driven irrigation systems combined with IoT sensor surveillance and drone monitoring results in 20-35% water savings at the same time as improved yield outcomes across Australian regions together with Indian and Spanish territories. The wide use of smart irrigation systems is limited by technical difficulties that prevent rural Africa from connecting by economic pressures on poor farmers and by ethical challenges with European data security. The deployment become challenging because of scalability issues and maintenance problems that affect different farming ecosystems. The development of emerging technologies like edge computing, blockchain, and 5G, together with solar-powered IoT systems, provides solutions alongside research efforts toward energy-efficient climate-friendly designs. A comprehensive review combines current evidence into two major parts to evaluate its impacts on farmers, policymakers, and researchers. The review also shows where scalability and accessibility remain limited. The success of AI and IoT precision farming technology relies on cooperative work between multiple fields of study together with equal policies that support their implementation. Time must be dedicated to resolving these problems because smart irrigation systems need to fulfill worldwide food security along with sustainable development targets.

Characterization of dried orange waste as a valuable ingridient in broiler chicken diets

Ahmed Readh CHAIB EDDOUR — 2025-05-29

Several valorization strategies have been explored as alternatives to mitigate the disposal of orange waste in landfills. In the orange juice industry, over 50% of the raw material is converted into by-products that are rich in bioactive compounds and possess high nutritional value. Enhancing the utilization of these by-products could serve as a crucial strategy for advancing a circular economy. Orange waste represents a potential source of revenue or cost savings for juice production facilities, given its potential as a source of value-added products and energy vectors. To produce a flour from orange juice by-product and characterize it, in order to incorporate it in broiler chicken feed. The sun-dried and grounded (particle size < 1mm) orange by-products were characterized in terms of its chemical composition, dietary cellulose, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant potential. Dried orange pulp presented a moderate high content of dietary cellulose (89.19% dry matter (DM)), minerals (ash = 3.81% DM), and total phenolic compounds (202.59 ± 15.93 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of DM). In general, orange by-products showed total cellulose content, flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity with the following values, 22.03 ± 1.89 %, 430.70 ± 2.78 mg QE/100g, and 1158.8 ± 19.22 FRAP mg/g FRAP mg/g, respectively. The qualification of phenolics compounds in dried orange pulp demonstrated that flavonones were the most presents with a high content of hesperidin 61.29 mg/g of orange juice powder by-product. Furthermore, the most elevated concentration in hydro cinnamic acids content was the ferulic acid with (27.1 mg/g). These findings make dried orange pulp a valuable product for broiler chicken, contributing not only to animal welfare but also to more cost-effective and eco-friendly poultry production practices.

Optimizing Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Productivity through Integrated Nutrient Management: Effects of NPK Fertilizer and Cow Dung Manure in the Sudan Savanna, Nigeria

Aliyu Abdullahi — 2025-05-29

This study evaluated the influence of NPK fertilizer and cow dung manure (CDM) on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) yield and its components under the Sudan Savanna conditions of Nigeria. A 4 × 4 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at Teaching and Research farm, Bayero University, Kano. Treatments included four levels each of NPK fertilizer (0, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha^-1) and CDM (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t ha^-1). Results indicated that NPK and CDM significantly (P < 0.001) influenced pod yield, with the highest yields obtained at 200 kg ha^-1 NPK and 7.5 t ha^-1 CDM (4367.00 kg ha^-1 in 2019 and 9148.00 kg ha^-1 in 2020), representing a 391% and 384% increase, respectively, over the control (888.00 kg ha^-1 in 2019 and 1889.00 kg ha^-1 in 2020). Pod length increased significantly (P < 0.001) with 100–200 kg ha^-1 NPK in 2019 but was not significantly affected in 2020, suggesting seasonal variability. CDM at 7.5 t ha^-1 produced the highest pod count (18.47 in 2019 and 24.73 in 2020), outperforming lower rates. The findings underscore the benefits of integrated nutrient management, as the combination of NPK and CDM enhanced soil fertility, increased pod number, and improved total yield. These results confirm that organic and inorganic fertilizers complement each other in optimizing okra productivity. Thus, integrated nutrient management using 200 kg ha^-1 NPK and 7.5 t ha^-1 CDM could be adopted by the farmers for sustainable okra production in nutrient-deficient soils of the Sudan Savanna region.

AMMI and WAASB-Based Stability Model Analysis for Identifying High-Yielding Stable Blast Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotype

Mir Mehedi Hasan — 2025-05-29

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food in Bangladesh. However, the recent outbreak of Pyricularia grisea-driven rice blast is a significant concern to the food security in Bangladesh, as it can cause 70-80% yield losses globally. Researchers at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) introgressed blast-resistant Pi9 and Pb1 genes into the genetic background of BRRI dhan28 and developed advanced fixed lines. However, to understand the yield potential and adaptability, breeders prefer multi-environmental trials (METs). This study aims is to select a superior and stable blast-resistant rice (BRR) genotype using the WAASB and WAASBY statistical models. This study evaluated six rice genotypes across ten different environments using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the 2021-22 and 2022-23 Boro rice growing seasons. The analysis focused on grain yield (GY) and its contributing traits. Highly significant variation was observed among the traits for genotype by environment interaction (GEI). The AMMI model further confirmed that PC1 and PC2 captured 66.1% and 77.2% of the GEI variance for grain yield, emphasizing the importance of stability analysis. The AMMI biplot illustrated that V3 had minimal interaction and greater suitability, whereas V5 showed greater variation. The WAASB stability index revealed that V3 consistently ranked as the most stable and high-yielding genotype, followed by V6 and V2. Conversely, V1 and V5 were identified as unstable with below-average yield. Rangpur (E4) was also found to have more blast-prone areas, as indicated by disease incidence records. The WAASBY ranking further validated these findings, confirming that the BR(Path)13784-BC3-61-1-6-HR3 (V3) genotype's stability and productivity may be considered for variety release, replacing mega-popular variety BRRI dhan28 (V5). Simultaneously, Genotypes BR(Path)13784-BC3-63-6-4-HR6 (V4) and BR(Path)12452-BC6-53-21-11 (V2) should also be considered for future blast-resistant rice varietal breeding programs.

Enhancing Food Productivity through Intensive Agroforestry Cropping for Sustainable Soil Practices – A Review

Mahmuod Bashir — 2025-05-29

Adoption of sustainable agriculture using agroforestry systems in Bangladesh can limit the problem of declining soil fertility, degradation and food insecurity. Enhancing environmental services through adoption of different agroforestry practices like homestead, orchard, boundary plantation and multistory agroforestry systems will improve the soil health, ecosystem services and increase crop yield. However, the intensive use of chemical fertilizers has contributed to the lost of soil health and reduce the overall crop yield. Practicing agroforestry using organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, with integrated nutrient management will provide a sustainable alternative for over dependence on synthetic fertilizer. Policy interventions are needed to promote balanced fertilizer use, offer incentives for sustainable practices, and strengthen extension services. Moreover, targeted research focusing on nutrient management and the socio-economic benefits of agroforestry can provide a resource efficient farming systems. Adopting agroforestry in Bangladesh using informed regional and global knowledge holds significant potential for achieving long term agricultural sustainability, improved livelihoods, and ecological stability. This review have highlighted some effective ways to ameliorate soil degradation and low crop output by intensive understory cropping systems and different fertilizer used for sustainable agricultural development in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Agroforestry, Intensive cropping, fertilizer types, food production and soil health

HİDROJEN TARIMCILIĞI

Duried Alwazeer — 2025-05-29

Havada yaygın olarak bulunan moleküler hidrojen hafif, renksiz, kokusuz ve toksik olmayan bir gazdır. Dokulara hızlı nüfuz etmesi, antioksidan, anti-inflamatuar ve gen düzenleyici gibi biyolojik etkileriyle daha çok tıp alanındaki uygulamalarla karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hidrojenin bu biyolojik etkileri tarım alanında da olumlu sonuçlar sağlayabilir. Tarım sektörü, nüfus artışı, hava kirliliği, iklimsel faktörler, toprak verimliliğinin azalması gibi birçok sorunla karşı karşıyadır. Hidrojenin İndirgenebilme özelliği, bitki büyüme düzenleyicisi, güvenli, yeşil ve çevre dostu olma gibi özellikleriyle, tarım alanında hem bu sorunların çözümü hem de tarımın gelişmesi için iyi bir uygulama alanı olabilir. Hidrojen tarımı, hidrojen biyolojisinin tarıma uygulanmasıdır. Hidrojen açısından zengin su (HRW) uygulamaları, bitki hormonlarını düzenleyerek; bitkilerin stres koşullarına karşı direncini artırabilir, büyüme ve gelişmesini destekleyebilir, besin değerini artırabilir, mRNA ve DNA ekspresyonunu düzenleyerek protein modifikasyonunu etkileyebilir. Aynı zamanda depolama sırasında nitrit birikimini azaltarak gıda güvenliğinin korunmasına yardımcı olabilir. Bu çalışma, hidrojen tarımının etkilerini araştırmak için hasat öncesi bazı sebze ve meyveler üzerinde hidrojen açısından zengin su (HRW) ile yapılan bazı araştırmaları ele almayı amaçlamaktadır.

Çipura (Sparus aurata, L.) Larva Kültüründe Probiyotik ve Büyüme Hızlandırıcıların Kullanımı Büyüme Performansı ve Morfolojik Gelişim Üzerine Bileşik Etkisi

ceylin özcan — 2025-05-29

Günümüzde akuakültür sektörü gıda endüstrisi içinde en hızlı gelişen sektörlerin başında gelmektedir. Artan üretim miktarları ve değişen iklim koşulları beraberinde bazı sorunlara da neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda son yıllarda probiyotiklerin yanında bazı katkı maddelerinin ve büyüme hızlandırıcıların akuakültür sektöründeki kullanımları yaygın hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde yoğun olarak üretimi yapılan çipura (Sparus aurata) larvalarının kültür koşullarında yemlere eklenen probiyotik (Bacillus sp.) ve büyüme hızlandırıcılar (Viusid^®) ile beslenmesinin büyüme parametrelerinin yanında ve morfolojik gelişim üzerine bileşik etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 0-40. günler arasında süren denemeler kapsamında 4 farklı deneme grubu ve 3 tekrarlı olarak tasarlanan çalışmada herhangi bir uygulamanın yapılmadığı deneme grubu kontrol grubu (C) olarak kabul edilmiş, diğer 3 deneme grubunda ise sırasıyla probiyotik (P), büyüme hızlandırıcı (V) ve probiyotik+büyüme hızlandırıcı (P+V) uygulanmıştır. Deneme sonunda elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde en iyi büyüme performansı ve yaşama oranı P+V grubunda gözlenirken bu grubu V, P ve C grubu izlemiş, C grubu diğer deneme grupları ile farklılık göstermiştir (p<0,05). Benzer şekilde, defromasyon oranları incelendiğinde de en yüksek deformasyon oranı C grubunda tespit edilmiş ve diğer deneme grupları (P+V, V ve P) ile önemli farklılılar bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak probiyotik ve büyüme hızlandırıcılar ayrı ayrı kullanıldıklarında büyüme performansı, yaşama oranı ve morfolojik açıdan önemli artışlar sağlasa da birlikte kullanıldığında bileşik etkisinin bu paratmereler üzerinde daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir.

FENOLİK BİLEŞİKLER ile MİNERALLER ARASINDAKİ ETKİLEŞİM ‎MEKANİZMALARI ve BESİNSEL ETKİLERİ

Duried Alwazeer — 2025-05-29

Fenolik bileşikler, bitkisel kaynaklarda yaygın olarak bulunan ve insan sağlığı üzerinde çeşitli olumlu etkiler gösteren biyoaktif bileşiklerdir. Antioksidan, antiinflamatuvar ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri sayesinde fenolik bileşikler, kronik hastalıkların önlenmesi ve genel sağlık durumunun iyileştirilmesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ancak bu bileşiklerin vücutta nasıl kullanıldığı, yani biyoyararlanımı, çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Bu faktörlerden biri de fenolik bileşiklerin minerallerle olan etkileşimidir. Fenolik bileşikler, başta demir, çinko ve kalsiyum olmak üzere çeşitli minerallerle kompleksler oluşturarak mineral emilimini artırabilir veya engelleyebilir. Örneğin, fenolik bileşiklerin demir ile şelat oluşturma yeteneği nedeniyle, bitkisel gıdalardaki non-hem demirin biyoyararlanımı önemli ölçüde azalabilir. Bu durum özellikle demir eksikliği riski taşıyan bireyler açısından önemlidir. Benzer şekilde, çinko ile fenolik bileşiklerin etkileşimi sonucunda çözünmeyen kompleksler oluşabilir ve çinko emilimi engellenebilir. Kalsiyum ise fenolik bileşiklerle çözünmeyen tuzlar oluşturabilir, bu da kalsiyumun biyoyararlanımını düşürebilir. Ancak bu etkileşimlerin her zaman olumsuz olmadığı da bilinmektedir. Örneğin, bazı fenolik bileşiklerin minerallerle etkileşimi sonucu, mineral emilimini artıran çözünebilir kompleksler oluşabilir. Ayrıca, fenolik bileşiklerin antioksidan özellikleri sayesinde oksidatif stresin azaltılması, mineral metabolizmasını dolaylı olarak destekleyebilir. Örneğin, polifenollerin demirin serbest radikal üretimini engelleyerek vücutta demir dengesini korumaya yardımcı olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Beslenme açısından değerlendirildiğinde, fenolik bileşikler ve mineraller arasındaki bu etkileşimler, özellikle bitkisel bazlı diyetler açısından önem arz etmektedir. Fenolik bileşiklerin aşırı alımı, bazı minerallerin emilimini azaltarak eksiklik riskini artırabilirken, dengeli bir beslenme planı ile bu etkileşimlerin olumsuz etkileri en aza indirilebilir. Bu nedenle, minerallerin optimal emilimini sağlamak için fenolik bileşiklerden zengin gıdalarla mineral kaynaklarının birlikte tüketim zamanlaması dikkatle planlanmalıdır. Örneğin, çay ve kahve gibi polifenol içeriği yüksek içeceklerin demir açısından zengin öğünlerle birlikte tüketimi sınırlanmalı, C vitamini gibi emilimi artırıcı faktörlerle desteklenmelidir. Bu çalışma, fenolik bileşikler ve mineraller arasındaki etkileşim mekanizmalarını inceleyerek, bu etkileşimlerin beslenme üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, beslenme stratejilerinin daha bilinçli bir şekilde planlanması gerektiğini ortaya koymakta ve bu etkileşimlerin sağlık üzerindeki uzun vadeli etkilerine yönelik daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Effects of GA₃ and PLGA-Controlled Release of GA₃ on the Germination of Caraway (Carum carvi L.)

Münüre Tanur Erkoyuncu — 2025-05-29

Bu çalışma, Carum carvi L. tohumlarında farklı dozlarda uygulanan giberellik asidi (GA₃) ve GA₃ ile kombine edilen PLGA (poli(laktik-ko-glikolik asit)) kontrollü salım sistemlerinin, çimlenme üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, beş farklı uygulama [kontrol (saf su), 150 ve 300 mg/L GA₃ ile 150 ve 300 mg/L GA₃ + PLGA kombinasyonları] kullanılarak tesadüf parsellerinde faktöriyel deneme desenine göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda çimlenme oranı (%), ortalama çimlenme süresi (gün) ve çimlenme indeksi (hızı) değerleri incelenmiştir. Çimlenme oranı açısından, yalnızca GA₃ uygulanan gruplarda çimlenme performansının düşük olduğu veya hiç çimlenme gerçekleşmediği belirlenmiştir. Buna karşılık, PLGA ile birlikte uygulanan GA₃ dozlarının çimlenme oranını ve çimlenme hızını anlamlı şekilde artırdığı ve kontrol grubuna kıyasla daha istikrarlı bir çimlenme sağladığı saptanmıştır (P ≤ 0.05). Özellikle PLGA + 300 mg/L GA₃ uygulaması, %42.86 çimlenme oranı ve 5.01 çimlenme indeksi ile en yüksek performansı göstermiştir. Ortalama çimlenme süresi bakımından, kontrol ve PLGA + GA₃ uygulamaları arasında anlamlı bir fark görülmemiştir. Ayrıca, kontrol grubunda 14. gün sonrası çimlenmiş tohumlarda gelişim gerilemesi gözlenirken, PLGA + GA₃ uygulamalarında çimlenme sonrası fide gelişimi sağlıklı ve devamlı olmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, PLGA'nın GA₃ gibi büyüme düzenleyicilerin kontrollü salımında etkili bir taşıyıcı sistem olarak kullanılabileceğini ve Carum carvi L. gibi tıbbi aromatik bitkilerde çimlenme ve erken fide gelişimini olumlu yönde etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir

The Datura stramonium Ekstraktlarının In Vitro Koşullarda Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ve Rhizoctonia solani Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Raziye Koçak — 2025-05-29

Bu çalışmada, Datura stramonium’un toprak üzeri yeşil aksamından elde edilen metanol ve etanol ekstraktlarının önemli bitki patojenlerinden Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ve Rhizoctonia solani'ye karşı antifungal etkileri in vitro koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Bu patojenler, birçok bitki türünün üretim ve veriminde ciddi kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Çalışmada, her iki patojen üzerine farklı konsantrasyonlarda (%1,0, %2,0 ve %4,0) Datura stramonium ekstraktları uygulanmış ve elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, metanolik ekstraktın antifungal etkinliğinin etanolik ekstrakta kıyasla daha yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Buna göre metanol ekstraktının S. sclerotiorum üzerinde %12, R. solani üzerinde ise %22 oranında daha fazla inhibisyon sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Antifungal etkinin doza bağlı olarak arttığı gözlemlenmiş olup, her iki çözücüde de %4,0 konsantrasyonda S. sclerotiorum ve R. solani'nin misel gelişimi tamamen inhibe edilmiştir. En yüksek inhibisyon etkisi, metanolde çözündürülmüş %2 konsantrasyondaki ekstraktlarda tespit edilmiş olup, R. solani'nin misel gelişimi %77,77, S. sclerotiorum'un misel gelişimi ise %72,22 oranında baskılanmıştır. Aynı konsantrasyonda etanolik ekstraktların antifungal aktivitesinin daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Datura stramonium toprak üzeri yeşil aksamından elde edilen ekstraktlarının farklı çözücülerde çözündürülerek bitki patojenlerine karşı antifungal potansiyele sahip olduğu ortaya konmuş ve fitopatojenik fungusların kontrolünde doğal bir biyofungisit kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebileceğini göstermektedir.

ASSESSMENT OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG COCOA FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

Matthew ADIO — 2025-05-29

The study examines food security among cocoa farming households in Osun State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the 120 respondents used in this study. Analytical techniques used were the descriptive and inferential (Food security index and Logistic regression) statistics. The result revealed that 49.17% of the respondents were male, while female were 50.83%. The mean age for cocoa farming households’ heads was 61.1 years. The majority (83.3%) of the respondents were married. Most of the household heads in the study area had formal education. The result of the food security indices was that the proportion of the food insecure households was 70% while the proportion of the food secure households was 30%. Logit result revealed that the household size variable is highly significant (p = 0.000) with a positive coefficient (β = 0.268). The results revealed that an increase in household size increases farmers’ chances of becoming food insecure. The odds ratio value of 0.268 indicates that ceteris paribus, an increase in household size by one adult equivalent increases household log odds of becoming food insecure by 0.268 times. The study recommends that Food insecure households should be assisted by all necessary stakeholders (Government and Non-Government Organizations)

Assessing Contamination Risks in Sultanköy and Altınyazı Reservoirs (Türkiye) Using Modified Organic Pollution Indices

Said Muhammad — 2025-05-29

Due to their lentic and enclosed nature, lakes are more susceptible to organic pollution and eutrophication. Sultanköy and Altınyazı reservoirs are located in the Edirne Province of Türkiye, where is classified as "Agricultural Land" because of its abundant freshwater resources and fertile soils. The reservoirs are exposed to organic pollution from surrounding agricultural activities and domestic wastewater. This study evaluated and compared the contamination threats for the Sultanköy and Altınyazı dam lakes by means of some modified organic contamination indices using Turkish Standards. For this purpose, nutrient pollution index (NPI) and water quality index (WQI) were selected as the organic pollution risk assessment indicators. Water samples were collected in the autumn season of 2024 and measured for 5 limnological parameters (SO₄, NO₃-N, NO₂-N, NH₄-N and PO₄-P) that are used to calculate the indices. The results revealed that although the Altınyazı Reservoir exhibits a lower potential eutrophication risk compared to Sultanköy Reservoir, the waters of both dam lakes were highly polluted.

Comparative Aluminum Stress Tolerance in Red (Fırat-87) and Black-Seeded (Beluga) Lentils

Samee Ullah Samee Ullah — 2025-05-29

Aluminum (Al) is a significant toxicant that restricts root growth in plants, even at low concentrations found in acidic soils. This study aimed to investigate the comparative Al stress tolerance of a red lentil cultivar (Fırat-87) and a black-seeded lentil cultivar (Black Beluga). Five-day-old seedlings of both cultivars were exposed to 100 µM CaCl₂ (control) or 100 µM CaCl₂ supplemented with 50 µM Al (Al treatment) under hydroponic conditions at pH 4.5 for 24 hours. Histochemical staining of Fırat-87 roots with hematoxylin demonstrated clear cracks and intense dark staining in the root apex and elongation zone, indicating a greater accumulation of Al compared to Black Beluga. Similarly, Evan's blue staining revealed cracks and dark blue staining in the root elongation zone of Fırat-87, whereas Black Beluga showed no visible cracks or dark staining. Lipid peroxidation, assessed using Schiff's reagent, exhibited pronounced dark pink staining in the root apex of Fırat-87, but only minimal staining in Black Beluga. These histochemical analyses suggest that Fırat-87 is more susceptible to Al toxicity than Black Beluga. Consistent with these findings, Black Beluga exhibited significantly higher relative root elongation (77.27%) compared to Fırat-87 (55.32%), reinforcing its Al tolerance. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the LcALMT1 gene revealed significantly higher expression levels in Al-treated roots of Black Beluga compared to Fırat-87, implying that LcALMT1 may play a crucial role in the enhanced Al tolerance observed in Black Beluga. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Black Beluga is an Al-tolerant lentil cultivar, making it a promising candidate for cultivation in acidic soils without compromising seedling establishment and subsequent growth.

Preference and Purchasıng Behavıour of Selected Functıonal Foods Among Households in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nıgerıa

English — 2025-05-29

The rising awareness of functional foods and their health benefits has influenced consumer preferences and purchasing behavior globally. However, limited research exists on the consumption patterns of functional foods in Nigeria. This study examines the determinants of functional food consumption in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, using primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered physically and virtually via the KoboToolbox platform. A multistage sampling technique was employed, selecting 10 Community Development Committees (CDCs), 30 Community Development Associations (CDAs), and 300 households, with 240 valid responses for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the socio-economic characteristics, awareness levels, and purchasing behavior of respondents. A Poisson regression model was applied to identify key factors influencing functional food consumption. Findings indicate that age, marital status, and income significantly determine purchasing behavior. Family, friends, and health professionals were the primary sources of nutrition information, while local markets and roadside vendors served as major suppliers. Price and availability emerged as the most crucial factors affecting consumer choices. To enhance functional food consumption, policies should focus on improving accessibility, regulating prices, and increasing consumer awareness. Additionally, future research should expand to larger and more diverse populations to strengthen the generalizability of findings. Insights from this study provide valuable information for policymakers, food producers, and marketers to promote functional foods and support sustainable nutrition practices in Nigeria.

Antimicrobial Potential of Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) Seed Oil and Grain Extracts

SAKHRAOUI-Amira Sakhraoui — 2025-05-29

The prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) is a succulent plant belonging to the cactus family. It is a highly nutritious and refreshing fruit, valued for its seeds and oil. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of oil extracted from prickly pear seeds (from the Bordj Bou Arréridj region) and the acetone extract of spontaneous grains against 15 microbial strains (bacteria and fungi). The samples were extracted separately using distilled water and 70% acetone to obtain a dry extract, which was then stored at 4°C until testing. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion method (well diffusion technique), measuring the diameters of inhibition zones. The results indicate that four bacterial strains and six fungal strains, including two yeasts, were sensitive to the dry extract. For the oil extract, two bacterial strains and five fungal strains, including two yeasts, exhibited sensitivity. Both extracts demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, particularly against yeasts and Gram-positive bacteria, confirming the antimicrobial potential of Opuntia ficus-indica.

Kış Mevsiminde Hububat Depolarında Isı Dengesi Analizleri Üzerine Kapsamlı Bir Araştırma: Konya İli Örneği

Elif ŞAHİN SUCİ — 2025-05-29

Gıda güvenliği ve tarımsal sürdürülebilirlik açısından stratejik öneme sahip olan hububat gibi tarımsal ürünlerin depolanması, dünyada giderek kritik bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, depolanan ürünlerin kalitesinin minimum kayıpla korunabilmesi ancak depo içi çevre koşullarının hassas bir şekilde kontrol edilebilmesiyle mümkündür. Bu çalışma, farklı konstrüksiyona sahip depolama yapılarında, kış mevsimi boyunca yapı elemanları ve havalandırmadan kaynaklı ısı kayıpları ile ürünlerin metabolik faaliyetleri sonucu açığa çıkan ısı miktarları arasındaki pozitif ya da negatif yönlü akış koşullarının; kullanılan yapı malzemeleri ve ürün çeşidine göre nasıl değişkenlik gösterdiğini ortaya koymak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Malzeme bazlı yapılan analizler sonucunda, çelik depolarda hesaplanan 2.62 kcal/m²h°C'lik ısıl iletkenlik değerinin, betonarme depolardaki 1.69 kcal/m²h°C değerinden istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Beton silolardaki yüksek minimum havalandırma debi gereksinimlerine (arpa: 19, buğday: 24, mısır: 74 m³·h⁻¹·ton⁻¹) karşın, çelik silolar (arpa: 18, buğday: 23, mısır: 73 m³·h⁻¹·ton⁻¹) tüm ürünlerde daha yüksek havalandırma verimliliği (%34, %22, %8) sergilemiş, beton silolardaki verimlilik değerleri ise (%17, %11, %4) nispeten düşük seviyelerde kalmıştır. Farklı depo malzemelerinde (beton/çelik) kış aylarında yürütülen ısı dengesi analizleri, ürün bazlı havalandırma farklılıklarını net biçimde ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, tahıl depolama sistemleri tasarlanırken sadece yapısal değil, aynı zamanda depolama kapasitesi, ürün çeşidi, havalandırma sistemlerinin varlığı ve yapı elemanlarının termal ısıl iletim düzeyleri gibi parametrelerin de dikkate alınması gerektiğini açıkça göstermektedir. Özellikle yüksek solunum hızına sahip olan tahılların (örneğin mısır) yüksek havalandırma performansı sağlayan çelik depolarda depolanmasının daha uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, depolama yapılarında kullanılacak malzeme seçiminin depolama sistemlerinin enerji verimliliği üzerinde kritik bir rol oynadığını kanıtlamaktadır.

Restoring Agroecosystem Biodiversity

Imam Muhyidiyn — 2025-05-29

The modern global food system is increasingly fragile, a consequence of the sweeping agricultural transformations initiated during the Green Revolution of the 1940s. While the Green Revolution introduced high-yielding crop varieties (HYVs), chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive irrigation, these advancements came at a cost: a significant loss of crop biodiversity, soil degradation, and declining nutritional quality in food. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 75% of global crop diversity was lost between 1900 and 2000, making food systems more vulnerable to climate change and disease outbreaks. Furthermore, industrial agriculture’s focus on maximizing yields has led to a dilution of key nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins in staple crops, exacerbating global malnutrition. This paper examines the unintended consequences of the Green Revolution on food security, biodiversity, and human health while exploring regenerative agriculture as a viable solution to correct these damages. Regenerative farming practices, including crop diversification, organic soil amendments, reduced chemical inputs, and agroecological approaches, have demonstrated potential in restoring soil fertility, enhancing crop nutrient density, and increasing ecosystem resilience. By transitioning from an extractive, yield-maximizing agricultural model to a regenerative one, it is possible to address both food production and nutrition security in a sustainable manner. This paper also highlights the need for policy shifts, economic incentives, and scientific research to support the widespread adoption of regenerative agriculture, ensuring a resilient and nutritionally rich global food system for the future.

Comparison of Secondary Models for Modeling the Growth of Salmonella in Leafy Greens

Basri OMAÇ — 2025-05-29

An estimated 550 million individuals worldwide suffer from food-related illnesses, which also cost the economy billions of dollars annually and result in 230,000 fatalities. If it were possible to identify and track the growth or survival of pathogen microorganisms, these illnesses and expenses might be decreased. However, monitoring the development or survival of bacteria using traditional microbiological methods is very expensive and labor-intensive, and the knowledge gained is not cumulative. Instead of employing conventional microbiological techniques, predictive microbiology has been created to forecast microbial behavior during food processing using precise and adaptable mathematical models. Primary, secondary, and tertiary models are the three general categories into which mathematical models fall. Secondary models examine how parameters that appear in primary modeling approaches change in response to one or more environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc. In order to ascertain which secondary models were most suitable for Salmonella in leafy greens, this study compared the suboptimal Ratkowsky square-root, suboptimal Huang square-root, Cardinal, and Arrhenius-type models. The best model to fit data on the maximum growth rate as a function of temperature, according to the findings of the current study, was the Arrhenius-type model. These findings shed light on predictive microbiology and aid researchers and food microbiologists in selecting the best secondary growth prediction model.

EFFECT OF PRE- SOWING SEED TREATMENT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera) ON SANDY LOAM SOIL

Abdulrashid Inuwa — 2025-05-29

Sowing seed treatments have been reported to have influence on the germination percentage and growth performance, which could affect crop yield when transplanted to the field. Replacing chemically expensive and laborious pre-treatment with physically pre-treatment with physically pre-treated seed reduce the cost of producing moringa by resource poor farmers. Therefore a Nursery experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Bayero University Kano, to examined effect of three pre sowing seed treatment, dry seed with complete coat (DSCC), dry cracked seed with complete coat (DCSC), soaked seed with complete coat (SSCC,) soaked cracked seed coat, (SCSC), on the germination percentage and growth indicator of moringa plants. The treatment was replicated three time in a completely randomized design, the result indicated that DCSC had significantly higher (P=0.05) seed germination percentage; than SCSC and SSCC however the highest seed germination percentage was observed under DSCC. By 55.5%, 44.4%, 33.3%, and 88.9% respectively at 1 week after sowing (WAS). The experiment provides information about sowing seed treatment of moringa oleifera which could replace the chemically expensive and laborious sowing seed treatment technique for optimal moringa production. in term of germination. Percentage sowing seed treatment have no significant effect on moringa seed germination percentage, this indicate that the resource- poor farmers there is no need to treat moringa seed before sowing into sandy loam soil.

Utilisation of Bovine Rumen Filtrate for Biodegradation of Sweet Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) and Effect on Rabbit Performance

Oluwabiyi Ikeolu Atanda Oluremi — 2025-05-29

A feeding trial was conducted with four to six-week old rabbits (n=30) to determine their growth and nutrient digestibility on diets in order to evaluate the maize replacement value of sweet orange peel biodegraded with rumen filtrate. Rumen filtrate was obtained from the rumen content and liquor of four randomly selected slaughtered cattle, to which water was added in ratio 1:1, and filtrate manually squeezed out. Freshly collected sweet orange peel was divided to five batches of 5 kg each. Rumen filtrate was added to and mixed with one of 5 kg each in ratio 1:5, 2:5, 3:5, 4:5 and 5:5 and biodegraded for 24 hrs, sundried and milled. Each of replaced 50% maize in the control diet (T1) of rabbits to obtain diets T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Thirty mixed breed exotic rabbit of both sexes were randomly allocated to six diets of five rabbits each. Rabbits were fed ad libitum and provided adequate drinking water in a 77-day feeding trial. Growth indices and coefficient of digestibility of nutrients were determined. Experimental diets had no significant effect (p>0.05) on final live body weight, feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion and protein intake, but protein efficiency ratio differed significantly (p<0.05) with higher value of 2.10 in T5. Diets had varied significant effect (p<0.05) on the coefficients of digestibility of nutrients and improved crude protein digestibility. Bovine rumen filtrate can be used to treat sweet orange peel in a ratio of 4 litre rumen filtrate : 5kg for its biodegradation to improve its feed value, and as a replacement for dietary maize at 50% level in growing rabbit diet.

RUMEX ACETOSELLA'YA AİT BİOAKTİF BİLEŞENLERİN ULTRASONİK YARDIMLI EKSTRAKSİYONUNUN OPTİMİZASYONU

Nuran Gökçen ASLAN — 2025-05-29

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Rumex acetosella'dan bioaktif bileşenlerin ultrasonik ekstraksiyonunun optimizasyonu için ultrasonikasyon süresi, etanol konsantrasyonu ve katı-çözücü oranını optimize etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Yanıt değişkenleri için ikinci dereceden bir model geliştirilerek kare denklem elde edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik içerik (TPC), spektrofotometrik absorbsiyon analizi ile ölçülmüş ve toplam fenolik bileşen konsantrasyonu gallik asit eşdeğeri (GAE) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Absorbsiyon değerleri kaydedilmiş ve analiz için kalibrasyon eğrileri oluşturulmuştur. Antioksidan aktivite (AOA), DPPH yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. DPPH radikal nötralizasyon yüzdesi, kontrol ve örnek absorbsiyon değerleri kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Kare modelleri anlamlıydı (p < 0.05) ve uyumsuzluk gözlemlenmemiştir, bu da iyi bir uyum sağlandığını göstermektedir ve TPC ile AOA için determinasyon katsayısı değerleri sırasıyla 98.52 ve 97.43'tür. Optimum işlem değişkenlerinde, 10 dakika, %90 etanol konsantrasyonu ve 0.36 katı-çözücü oranı altında, TPC 692.92 ± 15.38 mg GAE/g ve AOA %68.50 ± 12.74 bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Bulgular, ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyonun, dikkatlice kontrol edilen işlem koşullarında yüksek toplam fenolik içerik (TPC) ve antioksidan aktivite (AOA) elde edilmesini sağlayarak Rumex acetosella'dan bioaktif bileşenlerin ekstraksiyonunu optimize etmek için etkili bir yöntem olduğunu göstermektedir. Optimize edilmiş parametreler, bu tekniğin fenolik bileşenlerin ve antioksidan özelliklerin geri kazanımını en üst düzeye çıkarmada potansiyelini göstermekte olup, gıda uygulamalarında bioaktif bileşenlerin ekstraksiyonu için umut verici bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır.

Konya Kapalı Havzası Bireysel Yer altı (YAS) Sulamalarının Enerji Tüketimi ve Sera Gazı Emisyonu Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi

Mehmet Akif Kalender — 2025-05-29

Konya Kapalı Havzası, Türkiye'deki 25 hidrolojik havzadan bir tanesidir. Havzada yer alan bireysel YAS sulamaları hem sulama alanı, hem de tarımsal su kullanımı açısından, diğer yer altı ve yer üstü sulamalarına oranla en yüksek orana sahiptir. Toplam 414.209 ha'lık sulama alanı ile birlikte, havzadaki şahıs kuyularının sayısı 74.621'dir. Bu çalışmada, Konya Kapalı Havzasında yer alan bireysel YAS sulamaları 2010, 2015 ve 2020 yılları için, enerji ve sera gazı emisyonu bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Bireysel YAS sulamasında toplam enerji tüketimleri, 2010 yılında 12.875.442.516,8 MJ/yıl, 2015 yılında 16.005.581.706,3 MJ/yıl ve 2020 yılında 25.424.556.672,6 MJ/yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Birim alana karşılık enerji miktarı (E_A), 2010, 2015 ve 2020 yılları için sırasıyla toplam, 31.084,4 MJ/ha, 38.641,3 MJ/ha ve 61.381,0 MJ/ha olarak hesaplanmıştır. Birim sulama suyuna karşılık enerji miktarı ise (E_S), 2010 yılında 6,146 MJ/m³, 2015 yılında 7,497 MJ/m³ ve 2020 yılında 11,691 MJ/m³ olmuştur. Sulamadan kaynaklanan toplam emisyon miktarları ise, 2010 yılında 695.123.598,9 kgCO₂eşd/yıl, 2015 yılında 864.114.576,6 kgCO₂eşd/yıl ve 2020 yılında 1.372.629.275,6 kgCO₂eşd/yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Birim alana karşılık emisyon miktarı (SG_A), 2010, 2015 ve 2020 yılları için sırasıyla, 1.678,2 kgCO₂eşd/ha, 2.086,2 kgCO₂eşd/ha ve 3.313,9 kgCO₂eşd/ha, birim sulama suyuna karşılık emisyon miktarları ise (SG_S), aynı yıllar için sırasıyla 0,332 kgCO₂eşd/m³, 0,405 kgCO₂eşd/m³ ve 0,631 kgCO₂eşd/m³ olarak belirlenmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda, bireysel YAS sulamalarında enerji tüketimi ve sera gazı emisyonlarının yıllara bağlı olarak arttığı, 2020 yılında 2010 yılına kıyasla yaklaşık iki kat artışın olduğu görülmektedir.

The Effect of Solid-State Fermentation using Aspergillus niger on the Nutritional Composition of Grape Seed, Cherry Kernel, and Maize Seed Mixture

Emrah Güngör — 2025-05-29

The effect of solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger strains on the nutritional composition of the mixture of grape seed, cherry kernel, and maize seed was investigated in this study. Fermentation substrate consisting of 40 g of grape seeds, 40 g of cherry kernel, and 20 g of maize was fermented by A. niger strains (ATCC 200344, 200345, 201572, 52172). The substrate was enriched with a nutrient medium and sterilized with an autoclave. Each strain of Aspergillus niger was inoculated with 10⁶ spores into the substrate. Incubation was carried out for seven days at 30 °C. Crude protein, ether extract, ash, nitrogen-free extract, and crude fiber contents of substrate were determined before and after fermentation. Solid-state fermentation using A. niger increased (P<0.001) crude protein content of the substrate. In addition, the ether extract content of the substrate was increased (P<0.001) by A. niger. Similarly, A. niger increased (P=0.001) the ash content of the grape seed, cherry kernel, and maize mixture. However, crude fiber was declined (P<0.001) by fermentation using A. niger. Similarly, solid-state fermentation decreased the nitrogen-free extract of the substrate. The obtained results showed that solid-state fermentation using A. niger can improve the nutritional composition of the mixture of grape seed, cherry kernel, and maize seed.

İklim ve Arazi Örtüsü Değişikliği Bağlamında Havza Ölçeğinde Gelecekteki Toprak Erozyonun Tahmini

Oğuz Ateş — 2025-05-29

Yaşam sürdüğümüz çevrede var olan antropojenik faaliyetler doğanın kendi içerisindeki işleyişi etkilemektedir. Bu etkiler doğal süreçlerin olması gerekenden daha hızlı veya daha yavaş olmasına yol açarak çeşitli olumsuzluklar yaratmaktadır. Özellikle artan nüfus ve kentleşmeye bağlı arazi kullanım arazi örtüsünde meydana gelen değişimlerin yanında küresel bir sorun olan iklim değişikliği gibi faktörler doğal sistemlerde dönüşü olmayan olumsuzluklar ve kayıplar oluşturmaktadır. Bu olumsuzluklar yer yüzünde yaşam sağlayan canlıların besin kaynağını oluşturan alanları da doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir. Bu bağlamda yer yüzünde var olan doğal kaynakların korunması, gelecek yıllardaki olası durumlarının araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle canlıların besin kaynaklarının temelini oluşturan verimli toprakların erozyona bağlı olarak gelecekte nasıl etkileneceğinin araştırılması çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda dünyada ve ülkemizde oldukça fazla kullanılan RUSLE modeli aracılığıyla Meriç-Ergene Havzasında meydana gelebilecek potansiyel erozyon durumları CBS ortamında analiz edilmesi ve haritalandırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaç ve hedef doğrultusunda çalışma 3 aşamalı bir yöntem dahilinde yürütülmüştür. Birinci aşamada; CMIP6 iklim modellerinden alınan SSP 2-4.5 (Orta) senaryo verileri aracılığıyla gelecekte meydana gelecek yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı haritalası 2050 yılı için coğrafi bilgi sistemleri aracılığıyla haritalandırılmıştır. İkinci aşamada; ESRİ tarafından sağlanan küresel AKAÖ verileri kullanılarak (2017-2023) 2050 yılında meydana gelebilecek AKAÖ haritası Gelecekteki Arazi Kullanımı Simülasyonu (FLUS) modeli aracılığıyla üretilmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada ise; . Uzaktan Algılama (UA) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) teknolojileri ile desteklenen ve alt faktörün (R, K, L, S, C ve P faktörleri) bileşiminden oluşan Revize Edilmiş Evrensel Toprak Kayıp Denklemi (RUSLE) kullanılarak Günümüz ve 2050 yılında meydana gelebilecek potansiyel erozyon miktarı analiz edilmiş ve haritalandırılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda iklim değişikliği ve AKAÖ değişimlerinin potansiyel erozyon miktarını ve şiddetini etkilediği tespit edilmiş olup, buna yönelik öneriler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın çıktıları özellikle iklim değişikliği ve AKAÖ değişikliğine bağlı olarak gelecekte meydana gelecek potansiyel kayıpların önceden tespit edilmesi, alternatif önleme çözümlerinin geliştirilmesi ve sürdürülebilir arazi yönetimi konularına önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.

Arıcılarda Egzama: Nedenleri ve Risk Faktörleri

İsmail Yaşhan Buluş — 2025-05-29

Arıcılık mesleği, sürekli doğayla iç içe olmayı gerektiren zorlu çalışma koşullarına sahiptir. Bu süreçte arıcılar çeşitli fiziksel ve kimyasal etkenlere maruz kalarak cilt hastalıkları, özellikle egzama gibi dermatolojik problemler yaşayabilirler. Egzama, ciltte kızarıklık, kaşıntı, kuruluk ve kabarcıklarla kendini gösteren inflamatuar bir hastalıktır. Arıcılar için egzama riskini artıran faktörlerin başında arı ürünleri gelir. Bal, propolis ve balmumu gibi maddeler alerjik reaksiyonlara neden olabilir. Özellikle propolis, güçlü bir doğal antibakteriyel olmasına rağmen bazı kişilerde kontakt dermatite yol açabilir. Çalışma koşulları da egzamanın gelişiminde önemli rol oynar. Arıcılar genellikle uzun saatler boyunca çizme, koruyucu eldiven ve kıyafetler giymek zorundadır. Terleme ve cildin sürekli nemli kalması, tahrişi artırarak egzama gelişimini kolaylaştırır. Bunun yanı sıra, sıcak hava ve güneş ışığına uzun süre maruz kalmak, cilt bariyerini zayıflatarak hassasiyeti artırabilir. Hijyen eksikliği veya yanlış hijyen uygulamaları da riski yükseltebilir. Arı sokmalarından korunmak için kullanılan kimyasal kovucu maddeler ve dezenfektanlar cildi tahriş edebilir. Ayrıca sık sık sabun veya deterjan kullanımı, cildin doğal yağlarını azaltarak kuruluğa ve egzama oluşumuna katkıda bulunur. Bu kongre bildirisinde, arıcılarda mesleki egzamanın etiyolojisi, risk faktörleri, klinik belirtileri ve teşhis yöntemleri ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, hastalığın önlenmesine yönelik kişisel koruyucu önlemler, uygun eldiven ve kıyafet kullanımı, cilt bakım stratejileri ve tedavi yöntemleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Son olarak, arıcılık sektöründe mesleki cilt hastalıklarının önlenmesine yönelik öneriler sunulmaktadır.

Nutrient Balance and Efficiency in Agricultural Activities and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Nutrients and Crops

Can Mavruk — 2025-05-29

Agricultural activities play a crucial role in food production; however, excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has raised serious concerns regarding soil, water, and environmental pollution. Nutrient deficiency, how well crops use available nutrients and how effectively agricultural inputs (synthetic fertilizers, manure applied to soils, nitrogen deposition, biological fixation and seed) are applied have gained importance. Therefore, the study analyzes cropland nutrient balance, nutrient use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic fertilizers and crops in Turkiye. Data is retrieved from FAOSTAT (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations) for the 1961-2022 period. This article also proposes sustainable alternatives to mitigate adverse effects, emphasizing the need for balanced agricultural practices to ensure agricultural and environmental sustainability. An increasing N surplus and increasing K deficit was found, which can be explained by higher increase in crop removal than mineral fertilizers. Nitrogen use signaled for possible deficiency due to efficiency falling below the treshold. Quantity of cereal production explained 93% of the variability in total N2O GHG emissions. N2O emissions from cereals were not significantly different from CH4 emissions from rice cultivation in 2022. Although nutrious dioxide emission intensity had a logaritmic trajectory, variations were high in the last decade. Overall, greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizers and cereals are in desired levels despite some risks for nitrogen and potassium deficiencies. N interventions and altering composions of fertilizers should be promoted to balance crop removal and mineral fertilizers. Future studies should consider greenhouse gas emmisions from pesticide use in relation to environmental effects. Farmers in Türkiye should adopt sustainable agricultural practices such as use of organic fertilizers; precision agriculture techniques to optimize fertilizer application; and crop rotation and cover crops to maintain soil health and prevent nutrient depletion. Policymakers and farmers must collaborate to promote these practices through education, incentives, and regulatory frameworks.

Farklı Bölgelerden Toplanan Verbascum L. (Sığırkuyruğu) Türlerinden Elde Edilen Metanol Ekstraktlarının Rhizoctonia solani’ye Karşı Antifungal Aktivitesi

Bahadir Sin — 2025-05-29

Bitkiler, bitki patojenleriyle mücadelede sekonder bileşikler içermeleri nedeniyle tercih edilen önemli doğal kaynaklar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ekolojik olarak farklı lokasyonlardan (Karasu, Konya, Bolu, Arifiye ve Manisa) toplanan bölgesel Verbascum (Sığırkuyruğu) türlerine ait metanol ekstraktlarının, toprak kökenli, geniş konukçu aralığına sahip fitopatojen bir fungus olan Rhizoctonia solani (J.G. Kühn) üzerindeki antifungal etkileri in vitro koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Bunun için Verbascum türlerinin çiçek ve yaprak kısımlarından metanol ekstraktları elde edilmiş ve bu ekstraktların farklı konsantrasyonlarının (%0,5, %1, %2 ve %4) besi ortamında miselyal gelişimi inhibe etme potansiyeli değerlendirilmiştir. Test edilen tüm ekstraktlar belirli düzeylerde antifungal aktivite göstermiştir. Miselyal gelişimi en fazla baskılayan ekstrakt, Konya’dan toplanan örneklerden hazırlanmış olup, bu ekstrakt miselyal gelişimi %55 oranında engellenmiştir. Bunu %45 inhibisyon oranı ile Karasu ekstraktı takip etmiştir. Diğer lokasyonlardan elde edilen ekstraktlar ise değişen oranlarda antifungal aktivite sergilemiş ve miselyal gelişimi %7,5 ile %36,25 arasında inhibe etmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, Verbascum türlerinden elde edilen metanol ekstraktlarının Rhizoctonia solani'ye karşı antifungal aktivite gösterdiğini ve bu etkinin uygulanan doz miktarına bağlı olarak arttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, Verbascum türlerinin içerdiği aktif bileşiklerin belirlenmesi ve biyolojik mücadelede alternatif doğal fungisitler olarak kullanım potansiyellerinin ileri araştırmalarla desteklenmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Biyopestisitlerin Arılar Üzerindeki Olumsuz Etkileri

İsmail Yaşhan Buluş — 2025-05-29

Biyopestisitler, bitkiler, bakteriler ve mineraller gibi doğal kaynaklardan elde edilen ve sentetik pestisitlere çevre dostu bir alternatif olarak kullanılan bileşiklerdir. Genellikle daha düşük toksisiteye sahip olmaları ve hedef organizmalara özgü etkileri nedeniyle tercih edilirler. Ancak, hedef dışı organizmalar, özellikle ekosistemlerin sürdürülebilirliği için kritik olan arılar üzerindeki etkileri dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir. Arılar, biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve tarımsal üretim açısından temel bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma, biyopestisitlerin arılar üzerindeki potansiyel risk ve faydalarını ele almaktadır. Araştırmalar, biyopestisitlerin sentetik pestisitlere kıyasla daha az toksik olduğunu gösterse de, kullanılan aktif bileşen, formülasyon ve maruz kalma düzeyi arılar üzerinde olumsuz etkilere yol açabilir. Örneğin, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gibi mikrobiyal biyopestisitlerin arılar için düşük risk taşıdığı belirlenirken, neem yağı veya piretrinler gibi bitkisel kökenli bileşiklerin arıların beslenme ve üreme davranışlarını olumsuz etkileyebileceği gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, biyopestisitlerin patojenler veya diğer çevresel stres faktörleriyle etkileşimi, arı sağlığını daha da zayıflatabilir. Buna rağmen, biyopestisitlerin biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir olması ve çevrede daha az kalıcı etkiler bırakması avantaj sağlamaktadır. Entegre zararlı yönetimi (IPM) kapsamında bilinçli kullanım, arı populasyonlarını koruyarak tarımsal verimliliği sürdürebilir. Bu nedenle, biyopestisitlerin arılar üzerindeki uzun vadeli etkilerini anlamak ve güvenli uygulamalar geliştirmek için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Immobilizing Pb in soil polluted with Pb batteries effluents: Confirmation at biological and chemical scales

Muhammad Iqbal — 2025-05-29

Untreated effluents from Pb battery repair workshops pollute the soil when released. Resultantly, higher concentrations of Pb in the surrounding soils are observed in several areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Fortunately, cement containing phosphate (PC) can efficiently immobilize Pb in soil and reduce ecological and human health issues linked with Pb. In this experiment, we collected Pb battery polluted soil having Pb concentrations of 711 mg kg^‒1 and amended with six doses of PC, i.e. 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% of soil. The soil was initially incubated for 50 days and later used for plant experiment, earthworm incubation, and chemical scales for a further 50 days. Pb fixation in soil was measured by different scales, i.e., chemical scales [Ca(NO₃)₂ and diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT)] and biological scales (lettuce plants and earthworms). After the experiment, concentrations of Pb in lettuce roots and shoots and earthworms decreased with increasing PC dose to 2%, while no significant changes were observed for 2 and 2.5% doses. Biomass of both biological entities also followed identical patterns. Moreover, bioavailable Pb in the soil after the experiment, as assessed by Ca(NO₃)₂ and DGT, significantly decreased by raising the PC dose to 2%, and there was no change thereafter. Correlations between Pb concentrations in biological entities and chemical scales were > 0.96, depicting the efficacy of PC for remediating Pb-polluted soils. Phosphate in PC reacted with Pb to form a stable Pb-phosphate compound, leading to Pb fixation in soil. A 2% PC dose was more efficient and economical than 2.5% for ecological restoration.

Native Chicken of the Black Sea Region: Trabzon Gugullisi

Gülsüm Manav — 2025-05-29

Tavuk ırkları, dünyadaki tüm kuş türlerinin %63’ünü oluşturarak büyük bir orana sahiptir. Dünya genelindeki tavuk sayısı, insan nüfusunun yaklaşık 2,5 katıdır ve bu tavukların büyük bir kısmı Asya, Latin Amerika ve Karayipler’de yoğunlaşmıştır. Avrupa ve Kafkaslar ise dünya tavuk nüfusunun %13’ünü oluştururken, Afrika bu oranı %7 ile takip etmektedir. Yerli ırklar, dünya çapındaki kanatlı genetik çeşitliliğinin önemli bir kısmını temsil etmektedir. Evcil tavuk ırkları, evrimsel süreçler ve genişleme sırasında geniş ekolojik adaptasyon, hastalık direnci ve ekonomik verimlilik gibi özellikler geliştirmiştir. Ancak, ticari tavuk ırklarının yaygınlaşması, yerel tavuk genetik kaynaklarında büyük azalmalar yaratmış ve bu durum, yerel ırkların genetik çeşitliliğinin tehdit altına girmesine yol açmıştır. Bu bağlamda, biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunmasının en etkili yolu, yerel tavuk ırklarının korunmasıdır. Ülkemizde Denizli ve Gerze olmak üzere yalnızca 2 yerli tavuk ırkı tescillenmiş olmasına rağmen, Trabzon Gugullisi gibi coğrafyamıza özgü ve uzun yıllar adaptasyon geliştirmiş pek çok yerel tavuk ırkı mevcuttur. Trabzon Gugullisi, yüksek yumurta verimi ve karkas et oranıyla dikkat çekerken, aynı zamanda görsel olarak süs tavuğu kategorisinde değerlendirilebilecek güzellikte bir ırktır. Karakteristik olarak kafasında bir kemik çıkıntısına sahiptir ve bu özellik civcivlerinde de gözlemlenmektedir. Ayrıca, dik ve heybetli yürüyüşleri ile dikkat çekmektedir. Bu bildirinin amacı, Trabzon Gugullisi tavuklarını tanıtmak ve bu yerli ırkın korunması ile ıslahına yönelik çalışmalara bilimsel bir temel oluşturmaktır.

Bıldırcınlarda Genotipin ve Cinsiyetin Kesim ve Karkas Özelliklerine Etkisi

Haydar KARADAŞ — 2025-05-29

Bu çalışma 4 farklı bıldırcın genotipinde (Kıbrıs karası, Teksas beyazı, İtalyan sarısı, Firavun(yabani tip)) kesim ve karkas özelliklerine cinsiyet ve genotipin etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın hayvan materyalini 5 aylık yaştaki 4 genotipten 5 dişi 5 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 40 adet bıldırcın oluşturmuştur. Bıldırcınlar aktif olarak çiftleşen ve yumurtlayan bir sürüden rastgele seçilmiştir. Kesimler bireysel olarak yapılmış olup bütün bıldırcınlarda karkas ağırlığı, yenilebilir iç organ ağırlıkları, bağırsak uzunlukarı ölçülmüştür. Erkek bıldırcınlarda testis ağırlığı, dişilerde ise yumurta kanalı uzunluğu ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Kesimin ardından sıcak karkas 12 saat dinlendirilerek soğutulmuş ve soğuk karkas ağırlığı ve soğuk karkas oranı hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada dişi ve erkek cinsiyet gruplarında canlı ağırlık sırasıyla 295.71 ve 244.72 g olarak belirlenmiştir (p<0.001). Canlı ağırlık bakımından genotipler değerlendirildiğinde Firavun, İtalyan Sarısı, Kıbrıs karası ve Teksas beyazı genotipleri sırasıyla 278.88, 249.51, 239.21 ve 313.25 olarak belirlenmiştir (p<0.001). Sıcak karkas bakımından genotiplerin verimlerine bakıldığında aynı sırayla 164.76, 167.41, 158.65 ve 215.48 olarak bulunmuştur (p<0.001). Önemli bir verim özelliği olan karkas randımanı genotip grupları bakımından aynı sırayla %60.17, 67.34, 66.53 ve 69.17 olarak hesaplanmıştır (p<0.001). Cinsiyet grupları bakımından değerlendirildiğinde ise dişi ve erkek cinsiyet gruplarında %60.82 ve 70.79 olarak hesaplanmıştır (p<0.001). Gruplar soğuk karkas oranı bakımından değerlendirildiğinde cinsiyet gruplarında sırayla %62.73 ve 73.68 genotip grupları bakımından değerlendirildiğinde ise aynı sırayla %62.92, 69.38, 69.03 ve 71.48 olarak tespit edilmiştir (p<0.001). Çalışmada parça ağırlıklarıda hesaplanmış olup kalçalı but bakımından genotip gruplarının verimleri sırayla 39.59, 39.06, 37.90 ve 53.07 g olarak tespit edilmiştir (p<0.001). Bütün kanat ağırlığına baktığımızda genotip gruplarının verimleri sırayla 12.52, 12.80, 12.73 ve 16.47 g olarak tespit edilmiştir (p<0.001). Cinsiyet ve genotip gruplarını but karkas oranı ve kanat karkas oranı bakımından değerlendirdiğimizde herhangi bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (p>0.05). Genotiplerin göğüs ağırlıkları 64.40, 69.93, 64.70 ve 90.14 g kemiksiz göğüs ağırlıkları ise sırasıyla 51.94, 56.31, 52.74 ve 73.40 olarak ölçülmüştür (p<0.001).Genotiplerin göğüs karkas oranlarına baktığımızda ortalamalar aynı sırayla %37.48, 40.33, 39.31 ve 40.44 olarak tespit edilmiştir (p<0.001). Cinsiyet gruplarının göğüs oranlarına baktığımızda sırayla % 40.63 ve 38.15 olarak tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Cinsiyet gruplarına göre ciğer ağırlıkları sırayla 8.48 ve 4.44’ dür (p<0.001). Genotiplerin ciğer karkas oranlarına baktığımızda sırayla %1.19, 1.30, 1.18 ve 1.00 olarak tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05).Taşlık ağırlığı bakımından bir değerlendirme yapıldığında genotip verimleri sırasıyla 4.67, 4.00, 3.67 ve 5.06’ dır (p<0.001). Cinsiyet gruplarında kalp ağırlığı bakımından herhangi bir farklılık tespit edilemezken kalp karkas oranları sırasıyla %1.24 ve 1.10 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bağırsak uzunluğu özelliği bakımından değerlendirildiğinde genotip verimleri sırasıyla 79.45, 82.40, 76.30 ve 95.75 cinsiyet grupları ise 91.88 ve 75.08 cm olarak tespit edilmiştir(p<0.001). Genotip grupları testis karkas oarnı bakımından değerlendirilmesinde ise %3.57, 3.67, 3.71 ve 3.72 olarak tespit eilmiştir (p<0.001).Araştırma sonuçlarına bakıldığında et üretim amaçlı bir yetiştiricilik yapılacaksa hem canlı ağırlık hem karkas randımanı hemde parça ve yenilebilir iç organ ağırlıklarındaki avantajı dolayısıyla teksas beyazı genotipinin erkeklerinin kullanılması daha uygundur. Karka özelliklerine baktığımızda karkasın büyük bir kısmını göğüsün oluşturduğunu, bu oranında en düşük firavun bıldırcınlarında olduğu görülmüştür.

Selection of Stable and High-Yielding Short-Duration Inbred Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for the Boro Season in Bangladesh Using WAASB and MTSI Indices

Mir Mehedi Hasan — 2025-05-29

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of Bangladesh, with its production tripling since independence. However, declining cultivable land and climate change, particularly erratic rainfall, have led to prolonged water scarcity during the Boro season. To ensure future rice security, genetic improvements for short-duration, high-yielding varieties are essential. In response, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) developed genotypes with a life cycle of ≤145 days, requiring less water while maintaining productivity. This study evaluated four advanced fixed lines (V1 = BR11318-5R-63, V2 = BR11337-5R-72, V3 = SVIN109, V4 = IR17A1723) alongside two reference varieties (V5 = BRRI dhan81, V6 = BRRI dhan96) across 11 locations in Bangladesh during the 2022–23 Boro season. Combined ANOVA revealed significant genotype, environment, and genotype-environment interaction (GEI) effects (p ≤ 0.001) on yield and related traits. Broad-sense heritability (h²b) ranged from 0.05 to 0.50, with most traits showing high selection accuracy (>0.80). Stability analysis using weighted average of absolute scores biplots (WAASB) identified V1 and V3 as the most stable, while GGE biplots highlighted V2’s superior grain yield (GY) in multiple locations. Multi-trait stability index (MTSI) ranked V2 as the most stable based on GY and seven yield-contributing traits. Factor analysis further confirmed its agronomic superiority, with GD and TGW showing the highest broad-sense heritability (0.92), followed by PHT (0.885) and GY (0.833), with selection gains ranging from 1.48% to 9.54%. Overall, BR11337-5R-72 (V2) emerged as the most promising short-duration, high-yielding, and stable genotype for Boro rice cultivation, requiring further evaluation and promotion for large-scale adoption.

The Evaluation of the Relationship Between Condensed Tannin Content and Rumen Protein Degradability in Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia)

Hulya Hanoglu ORAL — 2025-05-29

Condensed tannins (CT), naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds in some legumes such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), can bind dietary proteins at ruminal pH levels. These tannin-protein complexes resist microbial degradation in the rumen but dissociate in the acidic environment of the abomasum, enhancing amino acid absorption in the small intestine. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between CTs content and ruminal protein degradability in sainfoin, focusing on the potential role of CTs in protecting dietary proteins from microbial breakdown. Twenty-five sainfoin hay samples, harvested as green forage from various regions of Türkiye at 50–100% flowering stage, were used in this study. Crude protein (CP) was determined according to AOAC (2003) method 954.01, and CTs content was measured using the hydrochloric acid (HCl)-butanol assay. The effective protein degradability (EP) of the samples was assessed using the in situ nylon bag technique, following Ørskov and McDonald (1979). The ED values of samples, calculated at a ruminal outflow rate of k = 0.06 h⁻¹, ranged from 53.7% to 62.5%, indicating variation in protein degradation characteristics among the samples. Correspondingly, the condensed tannins content of the samples varied between 32.4 and 55.0 g kg-1 dry matter. Regression analysis revealed a strong negative linear relationship between CT concentration and EP, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.89. This suggests that 89% of the variation in protein degradability can be attributed to differences in condensed tannin content. These findings indicate that CTs may play a significant role in reducing ruminal protein breakdown by forming stable tannin-protein complexes, thereby increasing the potential of feed proteins to reach the small intestine intact as rumen-undegraded (bypass) protein.

Constraints in Aromatic Rice Cultivation: Insights from Smallholder Farmers of Northern Bangladesh

Rubayet Noman — 2025-05-29

Though Bangladesh a south asian country takes pride in being home to exclusive fine aromatic rice, it has done precious little to retain this much-valued product. The traditional varieties with excellent aroma are almost at the verge of extinct from the fields. The purpose of this study was to determine farmers’ constraints in aromatic rice production, and to explore the relationship between the selected characteristics of the farmers with their constraints in aromatic rice production. Data were collected using pre-designed and pre-tested structured interview schedule from a sample of 92 farmers out of 653 farmers selected by simple random sampling procedure. The data collection was done in Uthrail unions of sadar upazila under Dinajpur district. Besides the usual descriptive statistical parameter, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used for the statistical analysis. About three-fourths (67.3 percent) of the respondents had faced medium constraint while 20.7 percent had low constraints and only 12.0 percent had faced high constraints. Among the constraints, “Diseases” (CFI= 270.6) was found the first ranked constraints in aromatic rice production faced by the farmers. The lowest constraints in aromatic rice production faced by the farmers was ‘Erosion’ (CFI= 78.2) among the selected constraints. According to the computed value of correlation coefficients (r), among ten selected characteristics of the farmer’s age, education, family size, farm size and annual income had no significant relationship with farmers’ constraints in aromatic rice production. On the other hand, area under aromatic rice cultivation, agricultural knowledge, extension media contact, training received and aspiration had positive significant relationship with farmers’ constraints in aromatic rice production.

Seed scarification relieves weed seed dormancy in Convolvulus arvensis

Khawar Jabran — 2025-05-29

Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is a perennial weed, which has a creeping growth habit and deep root system. This is one among the most troublesome and aggressive weeds around the world and infest a large number of field crops and orchards. The weed has a strong dormancy character, which makes working on this weed under laboratory conditions a difficult task. This study aimed to check the dormancy breaking impact of several hormones and scarification with sand paper in the seeds of C. arvensis. The results showed that the most effective treatment for removing weed seed dormancy in C. arvensis was the mechanical method i.e., scarification with sand paper. This method resulted in a 55% germination of the weed seeds, which was the highest among all the germinated seeds. None of the hormones was effective in improving the germination of C. arvensis. The most efficient among the hormones was kinetin that resulted only in 5% germination of the weed seeds, which was equal to the germination percentage observed in the control treatment. It is concluded that the mechanical scarification can act as a successful method to remove dormancy in the seeds of C. arvensis.

AI and IoT-Based Smart Irrigation: A Review of Challenges and Future Trends

Yusuff Lawal — 2025-05-29

Mapping the Genetic Structure in Chicken Genomes Using SNP Chips: Perspectives on Conservation and Breeding

Gülsüm Manav — 2025-05-29

Küresel ölçekte insan nüfusunun hızla artması, kaliteli ve sürdürülebilir protein kaynaklarına olan talebin giderek yükselmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda tavuk eti, ekonomik üretim avantajları, yüksek besin değeri ve düşük çevresel ayak izi ile insan beslenmesinde stratejik bir konuma sahiptir. Gelecekte beklenen protein ihtiyacının karşılanması ise tavuk üretiminde verimliliğin artırılması ve sürdürülebilir üretim modellerinin benimsenmesi ile mümkün olması düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle, yerli tavuk ırklarının genetik potansiyelinin etkin bir biçimde ortaya çıkarılması, hem verimlilik artışı sağlanması hem de biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Tavuk ırklarının genetik yapılarını ve çeşitliliklerini anlamak, sürdürülebilir hayvan ıslahı programları ve yerel genetik kaynakların korunması için elzemdir. Son yıllarda, tavuklarda genetik yapının ortaya çıkarılmasında yüksek yoğunluklu tek nükleotid polimorfizm (SNP) chip teknolojileri güçlü bir araç olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu teknoloji, binlerce SNP eş zamanlı olarak analiz ederek, populasyon yapısı, inbreeding düzeyleri, heterozigotluk oranları ve genetik farklılaşma indeksi (FST) gibi parametrelerin güvenilir ve hassas biçimde belirlenmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. SNP chip teknolojisinde farklı yoğunluklardaki SNP chip (5K-10K-50K-100K) kullanılmakta olup, chip yoğunluklarının seçiminde çalışma amaçları, popülasyonların genetik yapısı ve araştırmanın bütçesi gibi kriterler belirleyici olmaktadır. Farklı yoğunluktaki SNP chip, temel genetik çeşitlilik analizlerinden genom çapında ilişkilendirme (GWAS) çalışmalarına kadar geniş bir uygulama alanı sunmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışması, tavuklarda SNP chip teknolojisiyle gerçekleştirilen genetik analizlere odaklanarak, yerli ve ticari ırkların genomik yapılarını karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendiren güncel literatürü incelemektedir. Ayrıca Illumina ve Affymetrix gibi yaygın kullanılan ticari SNP chip avantajları, sınırlılıkları ve veri analizinde kullanılan metodolojik yaklaşımlar kapsamlı şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Seleksiyon kriterlerinin belirlenmesi, homozigot bölgelerin haritalanması ve koruma genetiği uygulamalarında SNP verilerinin stratejik rolüne dikkat çekilmekte, SNP chip teknolojisinin moleküler düzeyin yanı sıra uygulamalı hayvancılık politikaları açısından da kritik bir bileşen olduğu vurgulanmaktadır

Adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) by Vegetable Farmers for Safe Food: An Empirical Study on Dinajpur District

Rubayet Noman — 2025-05-29

In order to produce safe and healthy food and agricultural products, Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) are a set of guidelines that should be followed during the production process on farms as well as during post-production, all the while considering the sustainability of the economy, society, and environment. Therefore, the research focus was to determine the extent of awareness and adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). A mixed method was followed during conducting the study. A sample of 120 vegetable farmers were selected by following simple random sampling technique and by following proper sampling formula. Data were collected by a pre-tested interview schedule during 01 January to 31 May 2024 by face-to-face interview method. Descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics like Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient analysis were followed. Findings reveals that more than half of the respondents (56.7%) had medium awareness level on GAP while majority (65.0%) of the vegetable farmers had low level of adoption of Good Agricultural Practices in vegetable cultivation. Factors such as area under cultivation, experience, training received, market perception, environmental orientation, and extension contact demonstrated a positive and significant relationship, underscoring the importance of these elements in enhancing GAP adoption among farmers. The most important constraint is increased difficulty in management of pest and disease incidence having mean score of 2.7.

English

Lois Akinjobi — 2025-05-29

Global warming poses a significant threat to poultry production, inducing heat stress that reduces feed intake, egg production, and reproductive capacity, while increasing mortality rates. However, limited research exists on poultry farmers’ awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of climate change, which are essential for developing effective adaptation strategies. This study examines poultry farmers’ perceptions of climate change in Ogun State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 154 registered members of the Poultry Association of Nigeria, Ogun State Chapter (PANOG) using a multistage sampling technique. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequency, percentages, and chi-square tests. Results show that 64.5% of poultry farmers were male, 78.3% had tertiary education, and 93.4% were aware of climate change. Over 80% associated climate change with rising environmental temperatures, while more than 70% linked it to increased water intake in poultry birds. Additionally, 75% of respondents identified well-ventilated housing as a mitigation strategy. However, fewer than 50% strongly agreed on the effectiveness of improving feed quality, veterinary services, reducing stocking density, or integrating other livestock. Statistical analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) relationships between awareness and factors such as age, education level, experience, and access to information. Furthermore, awareness levels significantly (P<0.05) influenced the adoption of mitigation strategies. The study highlights the need for targeted education on climate change impacts and adaptive measures, particularly through feed management, to enhance poultry farmers’ resilience and productivity in Ogun State.

Aged Garlic Extract: Bioactive Components and Functional Properties

Hatice Kübra Şaşmaz — 2025-05-29

Sarımsak, Liliaceae ailesine ait olup yaklaşık 15 cins ve 700'den fazla türe sahiptir. En yaygın sarımsak türü Allium sativum L.’dir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, yıllanmış sarımsağın biyoaktif bileşikleri ve fonksiyonel özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yıllanmış sarımsak ekstraktı, dilimlenmiş taze sarımsakların sulu etanolde oda sıcaklığında on aydan uzun bir süre olgunlaştırılmasıyla elde edilen ve uzakdoğuda sıklıkla tüketilen ticari bir üründür. Bu ekstrakt, hazırlanma aşamasındaki süreçlere bağlı olarak yüksek oranda S-1-propenilsistein ve S-allilsistein gibi kükürt içeren karakteristik bileşikler içermektedir. Bu bileşikler, yıllanmış sarımsakların antioksidan, antihipertansif ve immünomodülatör etkilerinden sorumludur. Yıllanmış sarımsak ekstraktının yüksek biyoyararlanıma sahip olduğu ve hem hayvan hem de insan çalışmalarında biyolojik aktivite gösterdiği önceki çalışmalarda belirlenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar, bu ekstraktın bağışıklık güçlendirici ve kardiyovasküler koruyucu özellikler gibi farmakolojik etkiler sunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, antioksidan özellikleri açısından taze sarımsağa kıyasla daha yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yıllanmış sarımsak ekstraktında S-allil-sistein miktarının 1.6-2.4 mg/g (kuru ağırlık) aralığında olduğu bildirilmiştir.Çalışmalar, yıllanmış sarımsak ekstraktının toplam flavonoid ve flavonol konsantrasyonlarının taze sarımsaktan daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Duyusal değerlendirmelerde, yıllanmış sarımsak ekstraktında “keskin” koku önemli ölçüde azalırken, “baharatlı”, “asitli”, “metalik” ve “karamelize” özelliklerin taze sarımsağa kıyasla daha belirgin olduğu bildirilmiştir.Bu derleme çalışması, yıllanmış sarımsak ekstraktının biyoaktif bileşikleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri hakkında kapsamlı bilgiler sunarak, fonksiyonel gıda ve farmakoloji alanlarında potansiyel kullanımına dair önemli veriler sunmaktadır.

Oviductal Impaction in Three Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): A Case Report and Systematic Review

Kubra Gerbaga Ozsemir — 2025-05-29

Three cases of oviductal impaction budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) caused by torsion and egg binding oviduct are described in this study. In two birds, egg bound diagnosis could be made by radiography and performed manuel trans cloacal removing under general anesthesia. Exploratory coeletomy was performed in one bird with salpingitis and tortion. Clinical findings, diagnostic method, treatment and results of three cases are presented. Reproductive tract diseases are common in avian practice, especially among female birds. We conducted a systematic review of the case report and case series on oviductal impaction in birds In three major databases, relevant articles published in 1980–2025 were identified. Most information on studies was recorded in India. Data from 27 patients presented as cases in 21 different studies were evaluated. This study species of birds, methods, treatments, and prognose described in the literature about oviductal impaction in birds performing a systematic review and is intended to be a reference material for students, researchers, and clinicians.

Phytochemical and Antioxidative Properties of Kaempferia Species Found in Bangladesh

Merin Monira Khanam — 2025-05-29

The genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) comprises medicinally significant species widely utilized in traditional medicine for their diverse bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential. This study systematically investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and pigment profile of the rhizomes of five Kaempferia species indigenous to Bangladesh. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified, while antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays from the methanolic extract of rhizome. Additionally, major pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll (a+b), and total carotenoids, were analyzed from the leaf extract. Among the studied species, K. pulchra exhibited the highest TPC (14.45 mg GAE/g) and TFC (31.31 mg QE/g), whereas K. angustifolia demonstrated the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (153.1 mg/mL) and the highest FRAP value (910.01 μM Fe²⁺/L), indicating superior antioxidative potential. Conversely, K. galanga exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity (186.5 mg/mL DPPH and 50.23 μM Fe²⁺/L FRAP). Pigment analysis revealed that K. rotunda contained the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a (0.60 mg/g FW), chlorophyll b (0.70 mg/g FW), and total chlorophyll (1.30 mg/g FW), while K. parviflora exhibited the highest total carotenoid content (0.15 mg/g FW). These findings underscore the considerable antioxidative and pharmacological potential of K. pulchra and K. angustifolia, highlighting their suitability for applications in herbal medicine and pharmaceutical formulations. Further investigations into their bioactive compounds and mechanistic pathways could facilitate their integration into evidence-based therapeutics.

Bioactivities of Thymbra spicata: Exploring its Cytotoxic, Antibacterial and Antiviral Activities

Furkan Ozan ÇÖVEN — 2025-05-29

Thymbra spicata, locally known as zahter, is a medicinal plant-rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and essential oils. T. spicata is used to regulate blood sugar levels and digestive system, strengthen immunity, improve memory, be calm, and care for the skin. It is known to have remarkable antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antiviral activities of T. spicata ethanol extract. Firstly, ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed using 70% ethanol. Then, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined. The cytotoxic activity was assessed against lung adenocarcinoma (A-549), breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), prostate cancer (PC-3), and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell lines using the MTT assay to determine cell viability and IC₅₀ values. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The antiviral potential was evaluated in ovo against infectious bronchitis virus. Herein, total phenolic content was measured as 31.84±0.09 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content as 5.42±0.13 mg CE/g. MTT assay revealed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to all cell lines. IC₅₀ values were found as 335.78±39.10 μg/ml for A549, 592.18±20.83 μg/ml for MDA-MB-231, 473.00±27.52 μg/ml for MCF-7, 308.99±31.51 μg/ml for PC-3, and 370.668±11.85 μg/ml for SH-SY5Y cell lines. The zone diameter was measured as 8.19 mm for S. aureus, and 7.12 mm for E. coli, demonstrating antibacterial potential of T. spicata. In addition, MIC values were 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The antiviral activity of the extract was determined between 125-500 μg/ml concentrations, indicating promising inhibitory effects. These findings highlight the potential of T. spicata as a natural source of bioactive compounds for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Further studies are needed to identify its active components and elucidate its mechanism of action.

Patates Mini Yumru Üretiminde Akan Su Kültürü, Aeroponik ve Topraklı Ortam Yöntemlerinin Verim ve Verim Unsurları Yönleriyle Karşılaştırılması

Abdurrahman ÇAĞLI — 2025-05-29

Patateste meristem kültüründen elde edilen fidelerden süper elit kademede mini yumru üretiminde geleneksel topraklı yetiştiriciliğin yanı sıra sağladığı avantajlar nedeniyle son yıllarda aeroponik yöntemlerde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Ülkemizde sertifikalı tohumluk üretimi ise ithalat yoluyla başta Hollanda ve Almanya’dan getirilen çoğunlukla orijinal kademedeki tohumluklarla yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan çeşit geliştirme çalışmaları neticesinde 2025 yılı itibari ile tescil edilen çeşit sayısı 47 olmuştur (TTSM 2025). Patates tohumluğunda dışa bağımlılığı azaltmak için özellikle yerli çeşitlerimize ait tohumluk üretimimizi arttırmamız gerekmektedir. Patates mini yumru üretiminde topraklı yetiştiriciliğin dışında daha avantajlı olan hidroponik sistemlerle daha fazla üretim yapılabilir.

Araştırmada elde edilen verilerin istatistiki analizleri sonucunda geleneksel topraklı üretime göre hidroponik üretim sistemlerinden akan su kültürü ve aeroponik sistemle mini yumru üretiminin daha avantajlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 2021 ve 2022 yılları ortalamasında Niğşah, Leventbey ve Onaran 2015 çeşitlerinden aeroponik sistemde 32 adet, akan su kültürü sisteminde 29,3 adet ve topraklı yetiştiricilikte ise bitki başına ortalama 5,3 adet mini yumru elde edilmiştir. Bitki başına ortalama mini yumru sayısı açısından topraklı yetiştiricilik, aeroponik sistem ve akan su kültürü sistemi ile yetiştiriciliğin çok gerisinde kalmıştır.

Effect of synthetıc insectıcıdes and botanıcal extract agaınst whıtefly, Bemısıa tabacı (Gennadıus) (Hemıptera: Aleyrodıdae) in dıfferent okra varıetıes

Dr. Muhammad Salim — 2025-05-29

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major pest of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), causing significant yield losses. Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the population dynamics of B. tabaci and the efficacy of synthetic insecticides and neem seed extract in different okra varieties during 2024. In the first experiment, the population trend of B. tabaci was monitored in five okra varieties: Marvi, Viraj, Sabz Pari, Green Finger, and Advanta. In this experiment, the infestation started in late May, peaked in late July (6.21 whiteflies per leaf), and declined by early September. Green Finger exhibited the lowest infestation (2.08 whiteflies per leaf), while Viraj had the highest (4.05 whiteflies per leaf). Green Finger also recorded the highest yield (6064.4 kg/ha), whereas Viraj had the lowest (1834.8 kg/ha). In the second experiment, synthetic insecticides (Cypermethrin and Acetamiprid) and neem seed extract were evaluated. Acetamiprid was the most effective, reducing B. tabaci populations to 1.58 and 1.56 whiteflies per leaf after the first and second sprays, respectively. Neem seed extract also suppressed whitefly populations (4.79 and 4.84 whiteflies per leaf). Acetamiprid resulted in the highest yield (2984 kg/ha) and cost-benefit ratio (26.52), followed by Cypermethrin (22.26) and neem seed extract (19.69). Green Finger showed higher resistance to B. tabaci, while Acetamiprid and neem seed extract effectively reduced infestation. The study concluded that these treatments should be integrated into pest management strategies to improve okra productivity.

Lethal and sublethal effects of neem leaves extract (Azadirachta indica) against pink hibiscus mealy bug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) (Hemiptera: Psudococcidae)

Muhammad Salim — 2025-05-30

Maconellicoccus hirsutus, commonly known as the pink hibiscus mealybug, is a polyphagous insect pest with a global presence, posing significant economic and ecological threats to a wide range of host plants. This study evaluated the lethal and sub lethal effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves extract against Maconellicoccus hirsutus under laboratory conditions. Adult female’s M. hirsutus were treated with dilutions of neem leaves and the greatest mortality (54%) was observed at 5% neem leaves extract after 72 hours, while no mortality was recorded in the control after 72 hours. The LC₅₀ value of 4.85 ppm of the neem leaves extract was calculated for female adult of M. hirsutus after 72 hours of exposer and was further tested on the fresh eggs and nymphs of M. hirsutus. Contact exposing of the eggs and nymphs to neem leaves extract significantly reduced the % hatch rate of M. hirsutus eggs (45.23%) and caused significantly high mortality of the nymph (62.22%) after 72 hours as compared with the control. The sub-lethal effect of the neem leaves extracts on the female adult of M. hirsutus showed that the insects treated with 5% neem leaves extract concentration had significantly lower values of finite rate of increase (λ) (1.09±0.004 day^-1), intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.08±0.004 day^-1) and net reproductive rate (R_o) (32.56±4.75 eggs/female) as compared with the population treated with lower neem leaves concentrations. Similarly, the age-stage specific life expectancy (e_xj) and age specific reproductive value (v_xj) of M. hirsutus were recorded lower when treated with 5% neem leaves extract as compared to other treatments. This study revealed that neem leaves extracts are highly effective in reducing M. hirsutus infestation and can be used in mealybug IPM programs.

Effects of milking methods on test-day milk yield and milk quality traits in early lactating multiparous buffalo cows and the relationships among these parameters

İbrahim Cihangir Okuyucu — 2025-05-30

Buffaloes are not fully adapted to machine milking because they are generally milked manually. Therefore, a comprehensive examination of the relationships between milking practices and productivity is critical to obtain high quality milk products. The aims of the present study were i) to investigate the effects of different milking methods on test-day milk yield (TDMY) and milk quality traits [dry matter (DM), fat, solids-not-fat (SNF), protein, fat-to-protein ratio (FPR), lactose, density, freezing point (FP), somatic cell count (SCC), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in multiparous Anatolian buffalo cows and ii) to investigate the relationships among these milk quality traits. The study material consisted of 120 milk samples collected from 60 buffalo cows machine and hand milked in five barns at the same location on a family farm. The collected milk samples were analysed for their milk components (DM, fat, SNF, protein lactose, density and FP), SCC, pH value, and EC value using the following devices: i) a milk analyser, ii) a portable somatic cell counter, iii) a pH meter, and iv) an EC-meter equipped with a conductometric sensor. The statistical analyses were conducted using t-test and Pearson Correlation procedures. The quantitative (DM, fat, protein, density, SCC, EC, and pH)-qualitative (TDMY) milk parameters of hand-milked cows was found to be higher than that of machine-milked cows. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between SCC and pH and EC values. It was determined that milk DM, SNF and lactose percentages decreased as TDMY value increased. The SCC and EC displayed a negative correlation with the milk fat percentages, and a positive correlation with milk mineral percentages. Although manual milking improves quantitative-qualitative milk parameters in buffalo cows, it may pose more risks to their udder health and milk hygiene. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of current milking practices should be carefully considered.

Multivariate Analysis Of The Effect Of Different Pre-Treatment Methods Before Drying On Some Quality Properties Of Potato

BETÜL OSKAYBAŞ EMLEK — 2025-05-30

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of potato powder obtained from different pre-gelatinization processes applied to yellow-fleshed potato. Steam , microwave , ultrasonication, and thermosonication blanching were applied as pre-gelatination processes. A control sample dried at 55°C, without any pretreatment, was taken as a reference to compare the effect of the treatments on physicochemical properties. Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, color, water activity, ash and moisture content were analyzed in potato powders dried at 55°C after preliminary gelatinization processes. It was observed that pre-treatments caused a decrease in bioactive substance content while improving color values. Moreover, each of the different pregelatinization treatments gave different results. Steam blanching was the closest to the control sample in terms of preservation of bioactive components and ash content. This is considered an important study in terms of adding new information to the literature with the results obtained using different pregelatinization techniques on potatoes.

Isolation of Cellulolytic Bacterium from the Digestive Tract of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado Potato Beetle)

Ergün ERGENEKON — 2025-05-30

The objective of this study was to isolate and identify cellulose-degrading bacteria from the adult digestive tract of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle). Soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) degradation assays were used to identify five bacterial strains and assess their cellulolytic activity. The development of a clear zone on CMC plate media and the cellulolytic index were used to calculate cellulolytic activity. The highest cellulolytic index (2.2) was found in MOC6. This strain was identified and described using morphological, biochemical, and partial 16S rDNA sequencing. New cellulose-degrading bacteria from the Leptinotarsa decemlineata's gut have been identified in this investigation. The isolate had relatively high cellulolytic activity was identified as Bacillus pumilus strain MOC6. The potential use of this strain in the breakdown of cellulose makes its identification significant.

Yer Fıstığı Kabuklarından Bulutlanma Noktası Ekstraksiyon ile Biyoaktif Bileşiklerin Geri Kazanımı

Ebru Akgül — 2025-05-30

Yer fıstığı (Arachis hypogaea L.) baklagiller familyasına aittir ve Güney Amerika kökenlidir. Zamanla dünyanın farklı bölgelerine yayılarak, özellikle Çin, Hindistan, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Türkiye gibi birçok ülkede yetiştirilmiştir. 2019 yılı verilerine göre dünyada yaklaşık 48 milyon ton yer fıstığı üretilirken, Türkiye'de bu miktar 169 bin ton olarak kaydedilmiştir. Yer fıstığı anatomik olarak üç bölümden oluşur: kabuk, zar ve tohum. Bu kısımlar, içerdiği biyoaktif bileşenler açısından farklılık göstermekle birlikte yer fıstığı işlenirken, fabrikada çeşitli aşamalarda ayrılmaktadırlar. Ancak, bu yan ürünler genellikle yeterince değerlendirilmemekte ve potansiyelleri yeterince bilinmemektedir. Son yıllarda, atık değerlendirme yer fıstığı endüstrisinde de önemli derecede dikkat çekmiştir. Yer fıstığı kabuklarının, değerli ve sürdürülebilir bir kaynak olarak potansiyeli vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu yan ürünlerden yenilikçi yöntemler kullanarak biyoaktif bileşenlerin çıkarılması son araştırmalarda önemli bir odak haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yerfıstığı kabuğu atığının biyoaktif potansiyelini bulutlanma noktası ekstraksiyon tekniği ile geri kazanmaktır. Bu süreçte, lesitin yüzey aktif madde olarak kullanılmıştır. Farklı parametreler için, tek faktörlü analiz yöntemi kullanılarak denemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yer fıstığı kabuklarının biyoaktivite potansiyelindeki artış, yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonunun %10 w/v, faz ayrışma sıcaklığının 90 °C'de 40 dakika, tuz konsantrasyonunun %10 w/v ve pH'ın 2 olduğu durumlarda kaydedilmiştir. Bulutlanma noktası ekstraksiyon yönteminin, yer fıstığı kabuğu atıklarının toplam fenolik ve flavonoid potansiyelinin geri kazanımı için son derece avantajlı bir yöntem olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yer fıstığı kabuğu, biyoaktif bileşikler, bulutlanma noktası ekstraksiyonu

A Serum Selenium Levels in Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Orally Supplemented with Sodium Selenite and a Mixture of Sodium Selenite and Sodium Sulphate

MohyEldin Barsham — 2025-05-30

Deficiency of selenium might occur due to their low intake and impaired bioavailability. No data were available concerning the exact selenium requirements in camels. Selenium and sulphur have similar physical and chemical properties, and a number of studies indicate that increased dietary sulphur reduces the bioavailability of selenium. The present study was carried out on 12 young male and female clinically healthy dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), 2-3 years old were brought from Sodari area. Camels were housed collectively in one large pen at the animal housing of the Central Veterinary Research Laboratories, Soba, Sudan. They were left for four weeks for adaptation. The experiment was conducted in dry season. Animals were randomly divided into three groups of 4 animals each. The approximate mean weight is 185.28 kg. A control group, a group drenched daily with 4.4 mg of sodium selenite and a group drenched daily with a mixture of 4.4 mg of sodium selenite and 6 mg sodium sulphate anhydrous for three consecutive months. Blood samples were taken weekly and sera were analyzed. Selenium concentration was determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometer. Mean serum selenium levels in the control group were not significantly different at weeks 1, 3 and 8 to 12, whereas the values at weeks 2, 4 to 7 were significantly higher (P<0.05). In the group drenched with sodium selenite, significant differences (P<0.05) were shown. Low levels were observed at weeks 1, 2 and 3, whereas high levels were shown at weeks 11 and 12. Camels in the group drenched with the mixture showed significant differences (P<0.05). Low levels were observed at weeks 1 and 6, whereas high levels were observed at weeks 10, 11 and 12. It was concluded that camels are responsive to selenium supplementation. It could also be the mark of a greater sensitivity to toxicity.

Key words: Selenium, dromedary, camel, Sulphur, serum.

Sürdürülebilir Hayvansal Üretim İçin Su Mercimeği Potansiyeli

selin kırım — 2025-05-30

2050 yılına kadar 9 milyarın üstüne çıkması beklenen insan nüfusunun artışı iklim değişikliği ve kaynakların hızlı, bilinçsiz tüketilmesiyle birlikte, gıda sistemi üzerine insan kaynaklı baskı yaratacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu durum gelecek nesiller için besleyici gıdaların güvence altına alınmasını sağlayacak ‘sürdürülebilir gıda sisteminin geliştirilmesini’ zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu sebeplerle hayvan beslemesi için alternatif ve sürdürülebilir bir protein kaynağı bulunmalıdır. Doğal kaynakların gelecek yıllarda tükenmesi tehlikesine karşı, artan yem maliyetleri nedeniyle özellikle ruminant hayvanlar için alternatif yem kaynaklarına ihtiyaç duyulacaktır. Su mercimeği (Lemna minor) yüksek protein içeriği, hızlı büyüme yeteneği ve sucul ortamlarda gelişebilmesiyle umut verici bir alternatif yem hammaddesi olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Su mercimekleri, su yüzeyinde yüzen ve boyutları 1.5 cm’ye kadar çıkan küçük bitkiler grubunu tanımlar. Su mercimeklerinin habitat gereksinimleri türler arasında farklılık gösterir ancak hepsi korunaklı, durgun suya ihtiyaç duyarlar. Bitki matının derinliği, bitkinin büyümesi için önemli bir sınırlayıcıdır. Su mercimeğinin dikkat çekici bir özelliği de muazzam bir üreme kapasitesine sahip olmasıdır. Elverişli koşullar altında, biyokütlelerini her 16 ila 48 saatte bir iki katına çıkardıkları bildirilmiştir. Su mercimeğinin alternatif yem hammaddesi olarak potansiyelini tam olarak gözlemleyebilmek için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Diğer bir yandan su mercimeği temel amino asitleri içerir ve profili, geleneksel protein kaynaklarıyla karşılaştırılabilir yeterliliktedir. Ayrıca hızlı büyümesi, sık hasat imkânı sunarak sürdürülebilir, yenilenebilir ve ekonomik yem kaynağı sağlar. Geçmiş çalışmalarda su mercimeği yetiştirilmiş ve bitki %45 protein, %7 mineral, %37 karbonhidrat, %8 yağ ve %3 su içeriğine sahip olup, dokuz temel amino asit; demir, A, E ve B12 vitaminleri, omega 3, çinko, potasyum sağlamıştır. Bu projede, su mercimeğinin sindirilebilirliği ruminantlar üzerinde detaylı bir şekilde incelenecektir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, su mercimeğinin sindirilebilirliğini belirlemek ve ruminantlar için potansiyel bir yem kaynağı olarak kullanılabilirliğini araştırmaktır. Proje kapsamında su mercimeğinin sindirilebilirliği değerlendirilecektir.

Hypericum scabrum L.’un Çimento Fabrikası Etrafındaki Ağır Metal Birikim Kapasitesinin Değerlendirilmesi

Züleyha Aslan Ergenekon — 2025-05-30

Hypericum scabrum L., Türkiye'de yaygın olarak bulunan, tıbbi açıdan önemli bir bitkidir ve çevresel kirlilikle ilişkili araştırmalarda potansiyel akümülatör bitki olarak incelenmiştir. Çimento fabrikaları, ağır metal kirliliği oluşturan sanayi tesislerindendir. Bu çalışmada, Erzurum'un Kükürtlü Köyü’nde bulunan bir çimento fabrikasından toplanan H. scabrum ve çevresindeki toprak örneklerinde ağır metal birikimi incelenmiştir. Numuneler, ağır metal analizleri için özel prosedürlerle hazırlanmış ve ICP-OES cihazı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, H. scabrum'da yüksek seviyelerde potasyum (K) ve kalsiyum (Ca) tespit edilmiştir. Toprakta ise kalsiyum (Ca), demir (Fe) ve magnezyum (Mg) en yüksek konsantrasyona sahip elementlerdir. H. scabrum, topraktan daha fazla potasyum (K) alırken, diğer ağır metaller (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn) düşük seviyelerde birikim göstermektedir. Ancak bitki, potasyum (K) gibi makro elementlerin yüksek alımıyla çevresel besin geri dönüşümüne katkı sağlayabilir. H. scabrum, bazı ağır metallerin sınırlı birikimi ile çevresel kirlilikte belirli bir potansiyel taşımaktadır, ancak bu bitkinin hiperakümülatör özellikler gösterdiği söylenemez. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, bitkinin ağır metal alım mekanizmalarını ve biyoremediasyon potansiyelini daha ayrıntılı incelemelidir.

Sustainable Irrigation Strategies for Enhancing Hass Avocado Yield in Arid Region of Tacna, Peru

Francisco Condori Tintaya — 2025-05-30

Hass avocado production in the Tacna region of Peru faces challenges related to irrigation efficiency and water availability. Efficient water management is essential for improving tree growth, fruit yield, and economic sustainability. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between irrigation efficiency, soil moisture levels, and avocado productivity to identify key factors influencing sustainable production. A comparative analysis approach was used to assess soil moisture, irrigation efficiency, tree growth, and fruit yield across different regions. Data were collected through field measurements, including soil moisture at various depths, irrigation system performance, and tree development indicators such as height and stem diameter. Regions with higher irrigation efficiency demonstrated better tree growth and higher fruit yields. The tallest trees and widest stem diameters were observed in areas with optimal water management, while inefficient irrigation systems led to lower productivity. Economic analysis indicated that high irrigation costs in water-scarce regions posed financial challenges, but improved irrigation techniques enhanced profitability. Climate change and water scarcity were identified as major risks, emphasizing the need for precision irrigation and sustainable water management practices. Optimized irrigation and soil moisture management significantly improve avocado production. To ensure long-term sustainability, modern irrigation systems and efficient water use strategies should be prioritized in water-scarce regions.

INVESTIGATING THE PHENOTYPIC TRAITS AND PROBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF LACTOBACILLUS AUTOCHTHON

FATIMA HACENE — 2025-05-30

The present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and physiological characteristics, as well as the technological and probiotic properties of specific autochthonous Lactobacillus isolates. Initially, we confirmed the identification of these bacteria as belonging to the Lactobacillus genus by examining their macroscopic characteristics, conducting the catalase test, and performing Gram staining. Subsequently, we analyzed their biochemical and physiological traits, followed by an assessment of their technological properties. To evaluate their probiotic potential, we tested several of these isolates for antibacterial activity against a pathogenic strain of *Staphylococcus aureus* isolated from a urine sample of a patient with a urinary tract infection. The results indicated that most isolates are homofermentative and demonstrate the ability to thrive under challenging conditions. Additionally, the Lactobacillus strains exhibited strong acidifying, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities. They also produced flavors and exopolysaccharides (EPS), along with significant antibacterial properties. In conclusion, the Lactobacillus isolates assessed exhibited promising technological attributes that could be valuable in the food industry, particularly in dairy applications. Furthermore, their potential use in probiotic treatments, specifically for urinary tract infections, could provide a viable alternative to traditional antibiotic therapies.

Key Words: Antibacterial activity, Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus, probiotic effects, technological skills.

Gene Deletions and Silencing via High Pressure Spraying Technique

Veli Vural Uslu — 2025-05-30

Controlling gene expression is critical for improving resistance against biotic and abiotic stress factors. The introduction of expression vectors encoding artificial miRNA or larger hairpin RNA to crops has proven to be effective for higher crop yield and quality by silencing the target gene via the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing tools have been employed to rewire the transcriptome by deleting genes or regulatory elements for improved crop plants. The expression of RNAi inducers, Cas endonucleases, and guide RNAs all rely on the delivery of expression cassettes via agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. However, legal regulations, negative public perception, and lengthy and laborious tissue culture requirements restrict the use of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of crop plants. In animal systems ribonucleoproteins (RNP) and RNAs are commonly used to circumvent the use of DNA and tissue culture to induce gene silencing or genome editing in vivo. However, the cell wall appears as a major barrier preventing the delivery of RNP and RNA molecules into the plant cells. We developed the high-pressure spraying technique (HPST), which successfully delivered sRNAs, mRNAs, and RNP molecules into plant cells in planta. In addition, the use of carbon-based nanoparticles, such as carbon dots, improves the uptake efficiency. The delivery of these molecules led to DNA- and tissue culture-free genome editing methods, new methods in epigenetic plant breeding, and substantially faster applications of gene deletions via CRISPR/Cas. In this presentation, the power and the limitations of HPST for controlling gene expression via RNAi and gene editing will be discussed.

Bridging the Digital Divide: An Assessment of Agricultural Extension Personnel’s Usage of Digital Technology in Ondo State, Nigeria

Toyin Femi Ojo — 2025-05-30

This study assessed the utilization of digital technologies by public agricultural extension agents in Ondo State, Nigeria, for disseminating agricultural information. Data were collected from all (60) the extension personnel working with Ondo State Agricultural Development Programme using a structured questionnaire.

Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics (frequency distributions, means, percentages) and inferential statistics (Chi-square tests, Pearson Product Moment Correlation) to test the study's hypotheses. The results revealed that mobile phone (100%), social media platform (98.3%), e-mail and SMS messaging tools (98.3%) were most available digital tools.

Social media platform (x = 6.97) and television and radio broadcast (x= 6.97) were mostly utilised digital tools by the extension personnel for extension service delivery. The majority (66.7%) of the respondents had high knowledge in the use of digital technology for their extension work. Unstable power supply (x =1.98, high cost of Information Technology gadgets (x =1.83) and inadequate income to undertake digital technology training (x =1.78) were major constraints to the utilization of digital technology. Also, significant relationship existed between respondents’ knowledge of digital technology (r=0.660) and the usage of digital technology (r=0.660). The study concluded that majority of the extension personnel utilised digital tools at high level for documentation, dissemination and information gathering purposes. To enhance the effectiveness of digital technology in agricultural extension services, it is recommended to stabilize power supply and provide continuous training to improve digital literacy among extension agents.

In siliko çalışmaların tıbbi bitki araştırmalarındaki yeri ve potansiyeli

Ezgi AK SAKALLI — 2025-05-30

Günümüzde oldukça yaygınlaşan in siliko çalışmalar, tıbbi bitki araştırmalarında kısıtlayıcı faktör olarak karşımıza çıkan laboratuvar altyapısındaki sınırlamalar, yüksek kimyasal maliyetleri, zaman yönetimi ve gerekli ekipman gereksinimlerini aşmak için önemli bir araçtır. Bu çalışmalar, hedef molekül ve enzimlerin kimyasal yapılarının yanı sıra çeşitli hesaplama ve görselleştirme yazılımları ve çevrimiçi sunucular kullanarak veri üretir ve üretilen veriler laboratuvar faaliyetlerini desteklemek, tahmin etmek ya da doğrulamak amacıyla kullanılabilir. In siliko çalışmalar, önceki klinik ve klinik öncesi verilerle yapı-aktivite ilişkileri üzerinden tahminler yapmaktadır. Moleküllerin fizikokimyasal ve farmakokinetik özellikleri çevrimiçi araçlarla belirlenmektedir. Etkileşim analizleri, moleküllerin bağlanma enerjileri ve kararlılıkları hesaplanarak yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca, biyolojik aktiviteleri tahmin etmek için, çeşitli hesaplamalı yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. In siliko tahminler, daha önceki klinik ve klinik öncesi çalışmalardan elde edilen verilerle çoğunlukla uyumlu olup, tıbbi bitki araştırmalarında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu tür çalışmaların kullanımı, araştırma maliyetlerini düşürme ve zaman kazandırma açısından teşvik edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada, in silico çalışmalarının tıbbi bitki araştırmalarında daha yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmasını desteklemek amacıyla bazı örnekler sunulmaktadır.

Doksorubisin Kaynaklı Kardiyotoksisiteye Karşı Crocus sativus L’un Kardiyoprotektif Etkileri: Antioksidan ve Antiapoptotik Mekanizmaların Derlemesi

nardin sedghizadeh — 2025-05-30

Doksorubisin, birçok kansere karşı etkili, yaygın olarak kullanılan bir kemoterapötik ajandır. Bununla birlikte, klinik kullanımı, potansiyel olarak geri döndürülemez kalp hasarına ve kalp yetmezliğine yol açan doza bağlı kardiyotoksisite ile önemli ölçüde sınırlıdır. Doksorubisin kaynaklı kardiyotoksisitenin mekanizmaları karmaşık ve çok yönlüdür ve oksidatif stres, mitokondriyal disfonksiyon, apoptoz ve kalsiyum homeostazındaki bozulmaları kapsar.

Son yıllarda, kardiyoprotektif özelliklere sahip doğal bileşiklere artan bir odaklanma olmuştur. Crocus sativus (safran) ve aktif bileşenleri, özellikle krosin ve safranal, birden fazla klinik öncesi modelde cesaret verici antioksidan, anti-inflamatuar ve anti-apoptotik etkiler sergilemiştir. Literatürde yer alan birçok çalışma, Crocus sativus'un redoks dengesini düzenleyerek, apoptotik sinyal yollarını inhibe ederek ve mitokondriyal işlevi koruyarak doksorubisin kaynaklı kardiyak hasarı hafifletebileceğini göstermektedir.

Bu çalışmada, Crocus sativus'un kardiyoprotektif özelliklerinin yanı sıra doksorubisin kaynaklı kardiyotoksisite ile ilişkili biyoaktif bileşenlerine dair mevcut kanıtların moleküler mekanizmaları incelenecek, mevcut çalışmaların sınırlamalarını vurgulanarak, gelecekteki araştırma yönlerini ve potansiyel klinik uygulamaları sunulacaktır

Turunçgillerde Bulunan Fenolik Bileşikler

zeynep akşit — 2025-05-30

Turunçgiller mineraller, vitaminler ve diyet lifleri de dahi olmak üzere sağlık için yararlı birçok bileşeni içermektedir. Ayrıca flavonoidler ve limonoidler gibi hastalık önleyici özelliklere sahip birçok biyoaktif bileşenlerin başlıca kaynaklarıdır. Flavonoidler bitkilerde bulunan bir pigment grubu olup çiçek ile meyvelerin renklendirmesinden sorumludur. Flavonoidler diyetimizde bulunan meyve ve sebzelerde bulunurlar. Turunçgillerin yenmeyen kısımları da kabuk, meyvenin öz suyu ve posası gibi meyvenin yenilebilir kısımları kadar fenolik bileşikler açısından zengindir. Narenciye kabuğu ve çekirdekleri fenolik asitler ve flavonoidler bakımından oldukça zengin olup, kabuklar flavonoid içeriği açısından tohumlara göre daha fazla bileşik içerir. Turunçgillerin kabuk ve çekirdek gibi atık kısımları, özellikle flavonoid ve fenolik bileşikler bakımından oldukça zengindir ve bu bileşikler sağlık açısından önemli özelliklere sahiptir. Dünya çapında milyonlarca ton üretilen turunçgil atıklarının geri dönüştürülmesi, çevresel ve ekonomik açıdan önemli bir potansiyel taşımaktadır. Özellikle kabukların geri kazanımı, doğal antioksidan kaynağı olarak kronik hastalıkların önlenmesine katkı sağlarken, gıdalarda oksidasyonu azaltarak raf ömrünü uzatmaktadır. Turunçgil atıklarının fenolik ve flavonoid içeriği; tür, yetiştirme koşulları ve hasat zamanına bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermektedir. Gıda, kozmetik ve ilaç endüstrilerinde turunçgil atıklarının kullanımı, çevre kirliliğini azaltmakla kalmayıp, sağlık ve beslenme açısından katma değerli ürünlerin geliştirilmesine de olanak sağlamaktadır.

Sosis ve Raf Ömrü Çalışmaları

zeynep akşit — 2025-05-30

Et tarih boyunca insanlar tarafından işlenmiş veya taze bir şekilde ana beslenme kaynağı olarak tüketilmiştir. Modern et endüstrisinde, et ürünleri içerisinde emülsiyon et ürünleri önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çok eski tarihlerden beri etlerin geleneksel olarak hamur şeklinde hazırlandığı bilinmektedir. Sonraki dönemlerde gelişerek endüstriyel üretimleri yaygınlaşmıştır. Salam ve sosis yaygın emülsiyon et ürünlerini oluşturmaktadır. Et ürünlerinin emülsifikasyonu temel olarak emülgatörler ve et proteinlerinin yardımıyla yağ ve suyun birbirine bağlanmasının sağlanmasıdır. Genel anlamda sosis; sığır, domuz, manda, kanatlı ve koyun etleri ve bu etlerin yan ürünlerinden, emülsifikasyon işlemi uygulanmasıyla elde edilen hamurun içerisine çeşitli katkı maddeleri katılıp, doğal veya yapay kılıflara doldurularak üretilir. Sosisin hem et ürünü olması hem de yapısındaki su ve yağ içeriğinden dolayı bozulmaya karşı zayıf bir üründür. Sosisin raf ömrünü uzatmaya yönelik çeşitli antioksidanlar ve yaygın olarak nitrat-nitrit tuzları gibi katkı maddeleri kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca yapılan çalışmalarda sosislerin raf ömrünün kullanılan antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal maddeler, uygulanan ısıl işlem ve ambalajlama tekniği, nem içeriği, depolama sıcaklığı ve mikrobiyolojik yük gibi faktörlerden etkilendiği belirtilmiştir.

A, review on the effects of wood biomass on the quality of smoked catfish

Amin Dawi Wakawa — 2025-05-30

Fishes are susceptible to spoilage which occurred as a results of different factors including high level of temperature, weather, acidity, processing and storage methods and during transportation. This lead to a significant loss during storage of fresh fish samples. Spoilage of fish can be achieved through subjecting the fresh samples to smoking. Cold or hot smoking method to improve shelf-life. The main purpose of this review focused differentiate fish smoking method and the effect of wood biomass on the smoked fish product. The method involved processing and smoking raw fresh fish species with different fuel-wood species to ascertain the quality of the smoked products based on the chemical composition of the smoked fish, composition of the woods biomass and the volatile compounds; both beneficial such as color, aromatic and flavor improvement as well as he harmful effect such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HAPs) which poise a severe health effect. Pyrolysis generated from Wood smoke consist of complex mixture of liquids, solid particles and gases (aerosol) due to incomplete burning, pyrolysis or combustion of the wood biomass such as; charcoal, wood chunk, sawdust, wood pellets etc. at an elevated temperatures with reduced oxygen level. Besides the main product of pyrolysis which is ‘carbon dioxide and water’, wood biomass contain approximately more than 200 different organic compounds identified to induce mild, acute or severe chronic health effects when accumulated in humans body. The nutritional composition of smoked fish samples includes; crude fibre, water content, protein, ash content, amino acids, minerals, phenols and biogenic amines. All the locally available woods species that impart desired colour and flavor also contain minimal level of 0.2 – 5.0 milligram of PAHs per cubic meter of air i.e. (0.2 – 5.0 mg/M3) are recommended as safe, while at high concentration of 10 and 15 milligrams of PAHs per cubic meter of air is generally considered unsafe and could pose a chronic health challenge.

Heamatology and Serum Biochemistry of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Diets Containing Treated Rice Husk (RH) as a Replacement for Wheat Bran.

Femi Afolayan — 2025-05-30

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of treated rice husk as a replacement for wheat bran on the haematology and serum biochemical parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Twenty WAD goats were subjected to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with four goats per treatment. The treatments were 0% RH (T1), 25% RH (T2),50% RH (T3),75% RH (T4) and 100% RH (T5). The animals were fed at 5% of their body weight. Blood samples of 10 ml were collected at the end of the growth trial to analyze for haematology and biochemical components. Blood samples were taken before morning feeding via jugular vein puncture into two blood collection bottles. One containing an anticoagulant Disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the other with no anticoagulant from which serum was harvested for biochemical analysis. Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and total white Blood Cells (WBC) were determined. Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was calculated from PCV, Hb and RBC. Serum biochemical parameters measured include glucose, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) parameters were determined. Goat fed with diet T4 had better red blood cell, Pcv, hemoglobin, platelet, eosinophil and AST but high in cholesterol level. Goat on T2 had the highest Tp and better hemoglobin, Pcv, platelet lymphocytes, ALT and globulin content. The treated rice husk had positive impact on the blood parameters, the values are within the normal range for healthy goat. Hence, from this study, 25 – 50% treated rice husk replacement for wheat bran suggests suitable for better performance of WAD goats.

Comparative Analysis Of Growth Performance And Economic Benefits Of West African Dwarf Goat Fed With Diets Incorporation Treated Rice Husk As A Substitute For Wheat Bran.

Femi Afolayan — 2025-05-30

The study was conducted to find out effects of treated rice husk as a replacement for wheat bran supplement on the growth performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Twenty (20) WAD goats were subjected to five dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four (4) animals per treatment and each serving as a replicate. The treatments are: 0% RH (T1), 25% RH (T2), 50% RH (T3), 75% RH (T4) and 100% RH (T5). The animals were fed 5% of their body weight. The result showed that T2 and T1 are relatively high in crude protein, low in crude fiber, moderate in crude fat and high in carbohydrate. They equally had the lowest values of ADF, ADL and NDF among the treatments. The total weight gain (TWG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), total daily feed intake (TDFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were all significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. The goat, T1 had the highest TWG, ADWG and TDFI values among the goats. The goat fed 25% RH replacement level (T2) converted and utilized feed better and had better growth performance comparable to goats fed T1. In conclusion, at 25% level of treated rice husk as replacement of wheat bran gave better growth performance in the goats. The result demonstrated the qualitative benefits and financial returns of using treated rice husk to replace wheat bran diets for WAD goats. Thus, the use of treated rice husk up to 50% in the diet of WAD goats is recommended for appreciable growth performance and better economic benefits.

"Enhancing Egg Production Efficiency in Small-Scale Open Shed Layer Farms: A Smart Data Monitoring Case Study with 950 Birds"

Md. Tabedar Rosul Noyon — 2025-05-31

Efficient management of egg production is essential for maximizing profitability in layer farming. Conventional monitoring methods often fail to detect early declines in productivity, leading to economic setbacks. This study investigates the use of a smart data-driven system to monitor egg production, identify low-yielding cages, and enhance farm management strategies.Utilizing Google Sheets and AppSheet, data from 950 layer hens housed in a cage system was systematically recorded and analyzed to detect production trends and abnormalities. A structured reporting system was developed to categorize underperforming cages on a weekly and monthly basis, with automated alerts for critical cases. Findings suggest that real-time data tracking enhances decision-making by allowing timely interventions such as feed optimization and health management.Additionally, the study highlights the impact of body weight on egg production, revealing that hens exceeding 2.0 kg tend to have lower productivity. Implementing strategies like controlled fasting and liver tonic supplementation contributed to improved egg yield.This research underscores the potential of technology-driven monitoring in enhancing farm efficiency, minimizing losses, and fostering sustainable poultry farming. Future advancements may include the integration of IoT-based automation for precise feed and environmental control.

Assessing genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield components in common wheat

Madjid Boulgheb — 2025-05-31

The present investigation was carried out to study some genetic diversity parameters i.e. the coefficient of variance, heritability and genetic advance for sixteen traits in common wheat. The trial included ten varieties used as phytogenetic material and parents of F1 individuals, whereas F2 individuals are obtained from self – fertilization of F1. The experimentation was conducted in randomized bloc design (RBD) with four replications. Measurements and data notations focused globally on direct and indirect yield components. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all considered traits. The study showed wide amount of variability for all studied characters. We recorded high magnitude of both PCV and GCV for all the traits except of number of spikelets, spike length and number of grains in linear meter. Moreover, ECV had feeble values except of number of tillers and fertile tillers per plant and number of grains per plant. High values of broad sense heritability associated with high to medium magnitude of genetic advance as per cent of medium were recorded for all traits provided number of grains per plant and per linear meter.

Assessing the Effect of Cassava Flour as a Binding Agent in Chicken Sausages

Ruvini Kamalika Mutucumarana — 2025-05-31

Meat products are widely consumed globally, offering a valuable opportunity to enhance health benefits through improved formulations. The purpose of the present study was to assess how varying levels of cassava flour (CF) incorporation (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as a binding agent affects the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, and sensory appeal of chicken sausages. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) evaluating four (04) treatments (Control: 0%, CF50: 50%, CF75: 75%, and CF100: 100% CF substitution from the conventional binder mixture). Each treatment replicated three times. Cassava flour and all four treatments were analyzed for proximate composition and physicochemical properties. Sensory attributes were evaluated in a 6-point hedonic scale. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze proximate and physicochemical data and the sensory scores were separated using unpaired t-test. Results showed that the Control, CF50 and CF75 exhibited the optimal nutritional profile recommended for sausages. Increasing CF incorporation (P<0.05) changed pH to become more acidic. The water holding capacity, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, external redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and internal lightness (L*), a* and b* values were similar (P>0.05) across all four treatments. Unlike the treatments CF75% and CF100%, incorporation of CF at 50% (CF50) produced sausages with favorable folding test scores, extract release volume (ERV), springiness, and external L* and in comparable with the control. Resilience was higher in CF50 and CF100 than the control. Total CF substitution (CF100) increased moisture retention but reduced cooking yield with increased cooking loss (P<0.05). Total CF substitution resulted the lowest hardness (P<0.05). The results of the sensory evaluation revealed that CF50 was the most preferred sausage treatment by the panelists (P<0.05). The present study concluded that CF when substituted by 50% in the conventional binder mixture optimally enhances the proximate profiles, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of chicken sausages.

Key Words: Cassava flour, Chicken sausage, Physicochemical properties, Sensory attributes, Texture.

Improvement of physicochemical and probiotic properties of frozen yoghurt by incorporating inulin and guar gum

Bawanthi Sandarenu Rajapaksha Kuda Kottunnage — 2025-05-31

Frozen yoghurt is considered as a healthy alternative for ice cream due to its probiotic properties. Inulin and guar gum are well known soluble dietary fibers used as gelling and stabilizing agents in food processing along with their prebiotic properties. However, not that much of investigations have been performed to evaluate their applications in frozen yogurts, particularly their combination effect on physicochemical, probiotic and sensory properties of frozen yogurts. Individual (2.7% inulin and 0.3% guar gum) and combined (2.7% inulin with 0.3% guar gum) effects of inulin and guar gum on pH, titratable acidity, melting rate, overrun, survival ability of probiotics and sensory attributes of frozen yoghurt were investigated in freezing (-18 ⁰C) storage for a period of 21 days. During the frozen storage, a reduction of pH and an increment of acidity were noticed for all the tested samples. This was more in samples treated with both dietary fibers. The overrun rate was increased in the presence of inulin and guar gum where guar gum had a greater impact. In freezing storage, probiotic bacteria, Bifidobacterium (BB-12) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5) showed greater survivability in the presences of inulin and guar gum. This was more prominenet when both dietary fibers were added. Frozen yoghurt with combination of soluble dietary fiber (0.3 % guar gum and 2.7 % inulin) had the most appealing sensory characteristics. It is evident from this study that inulin can be combined with guar gum appropriately to enhance quality attributes of frozen yoghurt including probiotic properties.

polimerik Formülasyonlarda Kullanımına Ilişkin Propolisin Kimyasal Bileşenleri

Sheida Moradi — 2025-05-31

Arıların bitkisel kaynaklardan topladığı reçinemsi bir madde olan propolis, içerdiği zengin biyolojik olarak aktif bileşenler ve çok yönlü terapötik özellikleri nedeniyle farmasötik kimya alanında giderek daha fazla ilgi görmektedir. Propolisin içeriğinde yer alan flavonoidler, fenolik asitler, terpenoidler ve aromatik esterler gibi başlıca bileşikler; antimikrobiyal, antioksidan, antienflamatuar ve yara iyileştirici aktiviteleriyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. HPLC, FTIR ve LC-MS gibi ileri düzey analitik teknikler, özellikle Brezilya kırmızı propolisi olmak üzere çeşitli propolis türlerinde bu bileşenlerin hassas şekilde tanımlanmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Propolisin polimer bazlı ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlerdeki etkinliğine katkı sağlayan temel kimyasal bileşenlerini inceleyen çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Propolisin doğal ve sentetik polimerik matrislere—hidrojeller, mukoadeziv jeller, kitosanatlar ve kolajen bazlı filmler gibi—entegrasyonu; fizikokimyasal stabiliteyi, kontrollü ilaç salım profillerini ve biyouyumluluğu artırmıştır. Propolis yüklü polimerik sistemlerin belirgin antimikrobiyal aktivite, termal stabilite ve antioksidan kapasite sergilediği gözlemlenmiş, bu da onları topikal ve oral farmasötik uygulamalar için güçlü adaylar haline getirmiştir. Bu derleme, propolis bileşenlerinin polimerik formülasyonlardaki yapısal ve fonksiyonel rollerini değerlendirerek polimerik propolisin çeşitli kimyasal bileşenlerini ve bunların farmasötik formülasyon açısından önemini inceleyip, biyolojik olarak aktif taşıyıcı sistemlerin geliştirilmesi için bir temel sunmaktadır.

English

Fredrick Ogutu — 2025-05-31

Abstract

There is limited information on the recovery of pectin from sweet potato starch extraction residues. Besides, the extraction parameters and raw material source affect the preferred functional properties of the pectin. Hence, the current study investigated the effect of temperature and extractant concentration on pectin yield, purity and characteristics. It was found that temperature and extractant concentration played an important role in influencing pectin yield and molecular weight (MW), and its side chain composition was mainly rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. In addition, it is worth noting that galactose was the main neutral sugar of the extracted pectin side chain, similar to citrus and apple pectin. The maximum pectin yield was realised with 90ºC and 0.05% SHMP, the pectin yield was 14%, and its degree of methoxylation and MW values were approximately 12% and 645kDa. The pectin possessed good antioxidant and ferrous ion chelation activity.

Pectin was extracted and further characterised from sweet potato starch pomace with combined sodium hydroxide and sodium hexametaphosphate. The chemical composition, molecular weight, degree of methoxylation, neutral sugar composition antioxidant capacity and iron chelation capacity were assessed. The extracted pectin had up to 72% galacturonic acid content, 14%yield, and 12% DM, which was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The pectin exhibited strong antioxidant capacity and high iron chelation activity.

English

Tirth Narayan Uadav — 2025-05-31

The germination in okra is poor due to its tough seed coats, undeveloped embryos, and adverse conditions which seems problematic in its cultivation. Seed priming is one of the best way to induce the seed germination and crop vigor in okra. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of seed priming on okra seeds using botanical extracts at College of Natural Resource Management, Bardibas, Mahottari, Nepal. Nancy (F₁) variety was taken to conduct the research using 6 different treatments i.e.(control, distilled water, 4% cow urine solution, 4% Moringa leaf extract solution, 4% Tulsi leaf extract solution and 4% Siris leaf extract solution) and 3 replications in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The seeds were soaked for 15 hours in priming solution and dried at room temperature for 2 hours before sowing. The germination diversity parameter was recorded and analyzed through Genstat ver.2015. The results revealed that 4% Tulsi leaf extract solution shown highest germination % (83.33%), speed of germination (27.73 seeds/day), seedling length (23.63cm), dry weight (0.2990), seed vigor index 1 (1968cm) and seed vigor index 2 (24.84) followed by 4% Siris leaf extract solution with 75.56% germination, 23.48 seeds/day speed of germination, 22.51 cm length of seedling, dry weight of 0.2147, seed vigor index 1 (1705 cm) and seed vigor index 2 (16.24) as compared to control with (45.55 %) seed germination, (12.76 cm) seedling length, (0.088) dry seedling weight, SVI1 with 579 cm and SVI2 with (4.02). Seed priming with Tulsi leaf extract along with moringa and siris found to effective in improving seed germination and vigor in okra. So, this experiment should be conducted in farmer’s field and larger plot for validation.

Keywords: Botanical, extracts, germination, moringa, okra,seed-priming, siris, tulsi, urine.

NUTRITION-FOCUSED EVALUATION OF TOMATO LINES FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS IN BANGLADESH

AKM Quamruzzaman — 2025-05-31

An evaluation trial was conducted on new tomato lines to study their yield, pest and disease resistance, quality attributes, and potential nutritional contributions at the experimental field of the Olericulture Division, Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, during the winter season of 2023-24. Fruit yield varied significantly, ranging from 15.7 to 150.4 t/ha. The highest yields were obtained from the lines SLA 035 (150.40 t/ha), SLA 031 (126.54 t/ha), SLA 039 (107.23 t/ha), SLA 040 (111.33 t/ha), SLA 044 (98.91 t/ha), SLA 041 (87.40 t/ha), SLA 045 (86.16 t/ha), SLA 030 (84.70 t/ha), and SLA 043 (80.79 t/ha). These lines also demonstrated promising traits in terms of earliness, quantitative and qualitative characteristics, as well as resistance to late blight, TYLCV, bacterial wilt, leaf miner, and fruit borer infestations. Given Bangladesh's high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin A and C, tomatoes serve as an important dietary source of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. The selected high-yielding and disease-resistant lines could enhance tomato production, ensuring better availability and affordability of nutrient-rich vegetables for the population. Further evaluation of their nutritional profiles, including lycopene, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid content, would be beneficial to confirm their potential in addressing malnutrition. These nine promising lines—SLA 035, SLA 031, SLA 039, SLA 040, SLA 044, SLA 041, SLA 045, SLA 030, and SLA 043—are recommended for further confirmation and potential release to improve both food security and nutritional outcomes in Bangladesh.

ADVANCING TOMATO HYBRID DEVELOPMENT: YIELD EVALUATION OF WINTER-GROWN HYBRIDS IN BANGLADESH

AKM Quamruzzaman — 2025-05-31

A field trial was conducted at the Olericulture Division of HRC, BARI, Gazipur, during the 2023-24 winter season to evaluate eight tomato hybrids for yield performance, pest and disease resistance, and quality parameters. The study revealed significant variation in key traits, including fruits per plant (36.0-155.0), individual fruit weight (14.5-90.0g), yield (up to 111.38 t/ha), fruit dimensions, TSS content, and resistance to TYLCV and leaf-sucking pests. The hybrids demonstrated maturity periods of 99-104 days to first harvest. Three hybrids showed exceptional performance: F₁ 4601 (111.38 t/ha), F₁ 1501 (103.85 t/ha), and F₁ 1903 (100.22 t/ha) under Gazipur conditions. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of yield attributes and resistance characteristics, F₁ 4601 and F₁ 1501 emerged as the most promising candidates for commercial release as new hybrid varieties. This study highlights the critical role of hybrid tomato development in Bangladesh's agricultural sector, where improved varieties can address key challenges of productivity constraints and pest pressures. The selected hybrids demonstrate the potential to significantly enhance tomato production efficiency, offering farmers higher yields with reduced input requirements. Their development aligns with national priorities to boost horticultural productivity through advanced breeding techniques, contributing to food security and economic growth in Bangladesh's rapidly evolving agricultural landscape. The successful performance of these hybrids underscores the importance of continued investment in hybrid vegetable breeding programs to meet the country's growing demand for high-quality, disease-resistant tomato varieties.

PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL OF SWEET PEPPER VARIETIES IN BANGLADESH

AKM Quamruzzaman — 2025-05-31

An experiment was conducted at the central experimental farm of the Olericulture Division, HRC, BARI, Gazipur from October 2023 to April 2024 to evaluate four sweet pepper lines against the check variety BARI Mistimorich-2. The line CA 0043A showed the earliest harvestability (64.05 days), while CA 0046 produced the highest number of fruits/plant (9.43) and largest average fruit weight (106.32g). Yield performance ranged from 24.21 to 29.07 t/ha, with CA 0043A demonstrating superior productivity (29.07 t/ha). The selected line CA 0043A, characterized by red bell-shaped fruits, showed minimal pest infestation under protected cultivation and has been recommended for release as BARI Mistimorich-3. This development holds particular significance for Bangladesh's nutritional security, as sweet peppers are rich sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin A precursors (β-carotene), and antioxidants - critical nutrients for combating widespread micronutrient deficiencies. The high-yielding CA 0043A line presents opportunities to enhance year-round availability of nutrient-dense vegetables, particularly important for vulnerable populations. Its early maturity and protected cultivation compatibility address both productivity challenges and pesticide residue concerns. The release of this improved variety aligns with national efforts to diversify vegetable production and improve dietary quality, contributing directly to SDG targets on food security and nutrition. Further nutritional profiling of this line should be conducted to quantify its specific contributions to addressing vitamin deficiencies prevalent in Bangladesh.

ACCELERATING SWEET PEPPER IMPROVEMENT: INBRED LINE DEVELOPMENT FOR BANGLADESHI VARIETIES

AKM Quamruzzaman — 2025-05-31

An experiment was conducted during the 2023-24 winter season at the Olericulture Division, HRC, BARI to evaluate fourteen sweet pepper lines (CA0008-CA0020) against the check variety BARI Mistimorich-1, aiming to develop superior inbred lines for hybridization and quality varietal development. Significant variations were observed in all evaluated parameters, particularly in yield-related traits. The line CA0014 demonstrated exceptional earliness, requiring only 39.11 days to 50% flowering, while CA0020 produced marketable fruits earliest (57.70 days). CA0012 showed superior fruit productivity (17.44 fruits/plant), and CA0014 recorded the highest yield (11.90 kg/plot, equivalent to 42.50 t/ha). Based on comprehensive evaluation of earliness, fruit size, and yield performance, six promising lines (CA0011, CA0012, CA0014, CA0015, CA0016, and CA0018) were selected for advancement in hybridization programs and potential varietal release. This study contributes significantly to Bangladesh's sweet pepper improvement program by identifying high-performing inbred lines with desirable horticultural traits. The selected materials possess optimal characteristics for developing F₁ hybrids with enhanced productivity and quality attributes, addressing the growing demand for improved sweet pepper varieties in Bangladesh. The findings underscore the importance of systematic line evaluation in quality varietal development, which is crucial for meeting both farmer needs and consumer preferences in the domestic market. These advanced lines will form the genetic foundation for future breeding efforts aimed at developing superior sweet pepper varieties with improved yield potential, adaptability, and quality traits suitable for Bangladeshi agro-climatic conditions.

The Effect of Moringa Leaf Lxtract (MLE) on Sprouting and Growth Responses of Stem Cuttings of China rose (hibiscus rosa- sinensis l.)

Maqsood Ali — 2025-05-31

The China rose, also known as Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , is a tropical flowering plant renowned for its large, vibrant blossoms. It is native to East Asia and thrives in warm climates. The propagation of China rose ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ) face several challenges, such as Rooting difficulty, inconsistent growth so that the present study investigates the effects of Moringa Leaf Extract (MLE) on the sprouting and growth responses of stem cuttings of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ( China Rose ). Healthy, mature, and disease-free moringa leaves were carefully collected from near the Faculty of Crop Production Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The leaves were washed under running water and then kept in a freezer for a day. Subsequently, the frozen leaves were crushed to extract juice with a locally made mortar and pestle. Moringa leaf extract was made with different concentrations, after which it was passed through a sieve before applying it to the cutting. The cuttings were 9 inches long and soaked for 5 hours in four different concentrations of MLE (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) they were planted in plastic bags filled with canal silt. the research utilized a Completely Randomized Design and assessed various growth parameters including sprouting percentage (%), number of sprouts per cutting, rooting percentage (%) fresh root biomass (g), dry biomass of roots (mg), fresh shoot biomass (g), Dry biomass of shoot (mg), Root Collar Diameter (mm). Results revealed that while sprouting percentages reached 100% at all MLE concentrations, the number of sprouts per cutting peaked at 10% MLE, indicating enhanced growth responses at this concentration. Furthermore, MLE significantly improved rooting percentages and biomass metrics, with optimal results observed at 10% concentration, while higher concentrations led to diminished effectiveness. The study concludes that MLE serves as a potent growth promoter for the propagation of China Rose, highlighting its potential in horticultural practices.

The Effect of different level of macro nutrients on the growth and development of spinach ( Spinacia oleraceae L.)

Maqsood Ali — 2025-05-31

This study investigates the effect of varying levels of macro nutrients on the growth and development of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two varieties: Sindhi and English spinach. Conducted during 2024, the experiment utilized a total of six nutrient combinations, including control, NPK (3g/L, 4g/L, 5g/L), and Calcium Nitrate (1g/L), applied to two per pot across replicated treatments. Parameters such as seed germination percentage, germination index, plant height, leaf metrics, root characteristics, and chlorophyll content were assessed. Results indicated a significant enhancement in growth metrics with NPK (3g/L) plus Calcium Nitrate (1g/L), particularly for Sindhi spinach, where it exhibited a germination rate of 95.16% and an increase in chlorophyll to 64.86. Conversely, higher concentrations of NPK negatively affected germination and growth in both varieties, suggesting that balanced nutrient application is crucial for optimal spinach development. This investigation underscores the importance of macro nutrients in enhancing spinach yield, contributing valuable insights for growers aiming to maximize crop productivity.

PROXIMATE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPETIES OF BREAD PRODCUED FROM PRO-VITAMIN A RICH CASSAVA, AFRICA WALNUT AND TIGERNUT COMPOSITE BLENDS

Amin Dawi Wakawa — 2025-05-31

ABSTRACT
Pro vitamin A rich sources such as; cassava, Africa walnut and tigernut composite flour were used in the production of bread, where 100 % pro vitamin A rich cassava bread coded AP stands for (-ve control) sample HP had a formulation ratio of (90:5:5 %) while, sample IP produced from 100 % wheat flour serves as the positive control sample respectively. the pro vitamin A rich bread samples were analyzed for its proximate and phytochemicals properties. The results obtained for proximate composite of the bread samples had a moisture content ranged from (21.04 – 23.42 %), ash (1.55 - 3.45 %), crude fibre (2.33 - 2.96 %), crude fat (4.33 - 8.27%), crude protein (7.51 - 11.89 %) and carbohydrate (52.41 – 59.89 %) which showed that there was a significant difference among the samples coded HP, AP and IP at (P<0.05) level of probability ,which revealed that sample HP were significant in terms of ash, fiber, Fat and protein content and most highest in proximate composition with low moisture content compared with sample AP and IP respectively. The results the phytochemical properties of composite bread samples revealed that phenolic content had a mean value ranged from (803.89 - 905.70µg), tannin (107.60 - 147.65 µg), flavonoid content ranged from (201.78 - 339.85 µg), glycoside (1.83 – 1.83 %), alkaloid (3.23 - 3.54 %) and saponins (5.00 - 5.06 %) where sample HP had the highest mean value of phenol, tannin, flavonoids and glycoside, this properties could provide additional health benefits to the consumers. A bread prepared from a blends of Pro-vitamin A rich cassava, Africa walnut and tigernut flour could potentially be used to address protein-energy malnutrition and hence reduce the risk of vitamin A deficiency among vulnerable groups especially in developing countries.

Integrated use of Fertilizers and Bio-Stimulant affect the Growth and Seedling Development of ChiliMaria

Maria Abro — 2025-05-31

Common beans, being a nutritionally rich and widely consumed legume, require the evaluation of diverse genotypes to identify those with superior agronomic traits. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological variation among 16 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes collected from diverse regions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and NARC Islamabad, Pakistan. The experiment was conducted on August 15, 2023, at the Vegetable Crop Research Program field in Islamabad. The 16 genotypes were replicated three times, resulting in a total of 48 plants, and arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to ensure uniformity and precision. Genotypes were assessed based on growth habit, leaf area, leaf shape, number of nodes, stem and flower color, number of flowers, days to flowering, days to fruit setting, and chlorophyll content. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among genotypes for most traits. Genotype AJKS8 (15) exhibited superior performance with the greatest plant height, highest number of nodes, and maximum flower production. In contrast, genotype 37753 (1) recorded the shortest height and smallest leaf area. All genotypes displayed ovate leaf shapes, with variation in stem and flower color, ranging from light green to dark stems and white to purple flowers. Genotype 37886 (10) flowered earliest, while genotype 37789 (11) showed the longest flowering duration. Least Significant Difference (LSD) analysis categorized genotypes into distinct groups, confirming considerable genetic diversity. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting high-performing landraces and contribute to future common bean breeding and improvement programs.

Morphological Characterization of Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes at Early Growth Stage

Maria Abro — 2025-05-31

A Business Model for Community-Based Vegetable Seed Production in Bangladesh

AKM Quamruzzaman — 2025-05-31

Agriculture remains the backbone of Bangladesh's economy, with the vegetable sector critical for food and nutritional security. However, challenges like poor access to quality seeds, import dependency, and weak market linkages constrain productivity and farmer incomes. This paper presents a sustainable business model for community-based vegetable seed production, developed through a partnership between the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Sara Bangla Krishok Society (SBKS), and Dutch Bangla Bank PLC. The model engages smallholder farmers in quality seed production through a cooperative framework, thereby creating a comprehensive value chain that spans from cultivation to marketing. Implemented through the project "Community-Based Sustainable Vegetable Production," it involved 137 farmers cultivating 31 BARI-released varieties across 20.50 hectares, producing 16,923.7 kg of seeds with productivity reaching 927.78 kg/ha. The business model incorporates key components: (1) farmer capacity building through training and exchange visits, (2) quality assurance via BARI's technical supervision of seed processing and certification, and (3) financial support by Dutch Bangla Bank PLC and (4) market access through SBKS's network of 115 producer organizations serving 8,000+ farmers. Post-production activities—seed extraction, drying, quality testing (germination, purity, vigor), packaging, labeling, and storage—were rigorously supervised by BARI breeders. The SBKS cooperative network facilitated market linkages, distributing seeds to member farmers and institutional buyers like ActionAid Bangladesh and Udayankur Seba Sanstha (USS). This vertically integrated approach demonstrates strong commercial viability, with seeds marketed both to cooperative members and institutional buyers like ActionAid Bangladesh. The model reduces import dependence by 30-40% while increasing farmer incomes by 25-35%. Its scalability is evidenced by expansion across climate-vulnerable Barind and coastal regions. The business model offers a sustainable solution to Bangladesh's seed security challenges, combining farmer empowerment with market-oriented production. Policy support for scaling this model could transform Bangladesh's vegetable seed sector while contributing to SDGs 1, 2, and 8.

Selection of High-Yielding Watermelon Lines for Enhanced Food and Nutritional Security in Bangladesh

AKM Quamruzzaman — 2025-05-31

This study evaluated 10 watermelon germplasm lines alongside check variety (BARI Tarmuj-1) at the Olericulture Division of HRC, BARI, Gazipur during February-May 2024 to identify superior genotypes for farmers' cultivation. Significant variations were observed in key agronomic and quality parameters among the tested lines. Vine length ranged from 4.0-5.10 m, while critical fruit quality traits showed substantial variation: flesh thickness (13.0-31.0 cm), rind thickness (1.7-2.5 cm), and total soluble solids (TSS) content (10.50-13.60%). Fruit yield per plant varied considerably (11.85-18.49 kg), with five promising lines outperforming the check variety: CL009D (18.49 kg), CL009B (18.36 kg), CL009C (18.10 kg), CL009A (17.32 kg), and CL008 (17.24 kg). The selected lines combine high yield potential with superior quality attributes, particularly the optimal flesh-to-rind ratio and elevated TSS content (>13%), indicating enhanced sweetness and nutritional value. These characteristics make them ideal for both fresh consumption and processing, addressing Bangladesh's growing demand for nutrient-dense fruits. The identification of these high-performing genotypes provides valuable breeding material for developing improved watermelon varieties that can boost productivity by 25-35% compared to existing varieties. This research contributes directly to food and nutritional security by offering farmers access to superior genetic material with better yield stability and quality. The selected lines demonstrate potential for climate resilience and market preference, aligning with national agricultural development goals. Further multilocation trials are recommended to validate performance across different agroecological zones before official release.

The Effect of plant-derived additives on bioactive properties of fermented dairy products ; A review

Bawanthi Sandarenu Rajapaksha Kuda Kottunnage — 2025-05-31

Food bioactives are compounds that exert physiological benefits promoting health and preventing effects of diseases in the human body through their antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic and analgesic properties. Plant-derived bioactive owing to the growing researcher's interest due to their abundance, low cost and wider acceptability. This growth is fuelled by technological innovations through the development of new products by fortifying plant-based sources. Fermented dairy products are of great importance due to their special characteristics, are an excellent matrix for the incorporation of ingredients and benefits on the hosts intestine and microbiome, immunomodulation and anti-allergenic effects. This review has extensively assessed the recent knowledge on the quantitative and qualitative enhancement of the nutritional value of fermented milk products by the enrichment of plant-based bioactive compounds. Fermented dairy products including yoghurt, curd, kefir, sour cream, cheese, buttermilk and drinking yoghurt have popularly fortified with different fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices, cereals and nuts. The findings of this review demonstrated that the bioactivity of fermented dairy products has increased with the incorporation of fruits, since they contain the majority of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibre and fatty acids. Fermented dairy products supplemented with herbs are typically high in polyphenols, fatty acids and carotenoids. It was also shown that spices enriched dairy products had more polyphenols, carotenoids and dietary fibre than unfortified dairy products. Nuts and oil crops, such as walnuts and hazelnuts have enhanced the fatty acid content of yoghurts. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of bioactive compounds in promoting antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antiradical effects. In future, it would be interesting to assess more studies on the synergetic effect between the natural bioactive compounds and fermented dairy products to enhance growing demand and potential health benefits.

Key Words: Fermented Dairy Products1, Health Benefits2, Nutritional Value3, Plant-based Bioactives4

The Role of Zinc Supplementation in Reducing Oxidative Stress via Histone Modifications in Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens

Saber Y. Adam — 2025-05-31

Heat stress (HS) significantly impacts the welfare of broiler chickens, which play a vital role in the global meat industry. The effects of heat stress on the colon of chickens are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to determine whether the inclusion of zinc in the diet of heat-stressed broilers could enhance their ability to manage with heat stress. Specifically, we investigated the impact of organic zinc supplementation on colon histology and the expression of heat stress-related genes in broiler chickens. A total of 1024 Xueshan chickens were assigned to four experimental groups: control, heat stress (HS), 90 mg/kg zinc, and HS with 90 mg/kg zinc. The results demonstrated that zinc intake significantly improved villus height (VH) and the VH:crypt depth (CD) ratio in the colon compared to the HS group, while a decrease in crypt depth and villus width was observed in both zinc-supplemented groups. Additionally, zinc administration led to higher levels of GSH, CAT, and SOD along with reductions in MDA and ROS compared to the HS group. It also significantly enhanced the relative ATP levels and enzymatic activities of complexes I, III, and V as compared to the HS condition. Furthermore, the protein expression of TFRC, ACSL4, PRX, and LPCAT3 were notably reduced in the HS+Zn group relative to the HS group. Zinc intake also decreased the enrichment of transcriptional regulators SRC1, P300, and RORγ at the promoter regions of PRX, LPCAT3, and ACSL4. A significant reduction in histone active marks, including H3K27ac and H3K9ac were observed at the loci of LPCAT3 and ACSL4 in the HS+Zn group compared to the HS group. This research highlights the potential of organic zinc as a strategy for modulating the oxidative genes TFRC, ACSL4, PRX, and LPCAT3 in the colon of chickens through the regulation of nuclear receptor RORγ and histone modifications.

Tarım Sektöründe Hayvansal Üretimin Yeri: Ekonomik Katkılar ve Geleceğe Yönelik Perspektifler

Mutlu Bulut — 2025-05-31

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki hayvansal üretimin tarım sektöründeki yerini, ekonomik katkılarını ve geleceğe yönelik potansiyelini çok yönlü olarak incelemektedir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, 2023 yılında Türkiye'nin 1.118,25 milyar dolarlık GSYİH'si içerisinde tarım sektörünün payı yaklaşık %6 olup, tarımsal üretimin içinde hayvansal üretimin payı %35 civarındadır. Bu oran, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerindeki %45 düzeyinin altında kalarak geliştirilebilecek önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Çalışmada 2018-2024 dönemi verileri analiz edilmiş, büyükbaş ve küçükbaş hayvan varlığında dalgalanmalar tespit edilmiştir. Büyükbaş hayvancılıkta 2018-2021 arası görülen artış eğiliminin ardından düşüş ve 2024'te kısmi toparlanma, küçükbaş hayvan varlığında ise 2021'deki zirvenin ardından düşüş ve 2024'te yeniden artış eğilimi gözlenmiştir. Kümes hayvancılığında özellikle 2024'te et tavuğu üretiminde %22'lik artış kaydedilirken, yumurta tavuğu sayısında %15,5'lik ciddi bir düşüş yaşanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Türkiye'nin hayvansal üretim sektörünün sürdürülebilir gelişimi için yem maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi, yerli ırkların verimliliklerinin artırılması, iklim değişikliğine uyum sağlayacak sistemlerin geliştirilmesi, küçük ve orta ölçekli üreticilerin örgütlenmesinin desteklenmesi, dijital teknolojilerin yaygınlaştırılması ve katma değerli üretime odaklanılması önerilmektedir. Uzun vadeli ve öngörülebilir destekleme politikalarının uygulanması, hayvansal üretimin tarımsal ekonomideki payının artırılması ve AB standartlarına yaklaştırılması için bütüncül stratejilerin geliştirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

English

Oluwapelumi Agbeni — 2025-05-31

The study analyzes maize farming productivity state transitions in Nigeria using data from the 2015 and 2018 General Household Survey-Panel to identify the socioeconomic and institutional factors influencing productivity development over time. Nigeria's national food security and rural livelihoods depend on maize, an essential staple crop. Maize farmers lag behind local competitors because their production system operations are insufficient. The study used Markov Chain analysis and multinomial logistic regression to analyze productivity category movement patterns and their corresponding determinants. Among the farmers from 2015, only 71.4 percent maintained productive status in 2018, while 28.6 percent left the category. A total of 79.2% of non-productive farmers transformed into productive groups between 2015 and 2018 based on Markov Chain analysis. In the long run, it is predicted that the majority of the farmers, 65%, will remain productive. The regression analysis confirmed that age, together with household size and sex, demonstrated statistical importance in the determination of productivity transitions. Older farmers and large households experienced increased chances of productive continuation and initiation, but men showed a reduced likelihood of exiting productivity. Despite many farmers transitioning into productive zones, limitations exist because of restricted credit access, minimal contact with extension services, and small production areas. Productivity, sustainability, and maize farmer resilience require specific interventions, including better extension programs, affordable credit, and cooperative membership enhancement. The research outcome makes valuable contributions to governmental authorities who aim to improve agricultural program results while promoting sustainable maize development in Nigeria.

Derinkuyu İlçesi Patates Tarım Alanları ve Çevresindeki Böcek Taksonlarının Biyoekolojik ve Faunistik Bakımdan Araştırılması

AYSEL KEKİLLİOĞLU — 2025-05-31

Böcekler (Arthropoda: Insecta), biyolojik çeşitlilik, ekolojik denge ve ekonomik etkiler açısından gezegenimizin en önemli organizmaları arasındadır. Ülkemiz, Asya ve Avrupa kıtaları arasındaki konumu, farklı iklim koşulları ve çeşitli bitki örtüsü sayesinde zengin bir böcek faunasına sahiptir. Ancak, Türkiye'de böcek çeşitliliği üzerine yapılan çalışmalar belirli bölgelerle sınırlıdır ve özellikle Orta Anadolu'daki kurak ve yarı kurak ekosistemlerin ve tarım alanlarının böcek faunası yapısı hakkında taksonomik bilgi eksikliği vardır. Bu araştırma, Orta Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan ve bölge ekonomisi açısından büyük öneme sahip Nevşehir ilinin Derinkuyu ilçesinde patates tarımı yapılan alanlar ve çevresinde yürütülmüş olup, böcek tür çeşitliliğini ve ekolojik rollerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Arazi çalışmaları Mart-Kasım 2022-2023 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, Arthropoda: Insecta taksonlarının ekolojik ve faunistik özellikleri incelenmiş ve çevresel faktörlerin (sıcaklık, nem, yağış) böcek popülasyonları üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Insecta, Ekoloji, Biyoçeşitlilik, Fauna, Derinkuyu, Patates bitkisi

Inula viscosa L. Ekstraktı ile Yeşil Sentez Yöntemiyle Elde Edilen Selenyum Nanopartiküllerinin (An-SeNP) Hep-G2 Karaciğer Kanseri Hücreleri Üzerindeki Sitotoksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

AYSEL KEKİLLİOĞLU — 2025-05-31

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) verilerine göre, kanser günümüzde dünya genelinde en yaygın ölüm nedenlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada, yeşil sentez yöntemiyle elde edilen selenyum nanopartiküllerinin (An-SeNP) insan karaciğer kanseri hücre hattı (Hep-G2) üzerindeki sitotoksik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Sentez işlemi sırasında Inula viscosa L. (Andız otu) ekstraktı kullanılmış ve iki farklı sentez yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Her iki yöntemde de 10 mM SeO₂ çözeltisi ile andız ekstraktı 4:1 oranında karıştırılarak manyetik ısıtıcıda 12 saat boyunca 65°C’de bekletilmiştir. 1. yöntemde karışımda kırmızı renk değişimi gözlenmiş, elde edilen An-SeNP’lerin 10 mL’si doğrudan kullanılmış, kalan kısmı santrifüj edilerek nanopartiküller ayrılmıştır. Santrifüj edilen ve edilmeyen örnekler 2 gün içinde hücre kültürlerinde kullanılmıştır. 2. yöntemde ise karışımdaki renk turuncuya dönüşmüş, ardından etüvde 12 saat bekletilmiş ve oda sıcaklığında karanlık ortamda 30 gün muhafaza edilmiştir. Bu yöntemde elde edilen An-SeNP’ler santrifüj edilmeden hücre çalışmaları için kullanılmıştır. Sentezlenen nanopartiküller UV-vis spektrofotometresi, Zeta potansiyeli ve Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ile karakterize edilmiştir. Sitotoksik etkilerin değerlendirilmesinde, farklı konsantrasyonlardaki An-SeNP’ler Hep-G2 hücreleri ile 24 saat inkübe edilmiş, hücre canlılığı MTT testi ile belirlenmiştir. Her üç uygulamada da An-SeNP’lerin Hep-G2 hücreleri üzerinde anlamlı düzeyde sitotoksik etki gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeşil sentez, selenyum nanopartikülleri, Inula viscosa, Hep-G2, sitotoksisite, MTT

ÜRE-MOLAS İLE MUAMELE EDİLMİŞ KAFES TAVUK DIŞKISIYLA SİLAJLANMIŞ KASAVA KABUĞU İÇEREN DİYETLERLE BESLENEN YANKASSA KOÇLARININ VÜCUT ISI DÜZENLEYİCİ UYUM MEKANİZMALARI VE ÜREME POTANSİYELLERİ

Emmanuel Anaso — 2025-05-31

Bu çalışma, üre-molas ile muamele edilmiş ve kafes tavuğu dışkısıyla silajlanmış manyok (kasava) kabukları içeren diyetlerle beslenen koyunların fizyolojik tepkilerini ve üreme performanslarını değerlendirmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deney, Adamawa’daki Federal Tarım Üniversitesi Uygulama ve Araştırma Çiftliği’nde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneme için yaklaşık 6 ila 7 aylık, klinik olarak sağlıklı 21 adet Yankassa ırkı koyun kullanılmış ve çalışma 63 gün sürmüştür. Hayvanlara verilen yem günlük olarak ölçülmüştür. İncelenen parametrelerin ortalama değerleri arasındaki istatistiksel farklar, tek yönlü tekrarlanan ölçümler varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile değerlendirilmiştir.

Isı düzenleyici parametreler—kalp atış hızı, solunum hızı, kulak memesi sıcaklığı ve rektal sıcaklık—deney süresi boyunca deneme grupları ile kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı bir farklılık göstermemiştir. %25 oranında üre-molas ile muamele edilmiş ve kafes tavuğu dışkısıyla silajlanmış kasava kabuğu içeren diyetle beslenen koyunlarda semen pH’sı ve anormallikleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir fark göstermemiş, ancak %50 oranında değişim yapılan gruba kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha iyi bulunmuştur. Öte yandan, semen motilitesi, canlı sperm yüzdesi, semen konsantrasyonu ve hacmi, skrotum uzunluğu, skrotum çevresi ve libido gibi üreme parametreleri, %50 değişim yapılan diyetle beslenen koyunlarda, %25 değişim grubuna kıyasla önemli ölçüde iyileşmiş ve kontrol grubuyla anlamlı bir fark göstermemiştir.

Sonuç olarak, üre-molas ile muamele edilmiş ve kafes tavuğu dışkısıyla silajlanmış kasava kabuğu ilavesinin koyunların ısı düzenleyici parametreleri üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisinin olmadığı söylenebilir. Ayrıca, %50 oranında değiştirilmiş diyetin, küçük ruminantlar için önerilen beslenme standartları içinde kalarak üreme performansı açısından en faydalı seçenek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

A

Fathima Nuha Mohamed Ubaidullah — 2025-05-31

The present work was carried out to obtain essential oil from the sour orange peel (Citrus aurantium) which is rich in essential oil through steam distillation. Extraction using distilled water was the control treatment and other treatments were carried out by using 3%, 5%, and 7% NaHCO3. This study determined the yield% of essential oil in four different treatments in freshly extracted essential oil. The Physico-chemical properties of essential oil were determined in freshly extracted essential oil .In performance, T3 (5% NaHCO3) was the best yield% (w/w) with a value of 3.15%. According to this study, using NaHCO3 for essential oil extraction from sour orange peel resulted in a higher essential oil yield than distilled water. The extracted essential oil in sour orange peel has distinct pale yellowish color with a fresh and tangy smell. T3 exhibited that distinct color and odor. Based on the yield% and Physico-chemical analysis, the essential oil extraction using 5% NaHCO3 was the best treatments followed by treatment 4 (7% NaHCO3), treatment 2 (3% NaHCO3) and treatment 1.

Nutritional Composition of Hass Avocado (Perseaamericana Mill) Cultivated in Major Growing Areas in Kenya

Fredrick Ogutu — 2025-05-31

Avocado is an important horticultural crop in Kenya and a key export fruit. The quality of avocado fruit is influenced by numerous environmental factors such as soil composition, elevation, rainfall, temperature, and sunlight exposure, alongside crop husbandry, pos-tharvest handling, and geographical origin. Avocado samples from these regions were analysed for proximate composition, including ash, protein, lipid, fibre and carbohydrates, and fatty acid composition of extracted oils.

Findings revealed marginal variations across the regions. In terms of weight, samples from Nandi were the highest with 231.85 ± 0. 84g, followed by Kisii (219.52 ±0.59g), Muranga (165.02 ±0.94g) and Nakuru (149.20 ±1.35g), respectively. Moreover, samples from Murang'a recorded the lowest pulp yield (62.28%) and the highest seed proportion (23.08%), while other regions showed an insignificant difference in pulp content (71.33%) and seed (14.48%). The pulp content of Murang'a and Nandi regions exhibited the highest fat content at 68.26±3.18% (dwb) and 64.22±0.93% (dwb), followed by Kisii at 60.84±0.31 % (dwb). Nakuru had the lowest lipid content at 45.91% (dwb). Samples from Kisii had higher ash content (6.79% dwb), those from Murang'a had elevated fibre (4.46% dwb), while samples from Nakuru exhibited higher protein (7.63%dwb) and carbohydrate (36.61% dwb) levels. The fatty acid composition of avocados was in the range of oleic acid 55.1-60%, followed by Palmitic acid 22.1-23.8%, Linoleic was 18.8-21.1%, with saturated/unsaturated ratio in the range of 0.27-0.31, implying healthy fatty acid profiles for human nutrition for all the samples. Generally, the quality of the study samples was comparable to those traded globally in terms of nutrient profile.

Overall, Kenyan Hass avocados meet the required export quality in terms of size (calibre), pulp-to-seed and peel ratio was within acceptable limits, the nutritional composition of avocados and their lipid content is in line with those reported in key avocado-producing and exporting countries.

Keywords: Hass avocado; proximate composition; Fatty Acid profile; lipid quality; Kenya

Extraction of Essential Oil from Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium) Peels and Evaluation of its Physico Chemical Characteristics

Fathima Nuha Mohamed Ubaidullah — 2025-05-31

Farmer’s Attitude Towards Rental Combine Harvester in Thakugaon District

Sadekur Rahman — 2025-05-31

The main purpose of the study was to determine the attitude of the farmers towards combined harvester. The study was carried out at Thakurgaon Sadar upazila of Thakurgaon district under Rangpur division. Ninety-eight (98) farmers were selected as sample from an updated list of 300 farmers’ who are rental user of combined harvester by following proper statistical techniques. Data were collected by a pre-tested interview schedule during 10 November to 10 December 2023. Simple and direct questions with different scales were used to obtain information. Pearson Co-efficient of Correlation (r) was computed to explore the relationships between the nine selected characteristics of the farmers and their attitude towards combined harvester. Just more than three-fourths (45.9 percent) of the respondents had moderately favourable attitude while (43.9 percent) of them had highly favourable attitude and only (10.0 percent) of them had lower favourable attitude towards combine harvester. Out of nine selected characteristics, four characteristics of the respondents such as education, farm size, social network and extension media contact had significant positive relationship with their attitude towards combine harvester, but age of the farmers had negative significant relationship with their attitude towards combine harvester. The remaining selected characteristics e.g. family size, annual income, level of mechanization experience and exposure to combine harvester technology did not show any significant relationship with their attitude towards combine harvester. Fragmented land & small farm size emerged as the most important constraints expressed by the farmers. The foremost suggestion cited by the farmers was organizing training program by government for the farmers on combine harvester. Increase of direct government and private investment was suggested by the farmers as the last suggestion.

Küresel Perspektiften Türkiye’ye: Tarım Ekonomisinde Yeşil Yaka Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Derleme

Bekir Ayyıldız — 2025-05-31

Küresel iklim değişikliği, doğal kaynakların tükenmesi ve çevresel bozulma gibi tehditler, tarım sektörünün sürdürülebilirlik ekseninde yeniden yapılandırılmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu bağlamda ortaya çıkan "yeşil yaka" kavramı, çevresel etkileri minimize eden, doğa dostu üretim ve hizmetlerde çalışan bireyleri tanımlar. Tarım ekonomisi özelinde yeşil yakalı çalışanlar; organik tarım, su ve toprak kaynaklarının verimli yönetimi, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı ve çevre koruma gibi alanlarda etkin roller üstlenmektedir.

Bu derleme çalışması, Türkiye ve dünyada tarım sektöründe yeşil yaka istihdamının mevcut durumu, gelişim süreci ve potansiyel etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Uluslararası örneklerde yeşil ekonomi politikalarının tarımsal istihdamı artırdığı, kırsal kalkınmayı desteklediği ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliği güçlendirdiği görülmektedir. Türkiye’de ise yeşil ekonomi ile uyumlu politikaların yeni yeni şekillenmeye başladığı, ancak bu alanda stratejik planlamaya ve eğitim-eğitim destekli istihdam politikalarına ihtiyaç duyulduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Çalışma sonucunda, yeşil yaka istihdamının artırılmasının hem çevresel hedeflerin gerçekleştirilmesi hem de ekonomik büyümenin sürdürülebilir temeller üzerine inşa edilmesi açısından kritik öneme sahip olduğu vurgulanmaktadır.

Küresel Perspektiften Türkiye’ye: Tarım Ekonomisinde Yeşil Yaka Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Derleme

Bekir Ayyıldız — 2025-05-31

Impact of Biochemical and Physicochemical Properties on the Organoleptic Attributes of Tea from Different Regions of Bangladesh

Tanvir Ahamed Niloy — 2025-05-31

Tea is the most consumed beverage in Bangladesh, and it has a great impact on the economy due to its export potential. The organoleptic quality of tea depends on different biochemical compounds and can be affected by physical factors. The objectives of the study were to assess the biochemical and physicochemical properties of black and green tea sourced from six major tea-growing regions of Bangladesh, their relationship with organoleptic properties, and how they are affected. Fifteen Black and green tea samples were collected from different tea-growing regions of Bangladesh. They were analyzed for moisture content, ash content, electrical conductivity, caffeine content, total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in water and methanol extract, theaflavin, thearubigin, total colour, total brightness, and heavy metal contents. The moisture content of the samples ranged from 4.26% to 7.23%, caffeine content ranged from 2.15% to 3.81%, and Thearubigin-Theaflavin ratio ranged from 5.14 to 6.69. The total polyphenol content of black tea was found to be higher in water extract than in methanol extract, whereas total flavonoid content was found to be higher in methanol extract. In green tea samples, total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and caffeine content are found to be positively correlated with organoleptic properties, with a total correlation coefficient of 0.95, 0.97, and 0.96, respectively. In black tea samples, organoleptic properties are positively correlated with the Thearubigin-theaflavin ratio (0.76), caffeine content (0.74), and weakly correlated with total polyphenol (0.22) content and total flavonoid content (0.34). Moisture content is strongly negatively correlated with organoleptic attributes in both green tea (-1.0) and black tea (-0.91). These findings highlight the critical role of biochemical profiling, particularly thearubigin–theaflavin ratio, polyphenol content, in determining the organoleptic properties of Bangladeshi teas. Moisture content has a deteriorating effect on the sensory properties of tea, and it should be maintained properly during the processing and storage of tea.

An Evaluation of Early Rice Genotypes for Yield and Yield Attributing Characters in Madhesh Province of Nepal

vijay singh — 2025-05-31

Rice plays crucial role in sustaining nutrition and sustaining livelihoods nutritional and livelihood globally but lack of high yielding and early maturing varieties cause problem in sustainable production. Thus, the study was conducted to evaluate the performance of early rice genotypes in Madhesh province, focusing on yield and yield attributing characters. The research was laid in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications and twenty-four genotypes (2 check varieties Hardinath-1 & Hardinath-3) in CNRM Bardibas. Geographically, it is suited at altitude 26˚52’0’’8North, longitude 85˚49’96’’ East; 78 m above sea level, AFU. The research was laid out in one factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications and twenty-four genotypes (2 check varieties Hardinath-1 & Hardinath-3) in CNRM Bardibas, AFU. The planting distance between the rice plant was 20*20 cm with plant plot size:1.5x3=4.5 and the spacing between two plots consecutive plots was maintained 0.5 m. Key agronomic traits of growth, yield and yield attributes characters were recorded. Data was entered and tabulated using MS-Excel and analyzed using Gen-stat ver. 2015. Mean separation was done by DMRT at 5% level of significance. The results revealed that highest yield (6.87 t/ha) was achieved by the genotypes IR-18-A-2294, followed by IR-19-A-5000 (6.516 t/ha), NS-314(6.24 t/h), NS-278(6.26 t/h), Hardinath-3(6.24t/h) and least by NS-232(3.91t/h). Hardinath-1 (86.5 DAT) had early maturity followed by NS-201 (91 DAT), Hardinath-3 (94 DAT), IR-132T799(96DAT) & IR-132084-B-1191-1-2-B-12 (96 DAT) whereas late maturity was observed in NS-313 (104 DAT) and yields were 5.24 t/h, 5.14 t/h, 6.24 m/t, 5.37 t/h, 4.87 t/h & 5.98t/h respectively. Based on grain quality and yield, IR-19-A-5000, IR-18-A-2294 were found as high yielding genotypes respectively, while based on earliness and yield potential Hardinath-1, IR-132T799 and Hardinath-3 were found superior among tested. These results provide valuable insights into the selection and development of rice varieties adapted to the specific agro-ecological conditions of Nepal.

Bread Waste Patterns in Algeria: Insights into Sociodemographic Influences and Management Practices

Djihane Bouledroua — 2025-05-31

Bread waste is a critical issue in North Africa, exacerbated by bread subsidies and cultural consumption patterns. This study explores household bread storage, wastage, and management practices in Algeria, analyzing their associations with sociodemographic variables.

An online survey was performed on 316 respondents (62.8% female, 70% aged from 25 to 60 years old) from September, 2023 to December, 2023. The questionnaire asked questions to determine bread storage and management practices and bread wastage levels, as well as socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. Data analysis was based on percentages and Chi-square tests, using SPSS v25 software.

Findings of Algerian households revealed that bread is primarily stored in freezers (83.8%) and at room temperature (76.5%), with plastic bags being the most common storage medium (47.5%). Bread is typically stored for two days (46.1%), with storage duration significantly associated with age and marital status (p < 0.05). Notably, 55.8% of respondents reported discarding stored bread, with this behavior significantly linked to gender, age, and marital status (p < 0.05).

Bread management strategies in Algeria include reuse in meals (87.0%), reheating (82.5%), and feeding to animals (83.1%). These practices were significantly influenced by gender, household size, and education level (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ethical and religious considerations were the primary motivations for reducing bread waste, cited by 47.9% and 36.6% of respondents, respectively. However, environmental and economic concerns were less prominent motivations, indicating a gap in awareness of the broader implications of bread waste.

Policy recommendations from respondents highlighted the need for educational campaigns (38.8%), quality improvements for enhanced preservation (31.1%), and adjustments to bread subsidies (21.4%) to better reflect production costs. These findings emphasize the importance of culturally tailored interventions that address specific demographic behaviors and motivations to effectively mitigate bread waste in Algeria.

Eating Fresh Strawberry Fruits Free from Pesticide Residues by Using 28-Homobrassinolide.

Raed Shehata — 2025-05-31

One of the most important goals is producing healthy food to eliminate the harmful effects of pesticide residues in plant foods such as grains, vegetables and fruits. There is no doubt that applying good farming practices such as relying on biological pest control and plant growth regulators to achieve the goal of eliminating the dangers of pesticides residues to human health. This is proven by our study using GC-MSMS and LC-MSMS through a full scan of samples of fresh Strawberry fruits (Fragaria × anannasa Duch) var ‘Sensation’ from the private agricultural field were obtained from badr district, el Beheira Governorate, Egypt. All of which were proven by analysis to be free of the pesticide residues. The results showed that 28-Homobrassinolide at 0.05 mg/l in a greatest decrease in concentrations of pesticide residues (imidacloprid, fenpyroximate, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil and Lambda-cyhalothrin). Overall, 28-Homobrassinolide at 0.05 mg/l improved detoxification of pesticide residues from fresh strawberry fruits.

Situational Analysis of Kenyan Slaughterhouses in Relation to Resource Utilization. The Case of Nairobi County.

Winstone Asugo — 2025-05-31

The livestock sector plays a vital role in advancing Kenya’s Vision 2030, contributing approximately 40% of agriculture’s share to the national GDP. Among the key contributors within this sector are slaughterhouses, which generate economically valuable by-products such as hides and skins. This study sought to assess the current utilization of slaughterhouse resources and waste management practices within Nairobi County, with a focus on identifying challenges and opportunities for improved efficiency and value addition.

A descriptive research design was employed, utilizing mixed methods for data collection. Quantitative data from structured questionnaires were triangulated with qualitative insights from focus group discussions, key informant interviews, direct observation, and literature review. Reviewed documents included the Kenya Livestock Sector Report (USAID, 2023), Mapping of Beef Systems in Nairobi Report (Agrisys, 2023), and the Kenya Livestock Market Assessment Report (USAID, 2023).

Findings revealed that while red and green offal are the most commonly sold by-products—averaging KES 350 and KES 170 respectively—market structures remain poorly organized. Only 18% of slaughterhouses sell by-products to established enterprises, with the majority (82%) relying on informal individual buyers. Furthermore, value addition is minimal, with only 46% of facilities utilizing by-products for biogas or animal feed production. The study also highlighted the reliance on outdated equipment and an expressed need among stakeholders for support in acquiring modern technologies.

Overall, the research underscores the untapped potential of slaughterhouse by-products in contributing to Kenya’s economic growth. Strategic investment in technology, formal market linkages, and enhanced waste management practices could significantly boost productivity and sustainability within the livestock sector.

Resource Mapping and Economic Potential Assessment of Turkana County, Kenya

Winstone Asugo — 2025-05-31

This report summarizes a resource mapping study in Turkana County, Kenya, commissioned by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and conducted by the Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI) under the PROSPECTS programme. The study aims to support social and economic inclusion for refugees and host communities through job creation. Using a mixed-methods approach—desktop research, interviews, focus group discussions, and surveys with 184 stakeholders—the research focused on sub-counties within the PROSPECTS initiative.

Findings reveal that Turkana is rich in resources, with livestock (45%), fisheries (19%), and minerals (11%) being the most prevalent. Seasonal variations affect resource availability, especially in livestock, agriculture, and fisheries. While 49% of producers reported increased availability due to development support, discovery of new resources, high demand, and price increases, 43% reported declines, mainly due to drought. This highlights the need for climate adaptation strategies.

The most traded resources—livestock, fish, agriculture, and charcoal—indicate strong market demand and economic potential. The county government is actively promoting resource development through initiatives in livestock (e.g., slaughterhouse support, dairy goat farming), fisheries (reviving processing facilities, sustainable fishing), and agriculture (irrigation schemes, despite operational challenges).

Key gaps identified include post-harvest losses in fisheries due to limited cold storage, inefficient irrigation systems, and low value addition in forestry. Promising emerging areas include plastic recycling and climate adaptation.

The study recommends further value chain viability assessments, fostering cross-sector collaboration, and establishing a Common Manufacturing Facility (CMF) to boost value addition, productivity, and job creation. Overall, the report provides a strategic foundation for sustainable economic development in Turkana County, offering valuable insights for policymakers, development partners, and local stakeholders.

Field Screening of Rice Genotypes in Drought-prone Rainfed Environment

Biswajit Karmakar — 2025-05-31

Rice yield significantly reduced due to drought stress in northwest Bangladesh. Drought-tolerant rice genotypes could play a vital role in increasing rice productivity and sustainability, and improving the livelihood of farmers in drought-prone rainfed ecosystems. Therefore, the study was undertaken to investigate the responses of rice genotypes under drought drought-prone rainfed environment and to select rice genotypes tolerant to drought stress. A total of 30 rice genotypes were evaluated in the drought-prone rainfed high Barind tract at Godagari, Rajshahi, Bangladesh (24.27 N latitude, 88.21 E longitude, 40 masl) over two wet seasons (WS), July to December. Twenty-five-day-old seedlings were transplanted in 25 x 15 cm spacing @ 3 seedlings hill-1 following a randomized complete block design with 3 replications on 16 August of both the WS. Rainfall, temperature, drought severity, groundwater depth, soil moisture content, soil water potential, phenology, leaf rolling and drying, spikelet sterility, dendogram clustering, rooting behaviors, yield, and yield component data were measured to understand drought stress and to evaluate the performance of the genotype. Yield, yield components, leaf rolling, spikelet sterility, and root characteristics varied significantly (p=0.001) among rice cultivars. Grain yield and harvest index of the tested rice genotypes ranged from 1.28 to 4.51 t ha-1 and 0.25 to 0.47, respectively, based on drought severity. Across genotypes, 61% of root biomass was located in the upper 0-10 cm soil layer, and decreased sharply in the layers below (27%, 9%, and 3% in the 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm layers, respectively). Based on overall performance under drought stress, four rice genotypes (IR74371-70-1-1, IR83377-B-B-93-3, IRRI123, and IR83381-B-B-6-1) were selected as drought tolerant, and BR7873-5*(NIL)-51-HR6 was selected as drought escaping. The genotypes IR74371-70-1-1 and BR7873-5*(NIL)-51-HR6 were released as drought-tolerant variety BRRI dhan56 and drought-escaping BRRI dhan57, respectively. Consequently, the genotypic variation in our germplasm selection indicated considerable scope to develop drought-tolerant varieties through breeding to improve rainfed lowland rice.

Orta Asya’da Gıda İsrafı ve Sürdürülebilirlik Üzerine Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz

Fatih Ramazan Istanbullugil — 2025-05-31

Gıda israfı ve sürdürülebilirlik, ekonomik, çevresel ve gıda güvenliği sorunlarıyla karşı karşıya olan bölgelerde giderek artan bir şekilde küresel gündemin merkezine yerleşmiştir. Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Özbekistan, Türkmenistan ve Tacikistan’dan oluşan Orta Asya, Sovyet geçmişi, geçiş sürecindeki ekonomileri ve artan nüfusu nedeniyle bu alanda benzersiz bir bağlam sunmaktadır. Gıda israfı, yalnızca ekonomik kayıplara yol açan bir sorun değil, aynı zamanda doğal kaynakların verimsiz kullanımına ve sera gazı emisyonlarının artmasına neden olarak çevresel sürdürülebilirliği tehdit eden küresel bir krizdir. Tarımsal üretimden tüketime kadar olan tüm aşamalarda meydana gelen bu israf, gıda sistemlerinin sürdürülebilirliği açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Orta Asya ülkelerinde (Kırgızistan, Kazakistan, Özbekistan, Tacikistan, Türkmenistan) gıda israfı ve sürdürülebilirlik konularında yapılmış bilimsel yayınları bibliyometrik yöntemle analiz ederek, bölgesel araştırma eğilimlerini ve akademik iş birliği yapılarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, 2000–2024 yılları arasındaki literatür, Scopus ve Web of Science veri tabanlarında “food waste”, “food loss”, “sustainability”, “Central Asia”, “Kyrgyzstan”, “Kazakhstan”, “Uzbekistan” gibi anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak taranmıştır. Elde edilen veriler VOSviewer yazılımı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir.

Analiz sonuçlarına göre, Orta Asya’da söz konusu konularda yapılan yayın sayısı sınırlı olmakla birlikte, özellikle son beş yılda artan bir eğilim göstermektedir. Türkiye, Çin ve Almanya gibi ülkelerle gerçekleştirilen akademik iş birlikleri dikkat çekmektedir. Anahtar kelime analizinde ise “climate change”, “agri-food systems”, “circular economy” ve “food security” kavramlarının öne çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışma, bölgedeki sürdürülebilir gıda sistemlerine yönelik araştırma boşluklarını ve gelecekteki akademik fırsatları ortaya koyması açısından önemli bir kaynak niteliğindedir.

Assessment of Stress-Adaptation Traits in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) Landraces Using Agromorphological, Physiological, and Proline Content Parameters.

Bantewalu Hailekidan Dukamo — 2025-05-31

Drought is a significant challenge to wheat productivity in changing climate conditions. Breeding strategies have been successful in producing drought-resistant wheat varieties. This study aimed to assess the morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of durum wheat landraces to drought stress. Twenty landraces and four checks were grown in pots under non-stressed (70%) and stressed (35%) conditions, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Data on yield, yield-related traits, and physiological-biochemical characteristics were collected. ANOVA results indicated significant impacts of genotype and stress on all parameters, with drought having a noticeable influence on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. Key characteristics for drought tolerance included earlier heading dates, optimal tiller production, and shorter grain filling periods. Maintaining high proline and relative water content (RWC) was crucial for supporting metabolic processes under stress. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations and path coefficient analysis offered insights into the direct and indirect effects of these traits on grain yield. Landraces ETDW/15DZ023, ETDW/15DZ04, 34217, and 31831 consistently produced high yields under non-stressed and stressed conditions, demonstrating superior drought tolerance compared to other tested genotypes. This highlights their potential for inclusion in breeding programs to improve drought resilience in durum wheat.

Enhancing Cotton Yield through Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture: A Case of Smallholder Farmers in Bariadi District, Tanzania

Fredrick Mfinanga — 2025-05-31

Climate variability threatens cotton farming in Tanzania, highlighting the need for sustainable strategies to boost smallholder productivity and resilience. This study aimed to establish the effects of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices on cotton yield among smallholder farmers in Bariadi District, Simiyu Region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study sought to determine the effects of CSA practices on cotton yield among cotton smallholder farmers. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and data were collected using structured questionnaires from a sample of 384 smallholder cotton farmers. Descriptive analysis revealed varied levels of CSA adoption, with intercropping, soil and water conservation, and integrated pest management being among the most practiced. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of CSA practices and selected socio-economic factors on cotton yield. The results showed that adoption of intercropping, integrated pest management, soil and water conservation techniques, efficient irrigation methods, and access to CSA-related training had statistically significant positive effects on cotton yield. Moreover, farm size and having alternative sources of income particularly government employment and commercial work were also positively associated with increased cotton production. The study concludes that CSA practices significantly contribute to higher cotton yield and potentially enhance household income. Therefore, it is recommended that local government authorities and Ministry of Agriculture strengthen agricultural extension services and prioritize regular on-farm training and demonstration programs to improve farmers’ awareness and practical adoption of CSA practices.

Enhancing Cotton Yield through Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture: A Case of Smallholder Farmers in Bariadi District, Tanzania

Fredrick Mfinanga — 2025-05-31

Fish farmers' choice of climate change adaptation strategies in Bayelsa State

Samuel Preye Jimmy — 2025-05-31

This study examines the choice of climate change adaptation strategies among fish farmers in Bayelsa State. The specific objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the fish farmers and to examine the effect of socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers on their choice of climate change adaptation strategies in the study area. The study selected 120 fish farmers using multistage random sampling methods and primary data were collected from the farmers using questionnaire. The study employed frequency, percentages, mean, and multinomial logistic regression model to analyze data. The results indicate that household income, educational status, and access to credit are the most significant determinants of farmers' adaptation choices. Older farmers tend to adopt more adaptation strategies due to their experience, while larger household sizes positively influence labor-intensive adaptation techniques. Educational status strongly impacts information and education strategies, as well-educated farmers are more likely to access and utilize climate-related information. Farm size and extension contact significantly affect economic and diversification strategies, highlighting the importance of resource availability and advisory services in adaptation efforts. The study recommends the implementation of targeted policies to support farmers in building climate resilience. These include enhancing access to credit through financial programs, strengthening agricultural extension services, and promoting education on climate adaptation practices. Furthermore, investing in climate-resilient infrastructure and providing incentives for sustainable farming practices can improve farmers’ adaptive capacity. By addressing these socioeconomic barriers, policymakers can enhance climate resilience and ensure food security.

Key words: fish farmers, adaptation strategies, multinomial logistics, Bayelsa state, climate change

Strengthening Farmer-to-Farmer Knowledge Sharing Networks: A Pathway to Improved Agricultural Extension Service Delivery

Farouk Shehu Abdulwahab — 2025-05-31

The concept of farmer-farmer knowledge sharing was introduced to bridge the extension worker-farmer ratio gap in developing countries. However, the idea was poorly accepted, especially in typical agrarian communities. Therefore, the study explores the concept of a farmer-to-farmer knowledge-sharing network to enhance extension service delivery. The study collected data from 80 farmers randomly selected through a series of multiple stages. The Data was analysed using a 5-point Likert scale and descriptive statistics. The Likert scale results revealed that 62.5% of the farmers are satisfied with farmer-to-farmer knowledge-sharing networks. Moreover, descriptive statistics show that lack of capacity building and low level of education are the most significant problems affecting farmer-farmer sharing networks. The major implication of these findings is that the concept of farmer-farmer knowledge-sharing networks can work better for farmers in developing countries as it was perceived by them as a reliable alternative for information sharing. Therefore, the study recommends introducing incentives into the concept of farmer-farmer knowledge-sharing networks and enhancing the capabilities of farmers who are opinion leaders in the farmer-farmer concept of knowledge-sharing to make it more sustainable.

Ameliorative Effects of Citrus limetta Raw Juice on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Organ Toxicity in Rats

laaraib Nawaz — 2025-05-31

The administration of cyclophosphamide (CYP) as a chemotherapeutic drug has been associated with organ toxicities by generative oxidative stress through its reactive metabolites. Thus, current study is aimed to explore the ameliorative effect of Citrus limetta (CL) raw juice treatment against CYP-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Following one week acclimatization, female Albino rats (N=24), were equally and randomly divided into four groups: control negative (CN) provided with normal feed and water intake, positive control group (CYP) was given intra-peritoneal injection of CYP at 20mg/kg/bw, positive control group (CL) was given oral CL treatment at 25ml/kg/bw without toxicity induction by CYP and treatment group (CYP+CL) received CL juice (25mL/Kg BW orally) after injection of CYP (20mg/kg intra-peritoneal). After 7 days of treatment, blood and tissue samples were collected and processed for biochemical markers and histopathology of liver and renal tissue. After statistical analyses, our results showed that CL juice significantly (p≤0.05) restored hepatic serum markers (ALT, AST, and total proteins), renal profile (creatinine, BUN, and uric acid), and cell injury markers (LDH and CK). Histopathological findings further supported biochemical findings and confirmed that CL juice preserved the architectural integrity and restored functions of the liver and kidney. Based on our findings, it is implied that CL may offer hepatic and renal protection by ameliorating oxidative stress produced by CYP administration.

GIS-Based on Assessment of Soil Erosion in Bay Region of Somalia

Abdiaziz Hassan Nur — 2025-05-31

Soil erosion is a major environmental challenge that necessitates meticulous investigation and the implementation of sustainable management practices. The objective of this study is to provide a thorough assessment of soil erosion in the Bay region from 2020 to 2023, utilizing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and advanced geospatial technologies, particularly Google Earth Engine, to guide sustainable land management strategies. The study integrates multiple datasets, including CHIRPS for rainfall measurement, MODIS for land use analysis, and a digital elevation model for slope calculation, to offer a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to soil erosion. The rainfall erosivity (R) factor is calculated using CHIRPS data, while the soil erodibility (K-factor) is derived from the soil dataset. The topographic (LS-factor) is computed using the digital elevation model, and the cover-management (C) and support practice (P) factors are determined from the NDVI and land use data, respectively. The findings reveal considerable spatial variation in soil erosion across the Hirshabelle regions. The results are categorized into five levels based on the severity of soil loss: Slight (<10), Moderate (10-20), High (20-30), very high (30-40), and Severe (>40). While areas classified under “Slight” soil loss are dominant, indicating relatively stable soils, regions under “Severe” soil loss signal potential land degradation and the need for immediate intervention. Furthermore, the study revealed the intricate interplay of slope, vegetation, and land use in influencing soil erosion. Areas with steeper slopes and less vegetation were more susceptible to soil loss, emphasizing the need for targeted soil conservation measures in these regions. The land use factor played a crucial role, with certain land uses contributing more to soil erosion than others.

DETERMINATION OF THE BEST VALUE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MINERALS TO IMPROVE ROUGHAGES VALUES AS ANIMAL FEED.

Keiba Dar — 2025-05-31

The study was conducted in the laboratory of animal sciences Bayero University, Kano to investigate the best value among 7 minerals to improve roughages value feed to cattle. a laboratory trial laid in a 7 x 3 factorial arrangement of a completely randomized design with 7 treatments (Rice straw treated with Sesame salt (T1), Rice straw treated with Doum fruit salt (T2), Rice straw treated with urea (T3), Rice straw treated with potassium (T4), Rice straw treated with poultry waste manure (T5), Rice straw treated with Doum fruit salt+urea (T6) and rice straw alone (T7) as control) and three incubations periods (14, 21 and 28 days) was applied to detect the best mineral and period to improve the nutritional value of rice straw. The source of mineral treatments significantly (P˂0.05) affected the nutritive value of roughages and 28 days incubation period yielded the highest value for crude protein. The best was obtain from T5, T3, and T2 respectively in term of CP and Nitrogen value.

PRODUCTION AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF MARMALADE FROM ORANGE FRUITS SWEETENED WITH HONEY

Chigozie Okoyeuzu — 2025-05-31

The study evaluated the quality characteristics of the marmalade produced from oranges and honey. In the production of the marmalade, combination of orange and honey were used at different ratios. The ratio of orange to honey were OHM0(100:0) OHM1(80:20), OHM2(70:30), OHM3(60:40) and OHM4(50:50). The marmalade were analyzed for chemical composition, physiochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. Statistical analysis was carried out using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean was separated using Duncan new multiple range test. The moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ash and carbohydrate ranged from 10.69 - 43.62%, 1.27 - 1.87%, 1.07 - 1.69%, 0.20 - 0.45%, 1.08 - 1.92% and 50.46 - 85.71%, respectively. Sample OHM1 had the highest moisture content. The composition for vitamin A, B3, B1, B2 and C ranged from 0 - 0.45mg/100g, 0.12 - 0.17 mg/100g, 0.47 - 0.71mg/100g, 0.34 - 0.54mg/100g and 16.04 - 24.09mg/100g, respectively. The magnesium, iron and calcium ranged from 34.29 - 39.83mg/100g, 0.58 - 1.02mg/100g and 43.04 - 50.10mg/100g, respectively. The results of the physicochemical parameters for pH and total titrable acid ranged from 2.60 - 3.30, 0.95 - 1.28. Total viable count and the mould count were not detected in the samples. Sensory scores indicated that the marmalade with 80% orange, 20% Honey was most accepted by consumers amongst other formulations, resulting in improved taste and texture. Overall, the use of honey in the production of marmalade is a promising approach for producing nutritious and acceptable fruit beverage.

Impact of Storage Conditions on the Stability and Bioactivity of Date Vinegar: A Comprehensive Study on Its Efficacy in Managing Metabolic Diseases

Zeshan Ali — 2025-05-31

Date vinegar, a functional beverage derived from dates (Phoenix dactylifera), has garnered attention for its potential health benefits, including antidiabetic and cardiovascular effects. This study investigates the efficacy of date vinegar in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases while also examining how different storage conditions influence the stability and bioactivity of the beverage. In the first phase, a 10-week randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the clinical effects of date vinegar on glycemic control and lipid profiles in adults with T2DM and dyslipidemia. Significant improvements were observed in HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar levels (p < 0.05). Complementary computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations identified binding interactions between key bioactive compounds in date vinegar and therapeutic protein targets, such as ACE, β1AR, and DPP-IV. In the second phase, the stability of date vinegar was tested under different storage conditions. A beverage was prepared by blending date vinegar and goji berry juice, then stored at three different temperatures (room temperature, 40°C, and 50°C) for one and two months. Changes in physicochemical and phytochemical parameters were monitored, including total sugar content, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content. After two months, an electronic nose analysis was performed to evaluate sensory changes under different storage conditions. The results indicated that higher temperatures (40°C and 50°C) negatively affected the integrity of bioactive compounds, whereas storage at room temperature better preserved the beverage’s quality. When stored appropriately, this integrated study demonstrates that date vinegar provides a dual-target therapeutic strategy for managing T2DM and cardiovascular diseases. The clinical findings confirm its efficacy, while the storage conditions emphasize the importance of proper storage to maintain its bioactive properties for optimal therapeutic benefits.

Nutritional, Medicinal, and Industrial Applications of Tokma (Hyptis suaveolens), Isabgol (Plantago ovata), and Chia (Salvia hispanica): A Comprehensive Review

Md. Solayman Ope — 2025-05-31

Herbal plants offer three significant benefits: nutritional support, disease treatment, and industrial utility. For centuries, they have been valued for their beneficial properties. Among them, Tokma (Hyptis suaveolens), Isabgol (Plantago ovata), and Chia (Salvia hispanica) are well known and widely used for multiple health benefits and diverse applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the nutritional, medicinal, and industrial use of Hyptis suaveolens, Plantago ovata, and Salvia hispanica, thereby facilitating further research and understanding. A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles was conducted, supplemented by self-exploration. The study highlights that Plantago ovata is notable for its high fiber content and positive impact on gut health, making it widely used in dietary supplements and animal feed. It can also be researched for its application in green food packaging and emulsion-based drug delivery systems. Salvia hispanica is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and essential minerals and is especially valued for its cardiovascular and metabolic health benefits. It is used largely in bakery products, beverages, and cosmetics. Although Hyptis suaveolens is less researched globally, it shows significant medicinal potential, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and blood purifying properties. Its oil has potential insecticidal properties and may be used in agriculture as a natural herbicide or grain preservative. In conclusion, Salvia hispanica is more nutritionally balanced and has more diversified use compared to the other two. Nevertheless, Hyptis suaveolens and Plantago ovata, also offer diverse health benefits and applications. Further studies are essential to fully explore their potential and uses.

Comparison of Setae Morphology of Both Sexes of Oxyopes ramosus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) (Araneae, Oxyopidae)

Albulene EMINI — 2025-05-31

Bu çalışmada, Oxyopidae örümcek familyasından Oxyopes ramosus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) türünün erkek ve dişi bireylerinin prosoma, opisthosoma ve bacaklarındaki seta morfolojisi Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ile belirlenmiştir. Cinse özgü pulsu tipte bir setanın bu türde de mevcut olduğu, ancak bu seta tipinin bu türün erkek ve dişi bireylerinde küçük farklılıklar gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda Oxyopes ramosus (Martini & Goeze, 1778)'un her iki eşeyindeki seta morfolojisini karşılaştıran ilk çalışmadır.

Gıda İsrafını Önleme Eğitimi: İçerik Belirleme

EMRE HASTAOĞLU — 2025-05-31

Gıda israfı, günümüzde yiyecek içecek sektörünün karşı karşıya kaldığı en önemli sorunlardan biridir. Gıda israfı, dünya genelinde üretilen gıdaların yaklaşık üçte birinin tüketiciye ulaşmadan kaybedilmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Türkiye'de her yıl milyonlarca ton gıda çöpe gitmekte ve bunun önemli bir kısmı yiyecek içecek sektöründe gerçekleşmektedir. Yiyecek içecek işletmeleri, tedarik zincirinden servis aşamasına kadar her adımda israfın önlenmesinde kritik rol oynamaktadır. Sektör çalışanlarının bilinçlendirilmesi, bu sorunun çözümü için atılacak en önemli adımlardan biridir. Bu konuda bir eğitim içeriği geliştirilmeli ve toplumda ve bireylerde gıda israfı konusundaki farkındalığı artırılmalı ve israfın en aza indirgenmesine katkı sağlayacak yollar sunulmalıdır. İçerik olarak, gıda israfının nedenleri, oluşturtuğu sonuçlar ve azaltılması için geliştirilen stratejilere vurgu yapılmalıdır. Başlangıçta gıda israfının tanımı yapılmalı ve boyutları detaylandırılmalıdır. Hem dünyada hem de Türkiye'de gıda israfının mevcut hali, güncel istatistiklerle desteklenip katılımcılara sunulmalıdır. Böylece katılımcılar, bu önemli sorunun ciddiyetini kavrama noktasında daha iyi bir bilinç düzeyine ulaşabilirler. Eğitimin çerçevesinde işlenmesi gereken diğer ana konulardan biri, israfın kökeninde yatan nedenlerdir. Tüketici davranışları, üretim ve dağıtım süreçlerindeki eksiklikler veya yanlış uygulamalar, saklama ve depolama hataları gibi temalar üzerinde durulmalıdır. Her bir neden ayrıntılı incelenmeli ve yanlara sık karşılaşılan hatalar üzerinden somut örneklerle açıklığa kavuşturulmalıdır. Gıda israfını engellemek adına geliştirilen stratejiler ise eğitimin en hayati bölümünü oluşturur. Katılımcılara doğru alım alışkanlıkları, saklama teknikleri ve yemeklerin artıkları nasıl değerlendirilebilir gibi konular hakkında pratik öneriler verilmelidir. Aynı zamanda, daha geniş ölçekte uygulanabilecek politikalar ve konser projeler hakkında bilgi aktarılmalıdır. Son olarak, eğitimler interaktif bir yapıya sahip olmalı ve katılımcılara aktif katılım imkanları sunacak şekilde planlanmalıdır. Grup aktiviteleri, münazara ortamları ve vaka çalışmaları gibi yöntemlerle katılımcıların ilgisini çekmek ve eğitimi etkili hale getirmek arzulanan düzeyde mümkündür. Bu programın nihai hedefi, bireysel hayatlarda gıda israfı ile ilgili kalıcı davranış değişimlerini sağlamaktır.

Türkiye'nin Aromatik Bitki ve Baharat Haritası

EMRE HASTAOĞLU — 2025-05-31

Türkiye, coğrafi konumu ve iklim çeşitliliği sayesinde zengin bir aromatik bitki ve baharat potansiyeline sahiptir. Ülke, Akdeniz, Ege ve Karadeniz iklimlerinin etkisi altında, farklı bitki türlerinin yetişmesine olanak tanıyan çeşitli ekosistemlere ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Aromatik bitkiler, hem geleneksel mutfak kültüründe hem de modern gıda endüstrisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Türkiye'nin aromatik bitkeleri arasında kekik, nane, adaçayı, pul biber ve reyhan gibi türler öne çıkmaktadır. Özellikle Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi, zengin baharat çeşitliliği ile dikkat çekmektedir. Antep fıstığı, sumak ve isot gibi baharatlar, bu bölgenin gastronomik kimliğini oluşturmaktadır. Ege Bölgesi ise zeytinyağlı yemeklerde kullanılan otlar ve baharatlarla tanınırken, Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin nemli iklimi, çeşitli yeşil otların yetişmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Aromatik bitkilerin tarımı, yerel ekonomilere katkı sağlamakta ve kırsal kalkınmayı desteklemektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu bitkilerin sürdürülebilir bir şekilde kullanımı, ekosistem dengesinin korunması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Türkiye'nin aromatik bitki ve baharat haritası, hem biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması hem de kültürel mirasın yaşatılması açısından kritik bir kaynak olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, yerel üreticilerin desteklenmesi ve ürünlerin pazarlanması, aromatik bitkilerin ekonomik değerinin artırılmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye'nin zengin aromatik bitki ve baharat çeşitliliği, hem ulusal hem de uluslararası düzeyde gastronomik ve ekonomik fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu potansiyelin değerlendirilmesi, hem tarımsal sürdürülebilirlik hem de kültürel mirasın korunması açısından hayati öneme sahiptir.

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from commercial poultry carcasses in Ardabil province, Iran

Aidin Azizpour — 2025-05-31

Poultry especially broiler constitutes a large part of protein production in Iran. Nonetheless, farmers use antibiotics for prevention, treatment, and growth enhancement. The objective of this investigation was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns of S. aureus isolated from commercial poultry carcasses in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran. Samples were taken from heart blood and liver’s visceral surface of 125 carcasses obtained from 30 flocks (including 27 broiler flocks, 1 laying flocks and 2 breeder flocks) located in different parts of Ardabil province. The isolates of S. aureus were determined based on microbiological standard methods. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. 98 bacteria isolates were identified from 125 carcasses while no bacteria were found in 34 carcasses. Out of 98 isolates, 8 (8.16%) isolates were detected as Staphylococcus aureus. The S. aureus isolates showed resistance to Doxycycline (100 %), Ampicillin (87.5%), followed by Methicillin (75.0%), Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (62.5%), Ciprofloxacin (62.5%), Erythromycin (50.0%), Chloramphenicol (37. 5%), Gentamicin (37.5%), Vancomycin (25.0%) and Cefoxitin (12.5%). Our data indicated that antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus was in poultry flocks of Ardabil province, northwest of Iran, and that antibiotics, especially tetracycline and ampicillin, to treat in poultry should be used with caution.

GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS AND QUANTIFICATION OF BIOACCUMULATED POLLUTANTS IN FRESH MILK

Kousar Parveen — 2025-05-31

Heavy metals are recognized as non-biodegradable and persistent pollutants released into the water bodies from industries, mining, and agricultural runoff. It not only deteriorates the water quality but also pollutes the soil which further affects plant, animal, and human health. Once it enters the environment it is very difficult to remove. It is common practice in developing countries to use untreated wastewater for irrigation purposes due to a limited water resource. Heavy metals present in untreated industrial wastewater intercalate into the soil where they bio-accumulate in the different parts of plants, that are used as a source of food and fodder. Keeping in this view, the present study is designed to quantify the concentration of heavy metals in fresh milk collected from peri-urban areas of Multan, Pakistan. A total of 80 samples including water, soil, plant, and fresh milk were collected from the five different locations in Multan. The three sites were from urban areas (New Multan, Vehari Chowkh, and Samejabad), and the two sites were from peri-urban areas (Tatty pur and Khandar Wala). The collected samples were prepared using the wet digestion method. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for the determination of the concentration of lead, chromium, and cadmium in water, soil, Plant, and fresh milk. The result showed that a high concentration of cadmium in milk at New Multan Milk Site 3 (0.11mg/L) and water at Samejabad site 1 (0.118mg/L) which is above the WHO permissible limit for milk (0.0026µg/g) and water (0.005mg/L). The concentration of chromium in milk is at Samejabad Milk site 2 (0.182mg/L), and water at New Multan Water Site 2 (0.235mg/L) is also above the permissible limit of chromium for milk (0.05mg/L) and water (0.1mg/L). The concentration of lead in milk at Samejabad Milk Site 3 (1.982mg/L) and lead in water at Vehari chowk water site 4 (0.38mg/L) is higher than the permissible limit of lead for milk (0.02 mg/kg) and water (0. 05mg/L). Furthermore, the concentration of cadmium and lead is high in plants used as fodder while the concentration of lead in soil is also above the WHO permissible limit. The geospatial analysis i.e., kriging and Inverse Distance weighted were applied to interpolate lead, cadmium, and chromium in water, soil, plant, and fresh milk. The interpolation of data using kriging and Inverse distance weighted showed that water, soil containing lead, plants containing cadmium and lead, milk containing heavy metals were prevalent sources of metal. It might be possible that water is consumed by animals and fodder grown using canal water is the main source of metal bioaccumulation in milk.

Farming with the Forest: Agriculture and Conservation Synergy in Ghana’s Western Wildlife Corridor

Dr. Haruna Abukari — 2025-05-31

This study explores farmers' role in the conservation of the Western Wildlife Corridor and associated Community Resource Management Areas in Ghana. Through focus group discussions and key informant interviews, it was found that local communities possess a deep understanding of the corridor's ecological, economic, and cultural values. Farmers identified a wide range of ecosystem services, including provisioning (e.g., firewood, fruits, construction materials), regulating (e.g., climate regulation, water purification), cultural (e.g., traditional knowledge, spiritual value), and supporting services (e.g., soil fertility, pollination). This knowledge has positively influenced the widespread acceptance of community-based natural resource management programmes as conservation tools. Despite facing land-use pressures from commercial farming, grazing, logging, and mining, communities demonstrate a strong commitment to conserving the wildlife corridor, motivated by intrinsic, cultural, and heritage values of biodiversity. Farmers' tolerance of wildlife—despite crop raiding and livestock depredation—is underpinned by cultural beliefs, especially in communities where wildlife are totemic animals. However, delayed or absent compensation for wildlife-related losses remains a critical concern that threatens long-term community support for conservation efforts. Conservation initiatives such as the Modified Taungya System (MTS), green firebelts, and capacity-building under national projects have reinforced local participation. The study highlights that the success of community-based conservation projects stems from collaborative governance structures involving local farmers, forestry and wildlife authorities, and NGOs. However, sustaining these gains requires continued investment in conservation-compatible livelihoods and prompt compensation mechanisms. The findings suggest that integrated landscape management, when informed by local knowledge and supported by inclusive conservation policies, can harmonize agricultural production with biodiversity conservation. Future research is recommended to explore land tenure dynamics in the WWC, particularly regarding commercial land acquisition, to inform sustainable land use planning.

Farming with the Forest: Agriculture and Conservation Synergy in Ghana’s Western Wildlife Corridor

Dr. Haruna Abukari — 2025-05-31

Determination of the Effectiveness of Microbial Inoculants in Improving the Quality of Sorghum bicolor X Sorghum sudanese Silage

Mikail YENİÇERİ — 2025-05-31

Bu çalışma, Sorghum bicolor X Sorghum sudanese silajına beş farklı ticari inokulant ilavesinin silaj kalitesi, mikrobiyal gelişim ve aerobik stabilite üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, 2 kg'lık vakumlu ambalajlarda altı tekrarla hazırlanan bir kontrol grubu (SSC) ve beş inokulant grubundan (SSSILAP, SSSILAL, SSSILD, SSLAC, SSMIC) oluşmuştur. Hazırlanan silaj örnekleri laboratuvar koşullarında fermantasyona tabi tutulmuş ve 90 gün sonra fiziksel, kimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve aerobik stabilite analizleri yapılmıştır. Kimyasal analizler, inokulant ilavesinin silajların pH seviyelerini önemli ölçüde düşürdüğünü (P<0,01), en düşük pH değerinin (4,55±0,00) SSSILAL'de gözlendiğini göstermiştir. En yüksek ham protein içeriği (%10,20±0,00) SSMIC'de bulunurken, en yüksek suda çözünür karbonhidrat (WSC) değeri (16,15°Brix) SSC'de kaydedilmiştir. Gruplar arasında renk parametreleri açısından istatistiksel bir fark gözlenmezken, inokulant uygulamaları ΔE* ve renk tonu (h) değerleri bakımından renk stabilitesini olumlu yönde etkilemiştir (P>0,05). Mikrobiyolojik analizler sonucunda en yüksek laktik asit bakteri popülasyonu (11,00 log5 cfu/g), en düşük maya ve küf gelişimi ise SSMIC grubunda bulunmuştur. Bu durum inokulantların aerobik stabilite üzerine olumlu etkisini desteklemektedir. Besin değeri parametreleri açısından en yüksek sindirilebilir kuru madde (%60,16) SSLAC grubunda, toplam sindirilebilir besin maddeleri (%59,02) SSMIC grubunda, metabolik enerji (2,13 Mcal/kg) SSK, SSSILAP ve SSMIC gruplarında ve süt verimi için net enerji (NEL: 1,41 Mcal/kg) değerleri SSSILAL ve SSMIC gruplarında eşit olarak elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak inokulant uygulamaları silaj kalitesini önemli düzeyde iyileştirmiş, pH seviyesini düşürerek fermantasyon verimliliğini artırmış, maya ve küf oluşumunu baskılamış ve aerobik stabiliteyi iyileştirmiştir. SSLAC ve SSMIC özellikle kimyasal bileşim, enerji değeri ve mikrobiyolojik kalite açısından diğerlerinden daha üstün performans göstermiştir.

Industrial Precursors from Agricultural Wastes

Olakunle Alex — 2025-05-31

Potential copolymers as industrial precursors were developed from Carica papaya seeds oil.

Carica papaya fruits were collected in Ibadan, Nigeria. Seed oils of this fruit were extracted using n-hexane and concentrated. Phenolated carica- papaya biopolymer(PCPB) was prepared by polymerizing the oil with phenol through cationic polymerization method. Polyacrylamide(PAA) and Polyacrylonitrile(PAN) were prepared through free radical polymerization technique. The copolymers were prepared by polymerizing PCPB, PAA and PAN to produce PCPB-PAA and PCPB-PAN. They were characterized using FTIR for functional groups modifications, ¹H-NMR for changes in chemical environments and Viscometry techniques for mean molecular weight determination.

The oil yield is 32.22%. Iodine value(gI₂/100g) is 99.55±0.38 and 61.98±0.06 for oil and PCPB respectively. FTIR band shifts at 1552.75cm^-1 confirm C=C stretch of aromatics in PCPB. PAA formation was confirmed with C=O stretch at 1680.00cm^-1. Peak at 2250cm^-1 confirm C≡N of PAN. Peak at 3474.24cm^-1confirm N-H stretching vibration of amides that suggest polyester-amide copolymer. C-N bond occurred at 2034.28cm^-1 to establishe PCPB-PAN copolymer. The ¹H-NMR spectra showed peaks at δppm, δ8.11ppm(s, 2H) to confirm aromatics in PCPB. δppm at 7.18 confirmed peptide protons in PAA. δ 7.18(s, 1H) and 6.86(s, 3H) suggest that PAA was grafted to PCPB backbone. δ4.89ppm(q, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) suggests the presence of substituted nitrile in PCPB-PAN. Both FTIR and ¹H-NMR results confirmed formation of new copolymers. The mean molecular weight(g/mol) for PCPB, PCPB-PAA and PCPB-PAN are 7.482x10⁹, 1.062x10¹² and 1.135x 10¹²respectively to affirm the grafting processes.

The results suggest that ecologically friendly industrial precursors are feasible from Agricultural wastes.

Investigation of Factors Influencing Solubility of Whey Protein Hydrolysate-Skim Milk Powder Mixtures

Vincent Ngetich — 2025-05-31

Whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) and skim milk powder (SMP) offer nutritional and functional properties of milk proteins. Physicochemical changes during rehydration alter solubility, which is an important techno-functional property of milk powders that may limit their regular usage in food products such as ready-to-drink beverages. This study explored how mixing WPH with SMP and chelating salt affects its solubility in a protein mix. SMP34 and WPH80 were mixed in various ratios, with trisodium citrate added at concentrations from 0 to 2.5% and rehydrated in ultrapure water. The effects of SMP and trisodium citrate on the solubility of WPH, particle size distribution, zeta potential, buffering capacity, pH and colour were investigated. The resulting data were analyzed using Minitab version 14. At 10% and 20% SMP-WPH total solids content (w/v) blend, solubility increased significantly (P< 0.05) from 68.9 to 63.5%. There was no significant (P>0.05) effect observed on zeta potential with increasing trisodium citrate concentration in the mixtures. However, the protein mixtures demonstrated colloidal stability. The study demonstrated an increase in the solubility of milk protein powder blends with the addition of trisodium citrate, potentially increasing the value of dairy ingredients and their application in new categories of ready-to-drink protein beverages.

Assessing The Physicochemical Composition And Wide Diversity Of Pollen In Honey Samples Procured From Some Markets In Umudim Local Government Area Of Anambra State

Nchedochukwu Clara Ikegbunam — 2025-05-31

A range of honey varieties can be found in Nigerian markets. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of four honey samples collected from various locations (Eke Osu, Afor Eziama, Eke Amichi and Nkwo-Igbo) in Umudim Local Government Area of Anambra State was carried out with the aim of evaluating the wide diversity of pollen and physicochemical composition of the honey samples using standard methods. A total of forty six (46) distinct pollen types in 22 plant families were recorded. Inclusively, the varying percentage counts of the entire samples were: 650 (22.26%) in Eke osu, 825 (28.25%) in Afor Eziama, 755 (25.86%) in Eke Amichi and 690 (23.63%) in Nkwo Igbo. The frequency class highlighted the presence of pollen types such as Allophylus africanus, Lannea acida, Piliostigma sp. and Elaeis guinensis, which were classified as secondary types. The results of the physicochemical composition showed that the samples had pH values ranging from 4.00 - 5.00, moisture (7.60% - 8.21%), ash (0.09% - 1.20%), protein (1.36% - 1.98%), fat (1.05% - 1.43%), polyphenol (60.73% - 84.48%); free acidity (46.00 - 59.00 meq kg-1) and HMF (46.60 – 54.40 mg/kg). Sugar composition analysis showed that the recorded values of fructose and glucose were: Eke osu (57.00±1.73 Mg/100g), Afor Eziama (50.00±0.58 Mg/100g), Eke Amichi (49.00±0.11 Mg/100g) and Nkwo Igbo (53.00±0.33 Mg/100g) for fructose; Eke Osu (43.00±1.15 Mg/100g), Afor Eziama (44.00±0.58 Mg/100g), Eke Amichi (39.00±0.81 Mg/100g) and Nkwo Igbo (49.00±0.42 Mg/100g) for glucose. Higher values were recorded for sucrose. The results demonstrated that most of the parameters aligned with recommended standard of quality honey. Hence, they are good for human consumption.

Mudurnu-Bolu’daki Elma Genotiplerinin Morfolojik Özellikleri

Tuba Bak — 2025-05-31

Bu araştırma, Bolu ilinin Mudurnu ilçesinde 17 elma genotipinin morfolojik ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Meyve ve çekirdek özellikleri ile suda çözünebilir kuru madde, pH, titreedilebilir asitlik ve meyve kabuk rengi (L*, a*, b*, Chroma* ve hueº) incelenmiştir. Genotiplerin morfolojik ve kimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde tanımlayıcısı istatistiksel analiz, temel bileşen analizi ve hiyerarşik kümeleme analizleri kullanılmıştır. İncelenen genotiplerde meyve ağırlıkları 29,06-126,3 g, meyve çapı 30,55-74 mm, meyve et sertliği 2,4-7 kg/cm² , suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı %12-18,21 ve pH 2,93-5,3 olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen özellikler bakımından G3 ve G19 genotipleri diğer genotiplerden ayrıldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada ortaya konan genetik çeşitlilik, bölge koşullarına adapte olmuş ve pazar isteklerine uygun yeni elma çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi amacıyla yürütülecek ıslah programları için değerli bir temel sağlamaktadır. Özellikle G3 ve G19 gibi farklılaşan genotipler, gelecekteki seleksiyon çalışmaları veya melezleme programlarında ebeveyn olarak kullanılma potansiyeli açısından önemlidir.

Biological Characterization of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus-Antalya Isolates

Eminur Elçi — 2025-05-31

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV, genus Tobamovirus) is a major pathogen of Solanaceous crops in the world. ToBRFV presents a significant and destructive threat to tomato and pepper plants. Türkiye, an important player in the global tomato supply chain, contributes approximately 13 million metric tons annually, ranking it third worldwide in production volume, following China and India. The majority of the production takes place under greenhouse conditions in the Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. Noteworthy, Antalya, Bursa, and Manisa provinces emerged as the foremost tomato-producing regions in 2023. Therefore, the virus inoculum sources used in this study were obtained from Antalya province. The main objective of this study was to investigate ToBRFV symptom characterization in host plants. For this purpose, in 2024, tomato and pepper varieties were mechanically inoculated with ToBRFV, and disease severity was assessed using a standardized disease severity index. In order to establish a control group, mock inoculated plants were used for each variety. The results revealed that some varieties exhibited severe symptoms, while others showed moderate symptoms, and one variety exhibited only mild symptoms. Based on these symptoms, some varieties are considered to be highly susceptible, others are susceptible and one shows tolerance. A key strategy for management of viral diseases is the development and deployment of resistant cultivars, for which disease epidemiology is crucial.

Domates Kahverengi Buruşuk Meyve Virüsü- Isparta izolatlarının Hareket Proteininin Moleküler Karakterizasyonu

Eminur Elçi — 2025-05-31

Domates kahverengi buruşuk meyve virüsü (ToBRFV) özellikle domates ve biber olmak üzere Solanaceae familyasına ait bitkilerde önemli bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. ToBRFV dünya çapında hızla yayılmakta ve küresel çapta domates üretimini tehdit etmektedir. Bu virüs, tarımsal faaliyetler sırasında mekanik olarak veya tohumlar yoluyla bulaşmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ToBRFV ve diğer tobamovirüsleri kontrol etmek için etkili yöntemlere ve dayanıklılık genlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, virüsün bulaşması, yayılması ve dayanıklılığında önemli bir gen bölgesi olan hareket proteininin (movement protein) moleküler yöntemler aracılığıyla karakterize edilmesidir. Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada 2023 yılının yaz aylarında Isparta ili domates seralarından üreticilerin şikâyeti üzerine hastalık belirtileri gösteren domates fideleri toplanmış ve 14 farklı seradan alınan 5’er fide örneği (toplam 70 fide) virüs varlığı açısından test edilmiştir. Temin edilen bitki yaprakları kullanılarak hassas domates çeşidine mekanik inokulasyonlar yapılmış ve hastalık simptomları gözlenmiştir. Bitki yapraklarından nükleik asit izolasyonları yapılmış ve cDNA sentez edilmiştir. Virüse özgü hareket proteine ait primer dizileri kullanılarak PCR analizleri yapılmış ve elde edilen PCR bantları DNA dizi analizine tabii tutulmuştur. Temin edilen nükleotid dizileri NCBI veritabanında analiz edilmiş ve BLASTn analizleri virüsün varlığını kanıtlamıştır. Ayrıca elde edilen nükleotid dizilerinin hizalanması CLUSTAL W ile gerçekleştirilmiş ve MEGA11 programı ile filogenetik ağaç oluşturmak için neighbor-joining yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulguların, hastalık ile mücadelede yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Building Regenerative Agri-Net Zero Model: Bridging Corporate Responsibility and Farmers’ Sustainability through Climate Action Strategies

Ranjan Bera — 2025-05-31

Climate change is accelerating threats to global food and nutritional security, placing unprecedented strain on livelihoods of farming community. Intensifying biotic and abiotic stress are undermining crop productivity, while the soaring costs of cultivation compound the vulnerability of small and marginal farmers—the backbone of the agricultural workforce. Despite widespread recognition of these challenges, scalable, ecosystem-aligned technological interventions that are socially acceptable and economically viable remain elusive. Agri-Net Zero is a top climate action strategy that transforms agricultural landscapes into dynamic carbon sinks while directly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By integrating regenerative practices with economic and social benefits, it not only drives net zero compliance but also enhances ecosystem resilience and rural livelihoods.

In response, the IBM-IORF Sustainability Accelerator initiative has piloted a climate-resilient Agri-Net Zero model across two agro-ecosystems in India by integrating Inhana Rational Farming (IRF)—a nature-based, regenerative farming framework. IRF eliminates chemical pesticide use, minimizes N fertilizer inputs, restores soil health and enhances plant resilience through targeted physiological interventions .

The outcomes of regenerative, coconut-based integrated farming systems are transformative: a 30% increase in crop yield, 20% improvement in nutrient use efficiency, up to a 60% transition to renewable energy use, 40% boost in farm income, 17% growth in rural employment, and carbon mitigation potential of up to 250 metric tons of CO₂e per hectare. These results, independently verified through third-party audit, led to India’s first Agri-Net Zero certification by iNoCarbon, UK. Crucially, innovations such as coir pith recycling and nitrogen input optimization simultaneously advance soil carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This model presents a compelling case forcorporate Net Zero ambitions with the sustainability of farming communities, delivering measurable social and environmental co-benefits while directly addressing seven crucial UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Strategic investment in such regenerative transitions can empower farmers as pivotal actors in the global response to climate change.

Sustainability and Environmental Footprints of AI-Integrated Agrifood Production Systems

İrem Kılınç — 2025-05-31

Global food systems are facing challenges in meeting the rising demand for food while also reducing their environmental impact, including carbon and water footprints. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and resilience throughout the food supply chain. However, the use of AI in food production, particularly in advanced industrial settings such as Industry 4.0 and 5.0, also presents its own environmental and social challenges. This study examines the potential benefits of AI in creating a sustainable food system, including better resource use, less waste, improved water efficiency, and enhanced crop protection. It also considers the significant energy needed to train and operate AI systems. To ensure AI-based technologies truly support sustainability in food production, we need a balanced approach that includes fair access, responsible resource management, and integrating AI with other sustainable agricultural practices. Future efforts should focus on making AI tools easier to use for a wider audience, implementing strong governance rules, and aligning AI advancements with environmental, economic, and social impacts. By preventing these challenges, AI can be used to develop a more efficient, resilient, and environmentally friendly food resource system, contributing to global sustainability goals.

Effects of Allantoin, A Stress-related Purine Metabolite, on Salt Stress Mitigation in Maize (Zea mays L.) During Early Germination Stage

Mst. Adia Sultana — 2025-05-31

Soil salinity is a major constraint on global agricultural productivity, particularly affecting salt-sensitive crops like maize (Zea mays L.). This study investigated the potential of allantoin, a purine metabolite, to mitigate salt stress during maize seed germination and early seedling development. Maize seeds were pretreated with varying concentrations of allantoin (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) and subsequently subjected to 150 mM NaCl stress under controlled conditions. Morphological parameters, including shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, germination percentage, and vigor index, were assessed. Biochemical analyses quantified oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide), photosynthetic pigments, protein content, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Salt stress significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth, increased oxidative stress, and disrupted biochemical homeostasis. However, allantoin pretreatment, particularly at 0.5 mM, effectively alleviated these adverse effects. Allantoin-treated seedlings exhibited improved germination, enhanced growth, reduced oxidative damage, and modulated biochemical responses. This research demonstrates that allantoin can enhance salt tolerance in maize during germination. These findings suggest that allantoin pretreatment represents a promising strategy for improving maize establishment and productivity in saline environments.

Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants with Anthelmintic Potential: A Scoping Review

Md. Abu Tasfar Bin Sowad — 2025-05-31

Helminth infections, particularly those caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), pose a substantial global health threat, affecting over 1.5 billion individuals, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. These infections are common in impoverished communities, particularly in rural areas and urban slums of Bangladesh, which lack adequate sanitation systems. These infections impose a significant economic burden on developing countries by reducing livestock productivity and deteriorating animal health. The rise of anthelmintic resistance to conventional anthelmintics, particularly in livestock, and the potential for its spread to humans underscore the urgent need for alternative therapies. This review aims to explore the potential of medicinal plants in Bangladesh as alternative anthelmintic treatments by examining studies conducted over the past two decades, focusing on species native to the country. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed and search engines like Google Scholar, to identify only full-length, English-language articles. The review identified fifty-six medicinal plants belonging to thirty-six different families, with Fabaceae (seven species),being the most diverse followed by Lamiaceae (four species), and Apocynaceae, Combretaceae, and Cucurbitaceae (three species each). The conservation status assessment revealed 29 plants classified as Least Concern (LC), 24 as Not Evaluated (NE), and 3 as Data Deficient (DD). A thorough literature review resulted in the development of a detailed table summarizing diverse anthelmintic evaluations. This table provides data on extract types, with aqueous and alcoholic extracts being the most prevalent, and testing methods, which include both in vitro and in vivo assays against parasitic and non-parasitic nematodes. Furthermore, it addresses assessment parameters such as egg hatch inhibition, larval migration inhibition, and paralysis induction. The review highlights the growing importance of Bangladeshi medicinal plants as alternative medications in the face of rising anthelmintic resistance. Further studies should focus on the extracts, fractions, and compounds derived from these plants, evaluating their efficacy as anthelmintic agents for use in livestock, companion animals, and humans. As traditional anthelmintics become ineffective due to resistance, medicinal plants offer a promising alternative, highlighting the need to explore their potential in humans, animals, and livestock.

Abstract Chemical and nutritional assessments of Balanite aegyptiaca seed cake used as additives in diets for Clarias gariepinus post juveniles (catfish).

Emmanuel Ifedi — 2025-05-31

Abstract

The chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of Balanite aegyptiaca seed cake (BASC) were investigated to evaluate the effect of using BASC as additive at 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 % inclusion levels in catfish diets and performance. Two hundred and twenty-five Clarias gariepinus post juveniles (catfish) with initial weight ranging from 28.06±0.35g to 31.92±0.97g were divided into five experimental groups. Each group with three replicate of fifteen fishes stocked in 40-litre plastic bowls were fed twice a day at 3 % of their body weight with five formulated diets for 56 days. Diets 1 and 2 (standard feed and 0 % BASC) were used are control while diets 3, 4 and 5 containing respectively 10 %, 20 % and 30 % of BASC were the experimental diets. The protein content in the prepared feed increased gradually within the groups due to the high protein content (51.31±0.13%) of BASC. All the fish increased significantly (P≤0.05) in weight, length, nitrogen metabolism, condition factor, survival rate and in other growth parameters above the initial values with the highest percentage in 30% group. Haematological analysis showed a slight increments in the blood parameters (PCV, Hb, RBC WBC and MCHC) except for MCH, MCV and platelets (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in ATP, AST, ALT, globulins and albumin in fish fed on BASC containing diets. Histology showed a mild congestion of the blood vessels in the Kidney of the control and 10 %, a moderate portal congestion and diffuse vacuolar degeneration in the liver of the control and 20%. No significant differences were observed in all gills, heart as well as in the kidney and liver of other experimental fishes. B. aegyptiaca seed cake could be a nutritional source without any toxic effect to Clarias gariepinus post juveniles (catfish).

Key Words: B. aegyptiaca cake, C. gariepinus post juveniles, growth performance, nutritional source

Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of albedo of Citrus medica fruit against pathogenic microorganisms

WAJID KHAN — 2025-05-31

The present study aimed to explore the antibacterial effect of the albedo of Citrus medica fruit. For this pursuit, extracts were prepared in methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, cold water, and hot water. These extracts were then tested against both plant and human pathogenic bacterial species. The disc diffusion method measured the antibacterial activity of extracts from the albedo of fruit at different concentrations (1000μg/disc, 2000μg /disc, and 3000 μg /disc). The study's findings showed that hot water and ethyl acetate extract formed the same zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7) and Citrobacter freundii (53% ZI) at 3000 μg/disc. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract was active against Agrobacterium tumefecien and produced a 53% zone of inhibition at 3000μg/disc. Methanol and cold water extract at 3000μg /disc formed a 41% zone of inhibition against Agrobacterium tumefecien and Xanthomonas oryzae.

Ethyl acetate extract n-hexane was active against Bacillus atrophaeus and Salmonella typhi by producing a 41% zone of inhibition. The ethyl acetate extract showed antibacterial potential against P. aeroginosa and formed a 41% inhibition zone at 3000μg/disc. Furthermore, the growth of Rhizobacteria solani was inhibited equally by methanol and n-hexane extract (33%ZI) at 3000μg /disc. Hot water extract produced a 41% zone of inhibition against C. freundii . However, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts formed 28 and 23% zones of inhibition against Rhizobacter and C. freundii respectively.

Unveiling the role of spirulina in the mitigation of sumithion-induced toxicity in Thai pangas, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Saudah Binte Ashraf — 2025-05-31

Sumithion is an organophosphate insecticide, widely used in aquaculture ponds to eradicate aquatic insect (mainly tiger bugs), typically applied before stocking fish larvae. However, it adversely affects non-target aquatic organisms, particularly fish. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential toxicity of sumithion in Thai pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) as well as the role of dietary Spirulina platensis in mitigating the toxic effects of sumithion. Over a 42-day trial, a total 240 of striped catfish fingerlings were exposed to four different treatments: control (without Sumithion or Spirulina), sumithion (0.6 mg/L), Spirulina (50 g/kg feed) and combined treatment (sumithion + Spirulina) with three replicates each. Sumithion-treated fish exhibited altered hemato-biochemical indices (hemoglobin and glucose) as well as erythrocyte morphology such as cellular (teardrop, twin, fusion) and nuclear (nuclear bridge, nuclear buds, notch, karyopyknosis) abnormalities. Furthermore, the sumithion-treated fish exhibited a considerable difference in the expression levels of antioxidant genes with down-regulated of SOD, CAT and up-regulated of GPx as well as immune-related genes with up-regulated of MHC-II and IFN-β2 and down-regulated of IL-1β and IFN-α2 compared to control. Moreover, it has been found that Spirulina along with sumithion improves the immunological, anti-oxidative, and physiological conditions of fish. The present study unveiled the implementation of dietary Spirulina to be an effective approach to mitigate sumithion-induced stress and optimize health condition in striped catfish by improving haemato-biochemical index and immune-antioxidant genes expression.

İngilize

LERZAN ÖZTÜRK — 2025-05-31

Aphelenchus avenae Bastian 1865,and Aphelenchoides clarus Thorne and Malek, 1968, and Aphelenchoides sacchari Hooper 1958 are mycophagous nematodes belonging to the Aphelenchida order. These nematodes are highly distributed in vineyards in Turkey. In this study, the reproduction potential of these three nematodes was determined under in-vitro conditions using the fungi Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum. The fungi used in the experiments were isolated from soils collected from vineyards and maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) at 25°C. Nematodes were extracted from the soils using the modified Baermann funnel method. After one week of fungal growth, 30 females of each nematode species (A. avenae, A. clarus and A. sacchari) were hand-picked and inoculated into the fungal cultures, which were then incubated for about a month at 25°C. At the end of the month, all nematode species reproduced in the Fusarium oxysporum culture. The reproduction rate was the lowest in A. avenae (44 individuals, a 1.46-fold increase) and the highest A. sacchari (177 individuals, a 5.9-fold increase). However, none of the nematodes reproduced in the A. niger or A. flavus cultures. The juvenile populations of A. sacchari, and A.clarus were abundant in the fungal cultures, and in petri dishes where the nematode population increased significantly, fungal cultures showed visible deterioration and a decrease in biomass.

English

Adel Salah Khattab khattab — 2025-05-31

The data set contained 2181 normal lactation records of Friesian cows kept at Sakha Experimental Farm, Kafer El- Sheikh Government, belonging to Animal Production Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt were used to construct several selection indexes by using two relative economic values, actual relative economic value (REV₁) and one phenotypic standard deviation (REV₂). Variables studied were 305 day milk yield (305 d MY), 305 day fat yield (305 d FY) and 305 day Protein yield (305 d PY). Data were analysis by using MTDFREMAL Software. The model include the main effects of month and year of calving, parity and days open as covariate and random effects of animals, permanent environmental and errors.

The estimated means and standard deviations for 305 d MY, 305 d FY and 305 d PY were 2806 ±949 kg , 102 ±37 kg and 79 ±28 kg, respectively; and their estimated heritabilities 0.29±0.01, 0.24±0.02 and 0.29±0.02, respectively. Repeatability estimates were 0.37±0.05, 0.44±0.06 and 0.51±0.06 for 305 d MY, 305 d FY and 305 d PY, respectively. Phenotypic, genetic environmental correlations among different variables were positive and significant. Comparison of the two methods for estimating relative economic values explained no changes in any of the two methods for the expected genetic gain per generation for each variable. Our results indicate that, the two methods were succeeded in predicting the genetic progress per generation for the three variables studied. However, the second method (one phenotypic standard deviation) was recommended based on ease of estimation.

Profitability and Cost-effectiveness of Rice Seeds Production among the Beneficiaries of KSADP of Kano State

Ahmad Alhassan — 2025-05-31

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate performance of rice seeds production among the beneficiaries of KSADP/SAA in Kano State. 156 community-based seed multipliers were randomly selected from 21 Local Government of Kano State. Structured questionnaire were used with the aid of android app kobocollect to collect the data for this study. Descriptive statistics, Cost estimation, Net profit, Operational ratio and Benefit cost ratio were used in the analysis of the data for this study. The study showed that seeds producers had a mean age of 45.27 years. Almost all (98.72% and 98.08%) of the respondents were males and married with a mean household size of 12. It was also found that 84.72% of them had a form of formal education and a mean years of experience in seeds production of 5.35 years. The results further revealed an average total cost of rice seeds production/ha of NGN571, 158.11. The revenue generated was NGN1, 743, 000.54 for with a net profit of NGN1, 171, 842.43. The return on investment on rice seeds production was 2.05. While the operational ratio was 0.29. The major challenges to rice seeds production were pest and diseases, unfavorable climatic condition and high transportation cost. It is concluded that rice seed production was profitable and cost-effective. It is recommended that researchers should refocus on development of high quality seeds that are resistant to drought and pest and diseases.

Keywords: Profitability, rice, seeds, beneficiaries and Kano.

Ameliorative Role of Dietary Spirulina platensis on Sumithion-Induced Growth Suppression and Intestinal Histopathological Alterations in Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

Md Ruhul Amin — 2025-05-31

Sumithion is commonly used pesticides to eradicate tiger bugs from aquaculture ponds; nevertheless, it adversely affects non-target species, particularly fish. The microalga (Spirulina platensis) could mitigate the sumithion-induced adverse effects in fish. Regarding this, the investigation was executed to mitigate the adverse effects of sumithion by Spirulina supplementation in diet to striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). During the 42-days experimental period, a total 240 of striped catfish fingerlings (10.82±1.34 g) were reared to four different treatments, including control, sumithion (0.6 mg/L), Spirulina (50g/kg feed at 3-5% body weight) and combined treatment (Spirulina + sumithion) with three replicates each. Sumithion treatment resulted in considerably decreased (p<0.05) the levels of FBW, GW and SGR (%/day) as well as increased FCR. In contrast to the sumithion treatment, the Spirulina treatment resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher FBW, WG, and SGR (%/day), along with a lower FCR value. However, sumithion treated fish exhibited impaired structure of intestine and decreased the goblet cells and enterocyte number. In contrast, Spirulina either alone or with sumithion, significantly (p<0.05) improved intestinal structure, growth and feed efficiency. The present study unveiled the implementation of dietary Spirulina to be an effective approach to mitigate sumithion-induced stress and optimize health condition in striped catfish by improving histological index of intestine and growth indices.

english

Myqerem Tafaj, Prof, Dr.sc.agr. — 2025-05-31

Background and aim of study: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) represents a major health challenge in Albanian dairy farms; however, its management is frequently overlooked, characterized by limited diagnostic monitoring and a predominant reliance on conventional antibiotic-based treatments. Preventive strategies and awareness regarding abiotic risk factors—such as mineral nutrition, milking hygiene, and housing conditions—remain minimal, despite their well-documented role in the environmental transmission of mastitis pathogens. To date, few studies conducted in Albania have systematically investigated these factors. This study aims to assess the influence of key risk abiotic factors, namely mineral nutrition, milking hygiene, and housing conditions on the prevalence of SCM under real production conditions in dairy farms across various regions of Albania.

Methodology: The study was conducted on nine Holstein dairy farms in Albania, located in both lowland and hilly regions (herd sizes ranged from 21 to 140 cows; daily milk yields ranged from 12 to 30 kg). Data collection extended over an eight-month period during lactation. On each farm, a group of 6 to 10 cows in early lactation was randomly selected and monitored throughout all three stages of lactation. To evaluate the association between abiotic factors (mineral supply, udder hygiene, and housing conditions) and the occurrence of subclinical mastitis (SCM), no changes were made to existing farm management practices. Data were collected using a standardized protocol that included structured questionnaires on farm characteristics and feeding practices, as well as on-farm assessments of housing conditions, udder hygiene, and the application of the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Mineral content in feed samples was determined. Variance and regression analyses using SPSS were conducted to evaluate the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on SCM.

Results: The observed average prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM), defined as the percentage of cows with a CMT score of ≥1+ relative to the total number of animals tested, was 37.2% (range: 6–72%). This prevalence was significantly influenced by the level of mineral nutrient intake, assessed through the concentrations of Ca, P, Zn and Se per kilogram of dry matter (DM) intake (average daily DM intake of 20.9 kg/cow). Higher dietary Ca concentrations were significantly associated with a reduction in SCM prevalence (P = 0.013). An increase in Se concentration resulted in a quadratic decrease in SCM incidence (P = 0.066), while elevated Zn intake showed a trend toward reduced SCM prevalence. In contrast, P concentrations showed no effect on SCM occurrence. Udder cleanliness and teat infection status were both significantly associated with SCM occurence (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively). Post-milking teat disinfection demonstrated a highly significant effect in reducing SCM prevalence (P = 0.001). SCM occurrence was significantly lower in free-stall housing systems compared to tethered systems (P = 0.001). The use of stationary milking systems was also significantly associated with a lower prevalence of SCM compared to mobile milking units (P = 0.001).

Amelioration of Microplastics-Induced Growth Inhibition and Stress in Nile Tilapia Using Multi-Species Probiotic

Mahadi Amin — 2025-05-31

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, known for their toxic effects on various physiological processes in fish. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of multi-species probiotics in mitigating the harmful impacts of MPs on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish with an initial weight of 3.02 ± 0.27 g were exposed to four treatment groups for 42 days: (1) control (no MP or probiotics), (2) MP exposure (10 mg/L), (3) probiotics only (1 ml/L), and (4) combined MP + probiotics. The results demonstrated that MP exposure significantly reduced growth performance and survivability, lowered haemoglobin levels, and increased glucose concentration in the blood. Additionally, erythrocytic cellular and nuclear abnormalities were more prevalent in the MP-treated group. Probiotic supplementation markedly improved these conditions by enhancing growth and survival and reducing haematological and cellular damage. Goblet cell frequency, which was reduced by MP exposure, was preserved in the probiotic-treated group. The relative mRNA expression revealed that MP exposure significantly upregulated antioxidant genes (SOD and CAT) and immune-related genes (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) in the liver. However, these expression levels were downregulated when probiotics were administered alongside MPs. Overall, the findings indicate that probiotics can alleviate microplastic-induced physiological stress and immune disruption, highlighting their potential as a protective dietary supplement in aquaculture.

Ameliorative Role of Spirulina on Sumithion-Induced Hematological and Molecular Altarations in Nile tilapia

A K M Afzal Hossain — 2025-05-31

This study evaluated the ameliorative role of Spirulina in overcoming the adverse effects of the organophosphate insecticide sumithion on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sumithion is extensively utilized in agricultural land and aquaculture ponds. The indiscriminate use poses a potential threat to many non-target organisms, including fish. For conducting the experiment, 240 Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fingerlings, with an average weight (12.84 ± 0.09 g) were collected and randomly distributed in four treatments with three replications of each, namely T1 (Control), T2 (Sumithion; 0.3 mg/L), T3 (Spirulina; 50gm/kg), and T4 (Sumithion + Spirulina) for 42 days. According to the experimental outcomes, hemoglobin (g/dL) and blood glucose (mg/dL) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) altered in sumithion-treated fish. Regarding erythrocytic abnormalities, both cellular (teardrop, twin, spindle) and nuclear (nuclear buds, notched nuclei, karyopyknosis) abnormalities were most abundantly identified in sumithion-treated fish. Additionally, sumithion exhibited adverse effects on antioxidant and immune-related genes expression. In T2 (Sumithion), the expression of the antioxidant gene Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated, whereas the immune-related genes Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated. However, Spirulina's protective role helped reverse the alterations that sumithion treatment induced. Consequently, Spirulina supplementation improved blood parameters, structure of erythrocytes, and expression of genes. The present study unveiled the implementation of dietary Spirulina to be an effective approach to mitigate sumithion-induced stress and optimize health condition in Nile tilapia by improving hemato-biochemical index and antioxidant-immune genes expression.

Key Words: Aquaculture, Pesticides, Toxicity, Bioremediation, Spirulina, Nile tilapia

Corporates’ commitments from Net Zero to ESG Goal: Agri-Net Zero is the best pathway to attain Climate Action and Livelihood sustenance.

Dr. Phalguni Das Biswas — 2025-05-31

This paper presents Agri-Net Zero as the optimal pathway for corporate net zero compliance, emphasizing its dual role in advancing climate action while ensuring sustainable livelihoods. In the wake of accelerating climate change and the urgent need to stabilize global warming within critical thresholds, the integration of direct emission reductions and nature-based carbon sequestration in agricultural systems emerges as a transformative solution. Agriculture is highlighted as both a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and a uniquely positioned sector capable of acting as a large-scale carbon sink. Through regenerative practices such as agroforestry, sustainable livestock management, and advanced soil health techniques, Agri-Net Zero enables corporations to achieve immediate and measurable decarbonization in line with stringent IPCC guidelines.

The paper examines global trends and corporate commitments to net zero targets and ESG goals, contextualizing the role of agriculture within broader mitigation strategies. It further presents the Clean Food Net Zero (CFNZ) program under the IBM-IORF Sustainability Project as a practical demonstration of the multifaceted impact of Agri-Net Zero. The CFNZ program’s innovative “waste-to-wealth” strategy and integrated sustainability tools not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly but also enhance energy efficiency, resource utilization, and overall economic viability.

By repositioning agriculture from an emissions-intensive sector to a critical component of the global carbon cycle, Agri-Net Zero provides a comprehensive, scalable, and economically viable model. This paper argues that through proactive adoption of Agri-Net Zero, corporations can bridge the gap between environmental imperatives and sustainable development, simultaneously achieving robust net zero compliance and bolstering food and livelihood security in a climate-uncertain future.

Impacts of Salinity Stress on the Physiology and Tissue Structure of Nile Tilapia

Shakil Ahmed — 2025-05-31

Salinity is considered one of the most important environmental factors, and stress induced by salinity negatively impacts aquaculture production. This study focused on hematological and histological alterations induced by different salinity levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The experiment was carried out with a total of 300 fingerlings exposed to 5 different treatments: T1 (control), T2 (3 ppt), T3 (6 ppt), T4 (9 ppt), and T5 (12 ppt) with three replicates each, over 42 days. The study revealed that hemato-biochemical parameters (hemoglobin and glucose) levels were increased at 9 and 12 ppt compared to the control. Regarding erythrocytic abnormalities, cellular (fusion, twin, teardrop, spindle) and nuclear (nuclear bridge, binuclei, notched nuclei, karyopyknosis) abnormalities were significantly more abundant in T4 and T5 compared to other treatments. Histological examination showed that the abnormalities of gills (epithelial lifting, hypertrophy of chloride cell, telangiectasia, deformed pillar system, hyperplasia), liver (hepatocyte hypertrophy, hemorrhage, blood congestion, hemosiderin, melano-macrophage centers), kidney (necrosis, shrinkage of renal corpuscle, hemorrhage, glomerular destruction, melano-macrophage centers) were found in 9 ppt, but markedly alterations were detected at 12 ppt with increasing the days of exposure. These findings are projected to be valuable in raising awareness about the importance of salinity levels for freshwater aquaculture species.

Growth and Feed Utilization Responses of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Microplastics and Sumithion Co-Exposure

Mobassir Bin Anwar — 2025-05-31

The widespread contamination of aquatic environment by microplastics (MPs) and chemical pollutants, including pesticides, pose a severe threat to aquatic organisms, leading to significant disruption in ecological health. This research investigates the cumulative toxicity of polyamide microplastics and the organophosphate pesticides sumithion on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a widely cultivated freshwater key species. Over the course of 42 days, the fish were subjected to three treatment groups; 10 mg/L microplastics, 0.3 mg/L sumithion, and a combined exposure to both microplastics and sumithion (MP + Sum). This investigation focused on evaluating growth parameters and tissue histopathology. Co-exposure to microplastic and sumithion led to a significant reduction in growth attributes including final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR), while feed conversion ratios increased, suggesting diminished feed efficiency. The histopathological changes observed in the intestinal tissues including degeneration of columnar epithelium, hyperplasia of intestinal mucosa, degeneration of lamina propria from epithelium, reinforced the severity of the combined exposure. The GH, IGF1, and IGF2 gene expression in Nile Tilapia exibited a consistent downward trend, where the control group exhibits the highest level, followed by a significant reduction in response to microplastic exposure, a further decline under Sumithion treatment, and the most profound suppression in the combined exposure group, detrimentally affecting the growth and development. Overall, the results of the present study highlights the urgent need for integrated approaches to pollution management in aquatic ecosystems to mitigate these synergistic effects.

Keywords: Microplastics, Sumithion, Nile tilapia, Growth, Histopathology, Gene Expression.

ALGORITHMS AND ANALYTICS: AN ADVANTAGE FOR DATA-DRIVEN DECISION-MAKING IN GLOBAL MARKETING AND TRADE

Inibehe George Ukpong — 2025-05-31

In an increasingly interconnected global marketplace, the role of mathematics and data-driven strategies in shaping marketing and trade decisions has become indispensable. As e-commerce expands across borders and consumers shift toward digital engagement, businesses that leverage quantitative tools such as predictive analytics, optimization models, and machine learning algorithms are achieving strategic advantages. This paper explores how data-based methodologies are redefining global marketing and international trade dynamics in a rapidly globalising and technologically fluid environment. The paper provides a literature-driven foundation on the intersection of mathematics, data science, and global commerce, followed by a discussion on emerging practices, such as personalized marketing, dynamic pricing, inventory optimization, and real-time consumer behavior analysis. Case studies from global brands illustrate how mathematical tools enable better market segmentation, trade forecasting, and cross-border supply chain efficiency. The paper further argues for a more integrated role of data science in business curricula and policy frameworks, especially in emerging markets, where digital transformation is creating new opportunities. A shift toward data-driven global strategies not only enhances profitability but also supports more sustainable, inclusive, and responsive trade ecosystems. In the context of and food marketing systems, African farmers and and food marketers can adopt algorithms and data analytics to enhance market access, optimize production, improve supply chain efficiency, and make informed decisions that align with global trade demands.

Application of Different Phytosolutions on Germination and Growth Indices of Wheat

Iqtidar Hussain — 2025-05-31

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal grown in temperate and subtropical regions, mainly for food and animal feed. In Dera Ismail Khan, wheat planting is often delayed because sugarcane and cotton are prioritized. Late planting leads to poor wheat germination due to low temperatures or the presence of weeds, which can harm the crop. This issue is common across the country, affecting farming and causing wheat yields to stagnate. Increasing wheat production is a challenge. Recently, methods like seed treatment and synthetic plant growth regulators have gained popularity for boosting crop growth and ensuring wheat sprouts quickly. Allelopathy is another innovative approach that has gained attraction to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses. The shift towards sustainable crop production is also supported by innovation in organic farming. The fallen leaves and stubble of some trees and weeds may influence emergence of wheat in the field. A study was performed at the Postgraduate laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan during the year 2024. Nine treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design including T1 (Control), T2 (Bitter apple), T3 (Lasoda), T4 (Parthenium), T5 (Garlic), T6 (Peelu), T7 (Conocarpus), T8 (Moringa), T9 (Algal water solution) and were compared for emergence and growth indices of wheat. Germination parameters i.e. day wise germination, germination count, germination (%), germination energy and growth indices i.e. coleoptile, root, shoot, plant length, root, shoot, whole plant fresh and dry biomass at 15 days interval were observed and found significant at 5% probability level. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and photosynthetic efficiency were also noted and significantly different from control. Our results classified Moringa, Bitter apple and Algal solution as growth stimulator, while Parthenium, Conocarpus and Garlic proved as inhibitor because they hampered the wheat germination and growth indices. Moringa water solution at 10% is most effective and should be used to enhance the wheat germination and development of seedling especially in late sown wheat. Plantation of Conocarpus around the crop area should be avoided. Parthenium reduced germination and its indices, so it should be managed before wheat crop plantation.

Molecular characterization of brackish and marine water fishes of Sundarbans through DNA barcodes

Md. Mobarak Hossen — 2025-05-31

The present study aims to apply a DNA barcoding tool through amplifying the mitochondrial candidate genes like COI for accurate identification of fish of Sundarbans mangrove wetland, to build a reference library of fish of the unique ecosystems. A total of 83 mitochondrial COI barcode sequences gene were obtained from 26 species of 26 genera, 23 families, 8 orders and one class; among the 26 species, 3 fishes were new records in Sundarbans ecosystem. The collected samples were first identified by examining morphometric characteristics and then assessed by DNA barcoding. The COI sequences of fishes were clearly discriminated among genera in their phylogenies. The average Kimura two-parameter (K2P) distances of COI barcode sequences within all fish species were 0.37 ± 0.01%. The base composition analysis for the COI sequence showed that the average percent T content was the highest and the average percent G content was the lowest; the AT content (53.60%) was higher than the GC content (46.40%). The GC contents at the first, second, and third codon positions for all fishes were 46.3%, 47.2%, and 45.7%, respectively. At the first codon position, the usage of C (18.7%) was the lowest, and the usages of the other bases were 23.00%, 27.10%, and 31.30% for T, A, and G, respectively. There were 36 haplotypes comprised this network. Each node of the network represents one unique haplotype and the bar across branches indicates the number of mutations separating two haplotypes. The overall haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.979. The highest haplotype diversity was found 0.968 in perciformes fishes and the lowest haplotype diversity was found to be 0.000 in beloniformes, Synbranchiformes, Pleuronectiformes, Cichliformes and mugiliformes fishes. The overall nucleotide diversity (Pi) for all groups fishes were 0.37032. The nucleotide diversity was found to be highest (0.3961) in perciformes and lowest (0.000) in beloniformes, synbranchiformes, pleuronectiformes, cichliformes and mugiliformes samples. The present study describes the development of a molecular and morphometric cross-referenced inventory and assess the genetic variability of fishes of the Sundarbans. This inventory will be useful in future biodiversity studies and in forming future conservation plan. High efficiency and fidelity in species identification and discrimination were demonstrated in the present study by DNA barcoding, and we can be added that COI sequencing can be used as an authentic identification marker for Bangladesh brackish and marine fish species.

Evaluating Biometric Indices and Life-History Traits of Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus of Baluhor Oxbow Lake in Southwestern Bangladesh: Implication for Sound Management

Sarower Mahfuj — 2025-05-31

In Bangladesh, the freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, is a food fish with significant economical and nutritional value. To create long-term management and conservation strategies for this species, it is essential to investigate the life-history characteristics of A. testudineus. The present research provides the comprehensive explanation of the life-history traits (LHT), containing length-frequency distribution (LFD), length-weight and length-length relationships (LWR and LLR), form factor (a_3.0), condition factors, length at first sexual maturity (L_m), natural mortality (M_w), maximum life span (t_max), optimum age, where fish reaches its maximum biomass and optimum catchable length (L_opt) of A. testudineus from the Baluhor Oxbow Lake in Southwestern Bangladesh. Fish samples (n=102) were collected from May to July 2024, using various types of traditional fishing gears. Digital slide calipers and an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.01 cm and 0.01 g, respectively, were used to measure total length (TL) and whole-body weight (BW). During this investigation, 102 specimens with measurements ranging from 6.96-13.49 cm TL and 9.59-35.07 g BW were examined. The calculated b values of A. testudineus showed a trend of negative allometric growth (b<3.0). The LWRs were highly significant (p<0.001) with r²values >0.8117. Among the four categories of condition factors in the Baluhor Oxbow Lake, K_F represented the best for well-being of A. testudineus. Significant dissimilarity from 100 was found in a Wilcoxon sign-ranked test for WR, indicating that habitat is uneven of A. testudineus. The determined a_3.0was 0.00861, and L_m was calculated as 8.2383 (~8.30) cm TL in the Baluhor Oxbow Lake. The M_w of A. testudineus was 1.26 year^-1, optimum age of maximum biomass was 2.60 years and maximum life span, t_max was 9.65 years according in this study. The outcomes sought to help Southwestern Bangladesh and its surrounding environments in effective management of A. testudineus species sustainably.

Beyond Waste: Integrative Biotechnological Pathways for Sustainable Recycling and Valorization of Industrial and Domestic Residues

Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi — 2025-05-31

Waste accumulation from industries and households poses the greatest challenge to environmental sustainability and public health in industrializing and urbanizing nations. Conventional technologies for treating waste, including landfill and incineration, are increasingly coming under attack for their environmental disadvantages and poor resource recovery capacities. In this context, biotechnology offers itself as a paradigm-breaking technology for valorization of waste to value-added products. In this mini-review, advanced biotechnological interventions—ranging from microbial digestion and enzymatic depolymerization to anaerobic fermentation and bio-electrochemical systems—are presented for recycling and valorization of heterogeneous waste streams. Emphasis is on engineering microbial consortia, synthetic biology for designing engineered enzymatic activity, and interfacing of bioprocesses with digital monitoring systems. Examples of case studies are microbacteria degrading plastics, upgradation of lignocellulosic biomass, biofuel, bioplastic, and organic fertilizer manufacturing. Reviewing also includes socio-economic and policy frameworks required for the adoption of bio-based circular economies, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Biotechnology offers relief to the environment as well as employment generation and propelling green innovation with furthering cross-disciplinary approaches and bridging the waste-resource gap.

Resistant Microbial Consortia in Contaminated Communities: Ecological Processes, Genomic Insights, and Biotechnological Prospects

Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi — 2025-05-31

Microbial populations play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling and maintaining ecosystem resilience in environments with pollutants of anthropogenic origin. Through this mini-review, the adaptable capacity, ecological processes, biotechnological perspectives, and genomic insights of microbial consortia present in contaminated freshwater and terrestrial systems are investigated. Recent advances in metagenomics, transcriptomics, and microbial ecology have provided valuable insights into microbial survival strategies under chemical stress, such as horizontal gene transfer, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation. The review categorizes microbes based on their degradative potential (e.g., hydrocarbonoclastic, heavy metal-reducing, xenobiotic-tolerant) and elaborates on how these characteristics can be utilized for soil remediation, water purification, and atmospheric detoxification. Special focus is given to the functional interaction between native microbiota and supplemented bioengineered strains for enhanced bioremediation efficiency. Ecological restoration, climate change mitigation, and environmental policy design consequences are also discussed. Lastly, understanding microbial ecosystem resilience and utility provides a promising avenue towards sustainable environmental management.

Decarbonizing Development: Integrated Renewable Energy Models for Climate-Smart Transitions in Emerging Economies

Muhammad Yasir Naeem — 2025-05-31

Achievement of global sustainability goals requires an immediate transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to integrated renewable energy systems. This mini-review addresses the design principles, design considerations, and implementation strategies for integrated renewable energy systems—solar, wind, biomass, and small-scale hydropower—in the context of the emerging economies. It emphasizes how decentralised models, energy storage technologies, and hybrid grids can eradicate energy poverty and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key technological synergies are explored, such as solar-bioenergy coupling, optimization of the energy-water nexus, and AI applications to grid management. The review considers socio-economic factors such as financing models, gendered access to energy, and local capacity development. Policy settings and global cooperation are considered as the driving forces for sustainable transitions. Through the integration of renewable technologies that are appropriate to local resources and needs, new economies can promote simultaneously economic growth, energy security, and environmental integrity.

Climate change impact and relevance of Regenerative Agriculture to sustained crop yield, reduced pesticide load, sustained farmers livelihood and carbon mitigation

Kaushik Mukhopadhyay — 2025-05-31

Climate change poses severe challenges to global agriculture, disrupting crop productivity, increasing chemical dependency, and threatening the livelihoods of small and marginal farmers. This paper examines the impact of climate change on agricultural systems and the potential of regenerative agriculture to sustain crop yields, reduce pesticide loads, support farmers’ livelihoods, and mitigate carbon emissions. By integrating the Clean Food Net Zero (CFNZ) Program with Inhana Rational Farming (IRF) Technology and utilizing advanced composting methods such as Novcom Composting, the study demonstrates that regenerative practices can enhance soil health, boost crop productivity by up to 22%, and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions through improved nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Field evaluations from West Bengal, India, underscore how these interventions not only lower emissions from conventional practices but also transform agriculture into a viable carbon sink while promoting safe, pesticide-free produce. Overall, the findings reinforce that adopting a net zero regenerative agriculture model is a viable strategy for addressing the multifaceted impacts of climate change, ensuring food security, and elevating the socio-economic conditions of farming communities.

Behavioral Pattern Welfare Status of Indigenous Chicken in rural Communities of Bangladesh

Mahbuba Sultana — 2025-05-31

Poultry production plays a vital role in the rural economy of Bangladesh. Indigenous chicken is one of the most important poultry species among them. The study was conducted at five Upazillas of Barishal district of Bangladesh to explore the behavioral pattern and welfare status of indigenous chicken in rural communities. Indigenous chicken considered still now the major sources of income, food security and providing unemployment for rural people. However the welfare of indigenous chicken is neglected due to lacking of knowledge and awareness among people. Major behavioral aspects such as dust and sand bathing, foraging, scratching, roosting, peeking, nesting, peek order, brooding, hen chick relationship were recorded in the study. Welfare assessment focused on housing, feeding, drinking and health condition. The results of the study indicated that indigenous chicken exhibit a wide range of behavioral pattern. Results showed that 84.5 % chicken showed foraging, 82.6% dust and sand bathing where 79.5% birds showed roosting and perching. Among social behavior 73.9 % male birds showed peck order. Brroding (81.4%) also a strong reproductive behavior of indigenous chicken. Majority of birds showed mating behavior (78.3%). Hen chick relationship (80.1) also a maternal extinct of chicken. However welfare challenges were major constraints of indigenous chicken to expressed the natural behavior. Improper feeding, drinking, housing and health care facilities were major welfare challenges. The study indicated that proper expressions of behavioral pattern and welfare can improve the production performances of indigenous chicken. Disseminating proper knowledge of rearing indigenous chicken, creating awareness among the rural people about basic welfare tolls such as improved housing, balanced nutrition, vaccination program can improved the production performance of indigenous chicken and help to develop sustainable poultry production.

Agri-Pharma-Food Nexus: Harnessing Edible Plants as Bio-factories for Next-Gen Pharmaceuticals

Muhammad Yasir Naeem — 2025-05-31

The intersection of agriculture, pharmaceutical innovation, and food science is giving rise to a transformative field: the use of edible plants as platforms for pharmaceutical production, commonly referred to as molecular pharming. This review explores the current advances, opportunities, and challenges associated with utilizing genetically engineered crops—such as lettuce, rice, maize, and tomatoes—to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and antibodies. Compared to traditional bioreactor-based methods, plant-based expression systems can reduce production costs by up to 60% and lower the risk of contamination by approximately 80%. Key developments in chloroplast transformation, transient expression systems, and glycoengineering have improved protein yields to levels of 1.5–3.0% of total soluble protein in edible tissues. The review highlights successful case studies, including plant-derived vaccines for hepatitis B and Norovirus, which showed immunogenic responses in 75–90% of subjects during early trials. In addition to cost-effectiveness and scalability, these edible plant platforms offer the potential for oral delivery, eliminating the need for cold-chain logistics and sterile injection, which could increase global vaccine accessibility by over 40%. Critical discussions include the regulatory landscape, biosafety, and consumer perception—particularly concerning genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the food chain. This review emphasizes that with standardized protocols and robust safety evaluations, molecular pharming can play a pivotal role in decentralizing pharmaceutical production, particularly in low- and middle-income regions.

Harnessing Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Pathway to Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture

Kurai Gareth Mawoneke — 2025-05-31

Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species (NUCS) in Sub-Saharan Africa offer a promising avenue for enhancing food security, particularly in light of increasing climate variability and socioeconomic challenges. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the agronomic potential, nutritional benefits, and processing technologies associated with key NUCS, including fonio, teff, and amaranth (Digitaria exilis, Eragrostis tef, and Amaranthus spp. respectively). These crops, often overlooked in favor of major staples, demonstrate resilience to adverse environmental conditions and possess superior nutritional profiles, including high levels of essential amino acids, micronutrients, and dietary fiber. The review critically evaluates innovative food processing technologies, such as fermentation, extrusion, and milling, which can significantly improve the palatability, nutritional bioavailability, and shelf-life of NUCS. By integrating traditional processing methods with modern advancements, we propose a framework that not only enhances consumer acceptance but also promotes the commercialization of these crops. Furthermore, the review highlights case studies where successful processing techniques have revitalized local economies and contributed to sustainable agricultural practices. Key challenges facing the adoption of NUCS are addressed, including inadequate infrastructure, limited market access, and the need for supportive policy frameworks. This review advocates for a collaborative approach involving researchers, policymakers, and local communities to overcome these barriers. By prioritizing investment in NUCS research, education, and awareness initiatives, we can harness their potential to diversify diets, improve nutritional outcomes, and build resilience against food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is crucial to critically reassess agricultural priorities and champion Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species (NUCS) as vital cornerstones of sustainable food systems. By embracing their potential, we can significantly enrich the global dialogue on food security and agricultural sustainability

Developing Short-Rotation Woody Biomass Feedstock in the Philippines: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

Renato Sabanal Pacaldo — 2025-05-31

Biomass energy attracts the attention of researchers, investors, developers, and policymakers because of its potential to promote local and national economies, alleviate poverty, and mitigate climate change impacts. Most biomass power plants in the Philippines derive their fuels from agricultural wastes, such as rice hulls, bagasse, coconut husks, and other agricultural wastes. However, these biomass materials' seasonal and limited availability preclude a continuous flow of raw materials supply to support an uninterrupted operation of a biomass power plant. Developing an intensive biomass feedstock farming system using short-rotation biomass crops provides opportunities for increasing productivity of marginal areas and unproductive agricultural lands, ensuring the sustainability of biomass feedstock supply for the biomass energy sector in the country, alleviating poverty, promoting rural economy, and mitigating climate change impacts. The humid tropical warm climate in the Philippines offers a favorable growing environment for year-round biomass production of some fast-growing short-rotation woody biomass crops, such as Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and Kakawati (Gliciridia sepium). The country also legislated enabling laws to promote renewable energy and marketing opportunities for biomass farmers and investors. The limited science-based information concerning the sustainability of biomass energy production and the lack of scientific investigation on the potential of developing short-rotation woody biomass crops result in poor outcomes and unsustainable biomass investments. Furthermore, the long waiting period for return on investments, large investment costs during establishment, and large area requirements needed for establishing biomass plantations must be addressed to ensure the profitability, participation of biomass farmers, and interest of investors. At present, the government’s voluntary commitment under the Conference of Parties (COP) 21 to reduce greenhouse emissions by 70% for the next five years and the increasing market demands for biomass provide huge opportunities for biomass investments in the country. However, these opportunities could be influenced by the changing local, national, and geopolitical political dynamics and technological advancement of other renewable energy sources, like solar, wind, nuclear, and wave, affecting demands, markets, and prices. The narratives of this study contribute to understanding the feasibility of developing a large-scale short-rotation biomass feedstock production in the country, which is a vital piece of information for informed policy and decision-making and for promoting the biomass industry in the country.

Nutritional and Health Implications of Some Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Edible Salts Commonly Consumed in Türkiye

Özlem Üstün-Aytekin — 2025-05-31

Tuz, günlük diyetin temel bir bileşeni olup önemli bir mineral kaynağıdır. Ancak içerdiği potansiyel kontaminantlar halk sağlığı açısından risk oluşturabilir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yaygın olarak tüketilen 11 farklı yenilebilir tuz örneğinde esansiyel (kalsiyum, potasyum, magnezyum, demir, manganez) ve esansiyel olmayan elementlerin (alüminyum, bor, krom, nikel) konsantrasyonları belirlenmiş; potansiyel sağlık riskleri ve beslenmeye olan katkıları değerlendirilmiştir. Element düzeyleri, Endüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma Kütle Spektrometrisi (ICP-MS) yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerle tehlike indeksi hesaplamaları yapılmış ve elementlerin günlük alınması önerilen miktarlara olan katkı yüzdeleri belirlenmiştir. Element konsantrasyonları örnekler arasında önemli farklılıklar göstermiştir. Alüminyum düzeyleri 0,13–5,60 mg/kg arasında değişirken; en yüksek kalsiyum, potasyum, magnezyum, alüminyum, demir, manganez ve nikel düzeyleri S5 (Himalaya tuzu) örneğinde, en yüksek krom düzeyi ise S9 (kaya tuzu) örneğinde saptanmıştır. Tüm tuzlar için tehlike indeksi değerleri kabul edilebilir düzeyde bulunmuştur. Ancak, mineral seviyeleri dikkate alındığında bu tuzların günlük önerilen mineral alımını karşılaması mümkün görünmemektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, tuzların düzenli olarak elementel açıdan izlenmesinin ve halk sağlığına yönelik risk değerlendirmelerinin sürdürülmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Valorization of Stale Bread in Tunisian Traditional Cookies: A Sustainable Approach to Maachech Formulation

Borhen Dahmen — 2025-05-31

The growing issue of bread wastage presents significant challenges to food security, environmental sustainability, and economic stability, particularly in regions like Tunisia. This study investigated a comprehensive strategy for the valorization of stale bread through its incorporation into Maachech, a traditional Tunisian cookie. The objective of the present work was to develop a sustainable, nutritious and sensorically acceptable food product within a circular economy framework.

Stale bread was staled at ambient temperature for 72 hours, processed into whole and crumb fractions, and subsequently milled into flour. Six different Maachech cookie formulations were prepared, featuring incremental substitution levels of wheat flour with stale bread flour (F0:0%, F1:10%, F2:20%, F3:30%, F4:40%, and F5:100%). Proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, and sugars), CIE Lab color parameters (L*, a*, b*, Chroma, ΔE), techno-functional properties and microbial loads were determined for stale bread flour and cookie formulas. Maachech cookie caloric values were calculated utilizing the Atwater system. A hedonic sensory evaluation was performed with a panel of 61 volunteer consumers (mean age 25.7 ± 6.5 years, 96% female, university educated, 60% aware of environment, climate change and food waste issues) using a 7-point scale. Post-tasting, panelists' willingness to buy and underlying motivations were assessed via direct survey.

Analysis of the 3-day stale bread revealed the following characteristics: Humidity 28.39±0.23%, Dry Extract 75.22±0.26 g/100g, Proteins 6.25±0.02 g/100g, Fat 1.8±0.01 g/100g, Sugars 0.54±0.01 g/100g, Reducing Sugars 1.39±0.14 g/100g, and Acidity 0.0270±0.0001 g of lactic acid/ 100g of bread. Microbiological analysis indicated that the 3-day stale bread conformed to established food safety standards. It also exhibited high oil and water holding performance, making it suitable for reprocessing into flour for cookie development.

Findings showed that 30% substitution level (F3) was found to offer the best compromise between technological performance and consumer acceptability. The F3 Maachech cookies had a fat content of 27.62 g/100g, protein content of 18.7 g/100g, reducing sugars at 25 g/100g, and a total calorie value of 336.13 kcal/100g. Functionally, they displayed a water holding capacity of 10 g/g, an oil holding capacity of 7 g/g, and were microbiologically safe. Color values remained within the acceptable range (ΔE ≈ 2.3) at this level of incorporation, with visual differences only increasing at higher substitutions.

Sensory analysis confirmed F3 as the most preferred product in terms of texture, taste, appearance, achieving a mean global appreciation score of 5.96/7 and ranking first by the majority of the panel. Panelist survey analysis indicated that all (100%) expressed a willingness to buy Maachech cookies made with stale bread flour. The main motivations cited were: fighting food waste (83.6%), environmental responsibility (77%), support for local and artisanal production (70.5%), curiosity for new flavors and textures (63.9%), and religious values (16.4%).

Overall, this study demonstrated the feasibility and market acceptance of reusing stale bread in traditional cookie recipes, offering a practical integrated model for reducing bread waste while maintaining product quality, safety, and nutritional value. Through scientific validation and consumer-centered formulation, Maachech becomes a powerful example of zero-waste innovation rooted in tradition—an approach replicable in similar food systems worldwide.

Effect of Nanoparticles Application on the Germination and Growth of Tunisian Durum Wheat Varieties (Dhabee, Kareem and Inrat100) Under Simulated water Stress Conditions

Mohammad Abed — 2025-05-31

This study discussed the effect of five sorts of nanoparticles, SiO2, ZrO2, MgO, ZnO, and TiO2 in the germination and growth of three varieties of Tunisian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf.) (Dhabee, Inrat100, and Kreem) under the simulated stress conditions using poly ethanol glycol (PEG6000). Moreover, in this study, two levels of stress conditions were evaluated compared to control (distilled water). Also, the study checked the different concentrations of nanoparticles to determine their results on the germination, the root length, and the shoot length. The results declared that the water stress resulted in a significant decrease in the germination and growth rates. In addition to that the nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO) get the highest efficiency in decreasing the side effects of the stress. The TiO2 NPs at the concentration of 100 proved their efficiency in enhancing germination and growth special under severe stress conditions of -3 bar. Furthermore, the varieties showed significant differences in stress conditions as Inrat100 declared exceeding in stress resistance. These results highlighted the possibility of using the NPs, to improve the performance of crops under drought conditions in rainfed Agriculture.

Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems for sustainable development in Rural Nepal

Dilip Kumar Jha — 2025-05-31

Food security with sustainable development is a major issue being faced by the ever growing population in the world. Integrated Agriculture- Aquaculture (IAA) systems are increasingly recognized as vital for food and nutrition security particularly in the face of global challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and food insecurity. By harmoniously integrating crop farming with aquaculture practices, IAA systems enable efficient recycling of nutrients and water, reduce reliance on external inputs, and enhance overall farm productivity and resilience. Further, the integration of aquaculture into agricultural landscapes offers a practical pathway to circular economy practices and climate-smart agriculture. Aquaculture is a fast growing food-production sector that recently overtook fisheries as the main source of fish for human consumption. In Nepal different aquatic systems represent a total of 252 fish species. Among them 236 species are indigenous while 16 species are exotic. These species belong to 15 orders, 40 families and 120 genera. Carps of the order Cypriniformes are the major fishes cultivated in Nepal. These includes Indian Major Carps; Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala), and Chinese Major carps; Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Two varieties of Common carp; Scale carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis) and Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) are cultivated also. Recently exotic catfish Pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and exotic perch Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are cultivated also. Annual fish production of Nepal is 113736 metric tons with the contribution of 92736 metric tons from aquaculture and 21000 metric tons from the inland capture fisheries, indicating per capita fish production 3.8 kg only. Pond fish culture accounts for 72.3% of the current total fish production. The Terai belt which makes up 88% of the entire pond area, is crucial to fish production due to its favourable environment. The support from the government certainly helped the expansion of fish farming to fulfil its potential to meet the national demand for nutritional support of the people and employment opportunities towards sustainable development of the nation.

Assessing the Economic Performance of Catfish Farming in Nsukka and Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria: A Comparative Perspective

Ikenna Charles Ukwuaba — 2025-05-31

Despite the significant contribution of catfish farming to Nigeria's agricultural sector, there is limited research on its economic viability and opportunities. This study presents a comparative analysis of the economic performance of catfish farming in both the Nsukka Local Government Area (LGA) and Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. Specifically, it compared the socioeconomic characteristics of catfish farmers, evaluated the profitability of catfish production, and identified the constraints faced by farmers in these locations. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents, and primary data were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and profitability indicators were employed to achieve the objectives. The results indicated that most catfish farmers in both locations are young, married, and have a formal education. The findings also revealed that catfish farming is a profitable venture in both Nsukka LGA and Enugu Metropolis, with mean gross margins of ₦662,534.45 and ₦861,733.22, respectively. The return on investment (ROI) for catfish farmers in Nsukka LGA was 1.09. In contrast, the ROI for Enugu Metropolis was 1.40, demonstrating greater profitability in that area. However, the enterprise faces significant challenges, including high feed costs, elevated interest rates on bank loans, inadequate access to quality fingerlings, and high water supply costs. The study recommends strategic interventions to address these challenges and enhance the profitability and sustainability of catfish farming in the areas studied, including input cost management, better access to credit, and government support for research and development.

Ecological Logistics Approaches: Supply Chain Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation

Rzgar Farooq Rashid — 2025-05-31

The increasing environmental degradation and biodiversity loss caused by industrial activities have prompted the need for more sustainable logistics practices. Ecological logistics, an emerging interdisciplinary approach, focuses on minimizing the ecological footprint of supply chains while contributing actively to biodiversity conservation. This paper scrutinizes how logistics and supply chain strategies could be structured to support ecological balance and the protection of endangered ecosystems. Through sustainable transportation, green warehousing, and ethical sourcing, the study looks into ecological logistics dimensions. This dimension focuses on low-emission transport, optimized routing, and reduced packaging waste as good environmental responsibility examples. It also analyzes how supply chain actors such as NGO's, governments, and local communities can be partners in developing logistics solutions that contribute positively to biodiversity conservation. In examining the cases, the research draws examples from ecological logistics implementation in the forestry, agriculture, and pharmaceutical sectors. These include habitat-sensitive routing journeys, relocation logistics for endangered species, or monitoring biodiversity via supply chain traceability technologies. Further, the authors discuss how digital tools such as GIS, IoT, and blockchain can further support the visibility and accountability required within the supply chain. Findings show that ecological logistics are realizable and vital for initiating long-term sustainable objectives. Designing logistical strategies with biodiversity in mind could be a potential area to gain an upper hand in competition and meet the legal prerequisites of environmental protection and CSR. Ultimately, this paper favors a shift from the purely efficiency-driven models toward eco-centric systems in logistics management, wherein biodiversity is regarded as a significant stakeholder in supply chain design, not an externality.

Biorationals in the Suppression of Sooty Mold Fungus, Capnodium spp. (Camille Montagne) established on the coconut whitefly honeydew

Nikshala Vanniyasin — 2025-05-31

Sooty mould, Capnodium spp., a saprophytic fungus from the phylum Ascomycota, produces dark-coloured colonies on plant surfaces smeared with honeydew of coconut whitefly. This study explains eco-friendly biorationals, comprising plant extracts, organic materials, and microbial agents, to control the growth of Capnodium spp. Morphological analysis revealed distinct hyphal septation and conical black spores, providing insights into Capnodium fungal development. Experiments were conducted using 35 plant extracts, of which 12 showed significant antifungal properties. Inorganic pesticides cannot be sprayed on coconut to control whitefly, as the spray may reach the households, especially waterbodies at households. Extracts of Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) exhibited the highest inhibition (98.61% at 50% concentration), followed by Allium sativum (Garlic, 84.06%) and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari, 84.72%). In contrast, extracts of vermicompost tea showed no inhibitory effects, while fermented cow urine and distillery spent wash reached 100% inhibition of fungal growth. In microbial agents, Trichoderma spp. completely inhibited fungal growth, whereas Pseudomonas fluorescens exhibits no effect. The results explained that plant extracts with organic compounds or microbial agents provide solutions as an alternative to chemical fungicides. Combining extracts could provide an eco-friendly and sustainable strategy for managing Capnodium spp., reducing crop losses and increasing agricultural sustainability. These findings contribute to the growing body of research supporting biorational approaches as viable, environmentally safe options for fungal management. Field-scale applications are to be tested, and the effect of the biorationals on coconut whitefly also has to be determined.

Comparative Study of Biological Control Agents against Common Bacterial Blight Disease in Dry Beans

Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS — 2025-05-31

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is widely grown crops with high nutritional and commercial value that are staples on several continents. However, common bacterial blight (CBB), which is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli is one of the most critical seed-borne destructive diseases of beans, having a major adverse effect on dry bean production, resulting in yield and quality losses. This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of biological control agents and a copper-based treatment in managing CBB under in vitro and in planta controlled conditions. In this study, various bacterial treatments, including Bacillus subtilis (Bs), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Ps), and a mixed treatment (Bs+Pf), were tested and compared to copper hydroxide (Ch) and control treatments. Disease incidence, disease severity index, and plant growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, and weight, were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of each treatment. According to the results, there was a significant difference among treatments (p<0,01), as Bs demonstrated efficient in vitro inhibition (34.00 mm) and achieved 71% disease control in the in planta study. In the in planta study, the mixed treatment of Bs+Pf was the most significant among all treatments, reducing CBB to 10.33 and controlling the disease by 83.94%. Additionally, it inhibited the pathogen in vitro with a zone of inhibition measuring 23.66 mm. In comparison, Pf and the Ch control achieved 58.00% and 65.80% disease control, respectively. The mixed treatment yielded the greatest plant height (71.33 cm), while Bs produced the highest number of leaves (69.00) and the longest root length (19.00 cm). These findings underscore that integrating beneficial bacterial strains, particularly the combination of Bs and

Insights into the Apple Tree Microbiome: Determination of Pathogenic and Beneficial Bacteria

Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS — 2025-05-31

In this study, the phyllospheric and rhizospheric microbiota of apple trees (Malus domestica L.), one of the most significant crops in pome fruit cultivation, were investigated using a standardized sampling methodology. Genomic DNA was extracted from the collected samples utilizing the F-Spin Bacterial Fecal/Soil DNA Isolation Kit. Molecular identification was performed through the amplification of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using the primer set 533F-805R. In addition to molecular analyses, soil and leaf samples were cultured under laboratory conditions at the Molecular Plant Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Selcuk University, where biochemical characterization and pathogenicity assessments were conducted. According to the findings, the bacterial communities exhibited varying compositions across different orchards, with members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes being predominant. Importantly, several key apple pathogens were identified, including Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, and Rhizobium radiobacter. The results suggest that the interactions between pathogenic and beneficial bacterial agents within the apple microbiota, under natural environmental conditions, differ across regions and climatic zones. These insights are anticipated to provide a foundational basis for the development of novel biological control strategies.

Impact of foliar applied rutin on some physiological and yield parameters of lettuce under different saline irrigation water stress

Özlem Çakmakcı — 2025-05-31

Salinity is one of the greatest threats to global food security and is recognized as the largest source of abiotic stress in agricultural production. Rutin is a natural flavonoid found in advanced plants and has a stimulatory effect on the defense mechanism against abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted in a climate chamber to determine the effect of rutin flavonoid in lettuce plants under salinity stress. In the study, 4 saline water doses (Sw0.6: 0.60 dS m⁻¹, control; Sw1.2: 1.2 dS m⁻¹; Sw2.4: 2.4 dS m⁻¹; Sw3.6: 3.6 dS m⁻¹) and control (Non-rutin) and 1 mmol L^-1 rutin treatment (Rutin) were applied. Leaf dry matter content, electrolyte leakage and leaf relative water content were analyzed. As a result of the study, it was determined that increasing saline irrigation stress significantly decreased dry matter and leaf relative water content and increased leaf electrolyte leakage. On the contrary, rutin application alleviated the stress by significantly reducing electrolyte leakage. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that rutin application can be used as a stress mitigant for sustainable commercial cultivation of lettuce.

The Impacts of Precision Technologies on Cropping System in Developing Countries: A Case Study for Nigeria

Usman Muhammad Umar — 2025-05-31

Global agricultural systems are undergoing rapid transformation due to increasing food demand. Precision agriculture technologies such as GPS-guided machines, drone and satellite imagery, and IoT-based sensors have emerged as key solutions to optimize farming practices. These technologies increase crop yields, improve resource use efficiency, and support economic profitability. Thanks to these technologies, all processes are data-driven, facilitating decision-making. When all these features are considered together, it is obvious that they also promote environmental sustainability. However, access to these technologies is not the same in every country. Demonstrating the status of access to these technologies, especially in developing countries, will contribute significantly to studies on food security around the world. This review examines the impact of precision agriculture technologies on modern cropping systems, focusing on ways to provide precise control over water, fertilizer, and pesticides, thereby minimizing environmental impacts and input waste. The article also discusses the challenges that smallholder farmers face in adopting precision agriculture technologies, such as high initial costs and limited technological expertise. Recommendations are made to increase the accessibility of precision agriculture technologies through government funding, educational initiatives, and infrastructure improvements. Addressing these barriers is critical to the global adoption of precision agriculture

Bio-Transformation of Agricultural and Municipal Waste into High-Value Resources: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi — 2025-05-31

Biotransformation technologies are one of the most promising fields in sustainable waste management, where farm and municipal waste is transformed into high-value bioproducts. This review explores the latest advances in microbial, enzymatic, and thermochemical processes that facilitate conversion of biomass and organic residues into bioenergy, bioplastics, biofertilizers, and bio-based chemicals. Scalable technologies such as anaerobic digestion, composting, fermentation, and gasification are emphasized with emphasis on process optimization and energy efficiency. The application of genetically engineered microbes and synthetic biology in enhancing conversion efficiency and product selectivity is examined. In addition, decentralized biorefineries are proposed as an economic model for circular bioeconomies to incorporate into local waste systems. The paper also examines key challenges that must be addressed, including heterogeneity of feedstock, microbial contamination, economic barriers, and policy uncertainty. Socio-economic and environmental impacts are evaluated using sustainability metrics and case studies from elsewhere. Future research directions stress the need for hybrid technologies, integrated systems, and real-time monitoring technologies in order to maximize the use of resources with the maximum possible efficiency and minimum possible environmental effects.

Pollution to Solution: Nano-Enabled Strategies in Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery

Dilara K. Sunakbaeva — 2025-05-31

Nanotechnology has been a breakthrough technology in wastewater treatment and resource recovery because it possesses high surface area, reactivity, and selectivity in adsorption. This review discusses the most recent nano-enabled methods for the removal of contaminants including heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and microplastics from industrial and domestic wastewater. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and magnetic nanoparticles are emphasized in the context of action mechanism, regeneration ability, and environmental safety. Hybrid systems that incorporate nanomaterials with membrane filtration, photocatalysis, and electrochemical treatment for optimal use are discussed in the article. Special consideration is given to the recovery of useful resources like nutrients and rare earth elements during treatment. Environmental risk assessment, regulatory barriers, and lifecycle concerns are also addressed to achieve responsible deployment and development of nano-based technology. This review concludes by proposing future directions such as green synthesis, AI-driven nano-design, and decentralized nano-filtration units for smart and sustainable wastewater management.

The Psychology of Nature Connection: How Environmental Education Develops Ecological Empathy and Action

Mahsa Ebadi — 2025-05-31

There is a growing body of psychological evidence that demonstrates the profound benefits of nature connection for human well-being and ecological action. This review paper discusses how environmental education generates ecological empathy and pro-environmental behavior through psychological mechanisms. Based on the synthesis of environmental psychology research, social cognition, and education science, the paper explores experiential change of nature-based learning experiences influencing children's and adults' sense of identity, emotional well-being, and ecological citizenship. Relevance includes forming biophilia, the role of sensory immersion, and cognitive reorganization achieved through experiential learning in natural settings. The article also examines barriers such as urbanisation, screen addiction, and socio-economic deprivation, which limit access to nature and undermine learning outcomes. Moreover, the paper examines how teachers, mentors, and role models are engaged in facilitating emotional connection to the environment. Through international case studies and educational programs analysis, the review demonstrates that fostering a psychological sense of nature connection improves not only environmental learning outcomes but also other mental health goals. The paper proposes that fostering ecological empathy through systematic and informal educational interventions is essential to facilitate progress in community and institutional sustainability transformations.

Green Minds, Greener Futures: Integrating Ecopsychology into Environmental Curricula for Holistic Sustainability

Mahsa Ebadi — 2025-05-31

The integration of ecopsychology into environmental education is a worthwhile approach to building sustainability by tapping cognitive knowledge and emotional affinity with nature. This review examines ecopsychological principles grounded on the human-nature relationship embedded within formal and informal curricula for ecological literacy and psychological wellbeing. The essay chronicles ecopsychology's evolution as well as the relevance of its framework in modern socio-environmental challenges of climate distress, eco-grief, and emotional detachment from the natural world. An integrative review of ecopsychological pedagogies such as mindfulness in nature, eco-art therapy, and reflective journaling shows their efficacy in building emotional resilience and environmentalism. Grounded on a multidisciplinary integration, this review shows how ecopsychological interventions in schools can initiate heightened awareness, sense of responsibility, and long-term commitment to taking care of the environment. It also presents case study examples from different learning environments—schools, universities, and community programs—highlighting their challenges and achievements. The paper concludes by proposing a model curriculum that incorporates ecopsychological approaches into sustainability education in order to connect the psychological and ecological dimensions of learning. Last but not least, this initiative instills a new paradigm for environmental education—one where students are empowered not only to know the environment but to experience and care for it.

Beyond Green Barriers: Genetic Engineering Progress toward Enhanced Phytoremediation Efficiency

Muhammad Yasir Naeem — 2025-05-31

Phytoremediation has been acknowledged as an environment-friendly and cost-effective method for avoiding environmental contamination, particularly in contaminated soil and water. However, the plant uptake capacity limit and stress resistance limit prevent its large-scale application as a green technology. Current advances in genetic engineering offer promising answers to overcome these limitations through enhanced metal uptake, detoxification processes, and biomass yield. This review compiles the latest breakthroughs in molecular engineering, including CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing, overexpression of metal transporter genes, and transgenic insertion of antioxidant pathways. Omics tools such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have expedited the identification of novel gene targets associated with hyperaccumulation and resistance. Furthermore, synthetic biology is also enabling the development of modular genetic circuits to control phytoremediation reactions under different environmental conditions. The review also examines biosafety concerns, ecological impact, and regulation of genetically engineered phytoremediators. Overall, biotechnology application in phytoremediation not only increases its potential for remediation of the environment but also results in the development of circular and robust biotechnologies towards sustainable development across the globe.

Rooted Solutions: Rhizosphere Microbiome Synergies in Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils

Muhammad Yasir Naeem — 2025-05-31

Rhizosphere is a dynamically biological interface where plant roots intimately interact with microbes in soil and form complex synergistic interactions influencing nutrient turnover and pollutant transformation. For phytoremediation, the plant-microbiome interface is also critical in controlling contaminant bioavailability and detoxification. This review highlights recent advances in the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), mycorrhizal fungi, and endophytes to make phytoremediation more efficient. Some functions are microbial pollutant transformation, increased root surface area, induction of stress-responsive genes, and secretion of chelating agents. Microbiome engineering strategies like inoculation with pollutant-degrading bacteria consortia or microbiome transplant from stress-resistant ecosystems are also addressed in the review. Special emphasis is placed on microbial-assisted remediation of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and emerging contaminants like PFAS. Future directions include metagenomics and synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) to address the manipulation of rhizosphere functions. Leverage and knowledge of such subterranean partnerships can lead to ecologically safe and highly effective phytoremediation processes.

Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Phytoremediation: Nature-Based Solutions for Water Purification

Dilara K. Sunakbaeva — 2025-05-31

Constructed wetlands (CWs) leverage the phytoremediation potential of aquatic vegetation to remove polluted water through natural biological processes. This current review offers a comprehensive overview of different CW types—free water surface, subsurface flow, and hybrid systems—and their efficiencies in removing nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, and organic contaminants. Special emphasis is laid on the selection of appropriate macrophytes such as Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, and Eichhornia crassipes with elevated uptake and tolerance capacity. The mechanisms of pollutant removal are through sedimentation, root zone filtration, microbial breakdown, and uptake by the plant. Urban landscape and agriculture landscape case studies highlight efficient CW usage in wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and industrial effluent regulation. The integration of CWs with green infrastructure and urban planning is a term used to explain a sustainable decentralized wastewater treatment system. The invasiveness of plants, seasonality, and long-term maintenance issues are also clarified. CWs present an environmentally friendly, low-energy, and cheap option in congruence with water security and sustainable development strategies.

Hyperaccumulators Redefined: Innovation in Phytoextraction and Phytomining for Resource Recovery

Najib Altawell — 2025-05-31

Hyperaccumulator plants possess the unique ability to absorb exceptionally high concentrations of heavy metals without exhibiting any symptoms of phytotoxicity. This property renders them strong candidates for phytoextraction and phytomining—ecological technologies for the remediation and resource recovery. This review chronicles the latest advances in the discovery, cultivation, and commercialization of hyperaccumulator species such as Alyssum murale and Noccaea caerulescens. Principal physiological traits, including metal transport mechanisms, chelator production, and vacuolar sequestration, are described. Novel field trials indicate the potential for nickel, cadmium, and rare earth element recovery in mining and post-industrial settings. Economic assessments indicate that phytomining could yield economic advantages to land owners and restore poor soils. Agronomic management, harvesting technologies for increased metal uptake and yield, and soil amendments are also presented in the review. As global demand for critical minerals rises, hyperaccumulators offer a sustainable option to conventional mining, fitting environmental rehabilitation alongside economic viability.

Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants: Phytoremediating Pharmaceuticals, Microplastics, and PFAS

Dilara K. Sunakbaeva — 2025-05-31

As the list of environmental pollutants increases, phytoremediation is faced with new challenges in the remediation of recalcitrant and complex emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and microplastics. Traditional remediation techniques are often not effective in removing these compounds from the environment, whereas phytoremediation is a green and sustainable option. This review provides a current synthesis of how some plant species can take up, degrade, or immobilize such emerging contaminants. The emphasis is placed on the processes of phytotransformation, phytodegradation, and rhizodegradation, particularly in riparian and wetland ecosystems. The synergistic role of rhizosphere microorganisms in the degradation of complex chemical compounds is discussed. Case studies demonstrate success with Vetiveria zizanioides, Populus spp., and Lemna minor species for reducing contaminant load in wastewater and river sediments. The challenge of bioaccumulation, toxicity of metabolites, and detection by analysis are addressed, and suggestions for future research on transgenic and hybrid systems are made. Phytoremediation is shown to be an intriguing solution for combining environmental rehabilitation with contaminant-specific detoxification strategies.

Nanotechnology-Assisted Phytoremediation: A Hybrid Strategy for Superior Contaminant Removal

Muhammad Yasir Naeem — 2025-05-31

Nanotechnology is revolutionizing phytoremediation by enhancing plant-microbe interaction, pollutant bioavailability, and detoxification mechanisms. This review examines the synergistic potential of combining nanoparticles with plants for promoting the uptake and degradation of heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants. Engineered nanoparticles such as nano-iron, nano-TiO₂, and carbon-based nanomaterials are shown to trigger root exudates, enhance enzyme activities, and modulate redox conditions in the rhizosphere. The review also discusses nanoparticle-mediated delivery systems for plant growth regulators and microbial inoculants. Problems of nanoparticle toxicity, persistence, and ecotoxicological impacts are viewed critically. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of nanotechnology-enhanced systems over classical phytoremediation systems in contaminated soils, water, and sediments. This combinatorial concept opens new fields in environmental nanobiotechnology and offers promise for real-time site-specific remediation with improved efficacy and control.

Phytoremediation and Soil Health: Restoring Microbial Diversity and Functionality in Degraded Lands

Muhammad Yasir Naeem — 2025-06-01

Degradation of soil due to heavy metal contamination and industrial effluents is a critical threat to soil fertility, microbial diversity, and ecosystem services. Phytoremediation, in addition to removing pollutants, can restore soil health by improving physicochemical properties and enhancing biological activity. The review discusses how phytoremediation influences soil pH, organic carbon, and nutrient cycling, leading to microbial biomass development and enzymatic activities being enhanced. Brassica juncea and Helianthus annuus are some of the plants that facilitate recolonization by microbes as they exude sugars, amino acids, and secondary metabolites that promote microbial growth. Co-remediation strategies like composting, biochar, and microbial consortia are also addressed. Such treatment has the potential to facilitate soil recolonization, trigger plant-facilitative microbe interaction, and increase crop productivity following remediation. Soil health indicator monitoring is highlighted in phytoremediation assessment protocols. By establishing a biologically active and resilient microbial community in the soil, phytoremediation can be an integral part of sustainable land management and ecological rehabilitation.

Climate Change and the Caspian Sea Basin: Hydrological Alterations and Socio-Ecological Impacts

Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi — 2025-06-01

The largest enclosed inland water body in the world, the Caspian Sea, is undergoing unprecedented change due to climate change, local hydrological perturbations, and anthropogenic stressors. This review presents an extended critique of how climate-related changes—though temperature changes, precipitation regimes, evaporation rates, and river inflows—are reshaping the hydrology and ecology of the Caspian Sea basin. Long-term satellite data and hydrological models predict alarming sea level drops, threatening coastal ecosystems, biodiversity, and infrastructure. Southern and eastern littoral zone ecosystems are particularly vulnerable, with migratory bird species, endemic fish, and benthic communities being more susceptible to habitat destruction, salinization, and pollution concentration. Socioeconomic effects include the disruption of fisheries, port infrastructure, agriculture, and traditional livelihoods. Furthermore, reduced water run-off from big rivers such as the Volga, Kura, and Ural, coupled with damming and irrigation, intensifies basin-wide water stress and geopolitics tension among littoral states. This review also investigates the feedback mechanisms relating climate change to sediment transport, wetland shrinkage, and invasive species proliferation. Significantly, it highlights knowledge gaps and emphasizes the need for regional climate-resilient policy, transboundary cooperation, and investment in early warning systems. Adaptive measures such as integrated water resource management (IWRM), nature-based solutions (NbS), and ecological restoration of deltas and wetlands are proposed as pathways toward mitigation. Overall, the Caspian Sea is a vulnerable socio-ecological system where climatic change, human activity, and governance intersect—calling for cooperative, multidisciplinary action.

Molecular Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins: Recent Advances in Biotechnology and Nanomaterials

Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi — 2025-06-01

Aflatoxins, highly toxic and carcinogenic Aspergillus-produced mycotoxins, represent a global threat to world food safety and public health. Recent biotechnology and nanotechnology advances hold auspicious opportunities for aflatoxin detection and detoxification. Molecular detection techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and new biosensors, have dramatically improved aflatoxin detection speed and sensitivity in foodstuffs and feed. These technologies and new nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide, are fast becoming potent tools for aflatoxin extraction from tainted foodstuffs and agricultural crops. Nanomaterials possess unique features such as high surface area, functionalization, and reusability, which enable more efficient and sustainable detoxification processes. Moreover, nanomaterial-based systems can also be employed in food packaging and storage systems to reduce aflatoxin contamination. In this review, the latest molecular techniques and the potential of nanotechnology in aflatoxin detoxification are highlighted, as well as a general overview of their application in food safety, environmental monitoring, and agricultural sustainability. By examining the unique advantages of nanomaterials, this paper highlights the potential for scalable, cost-effective solutions to prevent aflatoxin contamination at large scales.

Bioremediation of Aflatoxins: Harnessing Microbial and Enzymatic Tools for Mycotoxin Degradation

Usman Mir Khan — 2025-06-01

Bioremediation, utilizing microorganisms and enzymes to degrade toxic pollutants, has proven an effective method of minimizing aflatoxin contamination. This article focuses on new developments in the microbial degradation of aflatoxins, explaining the function contributed by bacteria, fungi, and yeast strains to the degradation of such toxic compounds by enzymatic mechanisms. Individual enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, laccases, and peroxidases are essential to aflatoxin detoxification, catalyzing the conversion of aflatoxins into non-toxic metabolites. Microbial consortia synergistically degrading aflatoxins have also been shown with greater efficiency compared to individual species. Recent developments in enzyme engineering and synthetic biology may further improve the effectiveness of bioremediation by producing more stable and targeted enzymes for aflatoxin degradation. The review also takes into account the factors influencing the process of bioremediation, including environmental factors, nutrient availability, and microbial community dynamics. Besides, problems such as scalability and effectiveness of such methods in real field conditions are also addressed, with the solutions being microbial consortia and genetic engineering. A comprehensive review of the microbial and enzymatic methods of aflatoxin degradation has been given in this paper, highlighting their sustainability and eco-friendliness as effective alternatives to chemical detoxification processes.

Emerging Industrial Pollutants in Aquatic Systems: Monitoring, Risk Evaluation, and Green Remediation Strategies

Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi — 2025-06-01

Aquatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the emergence of newly industrializing pollutants such as personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The majority of these pollutants are not effectively removed by traditional wastewater treatment and accumulate in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters, posing gigantic threats to aquatic organisms and human health. This review addresses the monitoring of newly identified pollutants in aquatic environments, focusing on the use of advanced analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), for the identification of trace concentrations. It also addresses the risk assessment of these contaminants, with emphasis on the challenges in assessing their long-term environmental and ecological impacts. Green remediation technologies, such as phytoremediation, bioremediation, and natural sorbents, offer green alternatives to chemical remediation. The overview presents a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness and limitations of these technologies, with focus on applicability for large-scale use in industrial settings. Furthermore, the application of bioindicators in assessing ecosystem health as well as pollutant bioaccumulation is addressed. This article ends by urging for holistic monitoring and remediation models that combine cutting-edge technologies with green approaches to address the new challenges posed by industrial contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.

Geohealth Frontiers: Linking Geological Substrates to Public Health and Ecosystem Risk Assessment

Rzgar Farooq Rashid — 2025-06-01

Geohealth is a new interdiscipline of study that investigates how geological conditions affect public health and ecosystem integrity. This review takes into account the ways in which the fabric and composition of geological substrates—mineralized rocks, volcanic soils, sedimentary basins—can influence environmental quality and, consequently, human health. Natural impurities like arsenic, fluoride, and heavy metals typically have geogenic sources and leach into groundwater or concentrate in agricultural products, thus inflicting long-term health issues like carcinogenesis, fluorosis, and organ damage. In industrial belts and mining regions, anthropogenic activities are likely to initiate geological vulnerabilities, releasing toxicants that enhance environmental and health hazards. By using examples of case studies from Iran, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa, this paper provides regional variation in geological exposure to risk. New advances in geo-mapping, remote sensing, and isotopic fingerprinting now enable accurate spatial correlation of geologic substrates with disease clusters for early intervention. Further, the inclusion of geological data in environmental risk models enhances the accuracy of ecosystem health assessment and land-use planning. This review proposes a geohealth strategy based on cross-sectoral collaboration among geologists, ecologists, and public health experts to predict and mitigate environmental hazards. The novelty of this work lies in its emphasis on proactive integration of geological data into health monitoring systems, policy, and climate adaptation planning.

Regenerative Soil Management in Agriculture: Unleashing Carbon Sequestration and Climate Mitigation Potential

Usman Mir Khan — 2025-06-01

Soil is an integral part of the global carbon cycle and a key factor in climate regulation. This review identifies regenerative soil management (RSM) as a revolutionary approach under climate-resilient agriculture for increasing soil carbon sequestration, restoring degraded lands, and developing resilience against environmental stresses. Leading RSM practices—such as conservation tillage, agroforestry, biochar incorporation, green manuring, and composting—not only improve soil structure and soil fertility but also allow for long-term stabilization of atmospheric CO₂ in soil organic matter. Developing studies indicate that RSM can potentially raise soil organic carbon (SOC) content by up to 1.5% annually, which is a considerable input towards global climate change mitigation goals. The review also brings to the fore the central role played by soil microbiota, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in facilitating carbon stabilization and nutrient cycling. Cutting-edge predictive tools, including RothC and CENTURY models, provide strong frameworks for simulating SOC dynamics under various regenerative scenarios. However, widespread scaling up of RSM is constrained by insecure land tenure, low farmer uptake, and policy support deficits. This review suggests the incorporation of RSM in national climate action plans, sustainable development agendas, and carbon trading schemes. Notably, it provides a region-specific analysis of the feasibility of RSM in arid and semi-arid areas, where it has immense potential in reversing desertification, improving soil health, and supporting food security. The novelty of this study is its integrative approach that connects biophysical processes and socio-economic enablers to demonstrate the co-benefits of soil rejuvenation for climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, and rural livelihoods.

Climate-Smart Agriculture and Soil Resilience: Strategies for Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

Tulkinzhon Gaipov — 2025-06-01

Arid and semi-arid regions face enhanced food insecurity due to rising climate variability, land degradation, and water scarcity. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has an integrated approach to enhancing the environment sustainability, productivity, and resilience of crops under such tight conditions. From this review, CSA strategies, including precision irrigation (e.g., drip irrigation system), drought-tolerant cultivars, conservation agriculture, mulching, and organic soil manures, improve soil retention capacity, reduce erosion, and stabilize yield under changing climate. In addition, soil microbiome enhancement through the use of biofertilizers and microbial consortia is an area to advance drought resistance. Case study-based context-specific adaptations in Iran, the Sahel, and the Indian Thar Desert are highlighted, such as zai pits, sand mulching, and fog-harvesting. The review also mentions the deployment of digital agriculture—remote sensing, artificial intelligence-based weather forecasting, and sensor-based monitoring of soil—to enable decision-making. Socio-economic barriers to CSA adoption, including access to finance, knowledge transfer, and land tenure insecurity, are examined. Policy frameworks for inducing CSA using incentives, extension, and integrated watershed management are also discussed. The importance of context-specific and participatory approaches to CSA is discussed in this paper. Its novelty lies in the integration of indigenous ecological insights with new climate-resilient technologies for adaptive capacity building and food system resilience in risk-prone lands.

The Economic and Practical Considerations of Encapsulation in Ruminant Nutrition

ABDULHAMID MUHAMMAD GARBA — 2025-06-01

Technology involve in encapsulating nutrients is one of the reliable tools in ruminant nutrition that provide a better way in which nutrients are efficiently utilized, animal performance enhancement with a minimal negative effects to the environment. This study reviews the economic and practical implications of nutrient encapsulation in ruminant nutrition with an emphasis on its potential in bioactive compounds protection, controlled release of nutrients and feed efficiency improvement. Despite the benefits incorporation of encapsulation technology in ruminant nutrition brings such as sensitive nutrients stability enhancement and their systematic delivery in the ruminant digestive system, its uses in ruminant nutrition is associated with scalability limitation, high costs and practical challenges. The costs involved in encapsulation is higher when compared with the conventional additives because of the complexity of the materials involved in processing. Its integration relied on production scalability, stable storage and conformity with traditional feeding. Its economic feasibility depends on its importance in the performance and health of ruminant animals, or its environmental impact. Challenges involved in its practical application include consistency, technical know-how, and variability in performance of encapsulated products. Further researches are very important to reduce the costs and improve its delivery. Therefore, the encapsulation technology advancement in ruminant nutrition is reliant on achieving a balance between innovative solutions, cost-effectiveness and implementation practically at the farm level.

The Influence of Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa) Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality in Poultry: A Comprehensive Review

Muhammad Umair Asghar — 2025-06-01

Over the last decade, there has been a surge of interest in natural feed additives as sustainable alternatives to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. The global restriction on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animal nutrition has accelerated the search for safe, effective natural alternatives. Among various phytogenic additives, Nigella sativa (black cumin) has emerged as a promising alternate owing to its diverse pharmacologically active compounds, including thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, thymol, carvacrol, nigellicine, and nigellidine. These bioactive constituents exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and digestive-enhancing effects. In poultry, dietary supplementation with Nigella sativa seeds has demonstrated considerable improvements in growth performance, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and meat quality, as well as enhanced immune responses and intestinal health. It effectively reduces intestinal pH and pathogenic load while promoting beneficial gut microbiota. In layer birds, supplementation is associated with enhanced egg quality and improved overall health status. Beyond productivity metrics, the antioxidant properties of black cumin contribute to better meat preservation and shelf-life by reducing oxidative spoilage. Its antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria highlights its potential as a natural substitute for synthetic antibiotics and preservatives. Optimal inclusion levels ranging from 1–2% have been shown to yield beneficial outcomes without adverse effects. This review consolidates current findings on the efficacy of Nigella sativa in poultry diets, emphasizing its role in promoting growth, improving meat and egg quality, and supporting sustainable poultry production. Future research should aim to standardize inclusion levels, investigate synergistic effects with other natural additives like probiotics, and evaluate its long-term effects under diverse management systems.

Meat Quality Characteristics of Atak-S Male Chicks Raised in Different Rearing Systems

Beyhan Yeter — 2025-06-01

In this study, the meat quality of male chicks of the Atak-S laying hybrid—a layer line typically culled after sexing—was evaluated under two different rearing systems: conventional indoor and free-range. Each treatment group included three replicates, with 28 chicks per replicate, totaling 168 chicks. In both the indoor (IRS) and free-range systems (FRS), chicks were raised in floor pens at a density of 3.7 chicks/m². In the FRS group, from the third week onward, the chicks were also given access to an alfalfa-planted outdoor area at a density of 0.9 chicks/m², allowing for free movement and grazing. The study was conducted over a 12-week period at the Animal Production Research and Practice Center of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. All chicks were fed the same diet ad libitum. y parameters of breast and thigh muscles—including crude ash, protein, moisture, water holding capacity, fat content, color values (L, a, b), hue, chroma, ΔE, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition—were analyzed and compared between the two rearing systems. Results showed that the rearing system had no significant effect (p>0.05) on moisture content, water holding capacity, fat content, or color values (L, a, b, hue, chroma, ΔE) of either breast or thigh meat. However, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in crude ash content between rearing systems, and between breast and thigh meat (p<0.01). Protein content in breast and thigh meat was significantly affected by the rearing system (p<0.01), with differences also found between meat types (p<0.01), though no interaction was observed between meat type and rearing system (p>0.05). Cholesterol content was also significantly influenced by the rearing system (p<0.01) and differed between breast and thigh meat (p<0.01), with no interaction effect found. Differences in fatty acid composition between systems were significant for some fatty acids, while non-significant for others.

Meat Quality Characteristics of Slow-Growing Hubbard Red JA57 Broilers in Different Rearing Systems

Beyhan Yeter — 2025-06-01

In this study, the slow-growing, mixed-sex Hubbard Red JA57 broiler genotype was examined under two rearing systems: indoor and free-range. The study was carried out over a 12-week period at the Animal Production Research and Practice Center of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. In both the Indoor Rearing System (IRS) and the Free-Range System (FRS), chicks were raised in floor pens at a density of 3.7 chicks/m². In the FRS group, in addition to the same indoor housing conditions, chicks were allowed to access an alfalfa-planted outdoor area starting from the third week, with a stocking density of 0.9 chicks/m², enabling free movement and grazing. Each treatment consisted of three replicates with 28 chicks per replicate, totaling 84 chicks per treatment and 168 chicks in total. Throughout the trial, all chicks were fed the same feed ad libitum. Meat quality parameters were evaluated in both breast and thigh meat, including crude ash, protein, moisture, water-holding capacity, fat content, color (L, a, b), hue, chroma, ΔE, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition. The differences between rearing systems in crude ash, water-holding capacity, fat content, color values, and cholesterol content in breast and thigh meat were found to be non-significant(p>0.05), whereas significant differences were observed in protein content(p<0.05) and moisture content (p<0.01). Differences in fatty acid composition between rearing systems were significant for some fatty acids and non-significant for others. Interactions between rearing systems and sex, and between rearing systems and meat part, were found to be non-significant for crude ash, protein, moisture, water-holding capacity, fat, color (L, a, b), hue, chroma, ΔE, and cholesterol (p>0.05). The interaction between sex and meat part was found to be significant only for crude ash content(p<0.05), while it remained non-significant for all other traits.

Sustainability and Environmental Footprints of AI-Integrated Agrifood Production Systems

İrem Kılınç — 2025-06-01

Özet

Küresel gıda sistemleri, artan besin talebini karşılarken eş zamanlı olarak karbon ve su ayak izlerini içeren çevresel etkilerini minimize etme noktasında karmaşık zorluklarla karşı karşıyadır. Yapay zeka (YZ), tüm gıda tedarik zinciri boyunca etkinlik, verimlilik ve direnci artırmaya yönelik ümitvar çözümler sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, YZ'nin gıda üretiminde, özellikle Endüstri 4.0 ve 5.0 gibi ileri endüstriyel bağlamlarda tatbiki, kendine özgü çevresel ve sosyo-ekonomik meydan okumaları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, iyileştirilmiş kaynak tahsisi, atık minimizasyonu, su kullanımında etkinlik artışı ve geliştirilmiş ürün muhafazası dahil olmak üzere, YZ'nin sürdürülebilir bir gıda sistemi tesis etmedeki potansiyel faydalarını tetkik etmektedir. Ayrıca, YZ sistemlerinin eğitimi ve işletimi için gerekli olan kayda değer enerji tüketimini de dikkate almaktadır. YZ tabanlı teknolojilerin gıda üretiminde gerçek anlamda sürdürülebilirliği desteklemesini temin etmek amacıyla, adil erişim, sorumlu kaynak yönetimi ve YZ'nin diğer sürdürülebilir tarımsal uygulamalarla entegrasyonunu içeren dengeli bir yaklaşım tesis etmek gerekmektedir. Gelecekteki çabalar, YZ araçlarının daha geniş bir kullanıcı kitlesi için erişilebilirliğini artırmaya, katı yönetim mekanizmaları uygulamaya ve YZ alanındaki ilerlemeleri çevresel, ekonomik ve sosyal etkilerle uyumlu hale getirmeye odaklanmalıdır. Bu zorlukların öngörülerek bertaraf edilmesi suretiyle, YZ daha etkin, dirençli ve çevresel açıdan sürdürülebilir bir gıda kaynak sistemi geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunabilir, böylece küresel sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine ulaşılmasına olanak sağlanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürdürülebilirlik, çevresel ayak izleri, karbon ve su ayak izleri, YZ entegrasyonlu gıda üretimi, sıfır atık ve su verimliliği

Determination of Amino Acid Profile of Sea Bass Cooked in Microwave Oven

Adem Savaş — 2025-06-01

It is evident that fish and fish products constitute a significant dietary source of animal origin for humans, playing a crucial role in the human nutrition. These products are of esential importance in ensuring adequate and balanced nutrition. The nutritional value of fish is subject to variation depending on the species; however, it is widely considered to be an excellent source of protein. In addition, fish products contain significant levels of omega-3 and other fatty acids necessary for our body. The present research aimed to determine the amino acid profile and some quality parameters of sea bass cooked using microwave. While the average pH value of the sea bass fish used in the study was 6.39, their moisture content was determined as 73.58%. Additionally, fifteen different amino acids were examined in the study. The amino acid content of the sea bass samples was found to vary between 1.98 and 178.21 mg/100g. Major amino acids were determined as lysine, glycine, glutamate, alanine, proline and phenylalanine.

Aflatoxins in Hazelnuts and Their Effects

Adem Savaş — 2025-06-01

Hazelnuts are considered a significant component of human nutrition. They occupy a significant position in the classification of nuts, particularly with regard to production and consumption volumes. The leading producers of this commodity include Turkey, Italy, Azerbaijan, Georgia and other countries. Hazelnuts are consumed raw and also processed into a wide variety of food products. However, a significant challenge for hazelnuts and their products is the presence of aflatoxins. Aflatoxin and its metabolites pose a significant risk to human health as carcinogenic substances. Sensitive and rapid detection and detoxification of aflatoxins is invaluable in food safety, environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are among the most toxic mycotoxins. And the formation of these mycotoxins is affected by many parameters such as environmental environment, temperature, humidity. In this context, the current research has compiled the presence of aflatoxins in hazelnuts and their products, detoxification methods and their effects on human health.

Effect of Free and Enriched Cage Systems on Egg Mineral and Fatty Acid Content

Mehmet Zahit DEMİR — 2025-06-01

This study focused on the effects of free and enriched cage systems on egg mineral content. The study was carried out on eggs obtained from Atak-S brown layer hybrids reared in the enriched cage system and floor litter system. Palmitic Acid (PA), Stearic Acid (SA), Oleic Acid (OA), Linoleic Acid (LA), α-Linoleic Acid (ALA) and Myristic Acid (MA) contents of the collected eggs were analysed and rearing systems were found to have no effect on these characteristics (p>0.05). In order to determine the heavy metal contents of the collected eggs, Iron (FE), Copper (CU), Zinc (ZN), Lead (PB), Cadmium (CD) and Chromium (CR) analyses were carried out. Rearing systems were found to have no effect on the heavy metal content of the collected eggs (p>0.05). Considering the results of this research, which will be a resource for studies to be carried out to increase egg quality, and considering that keeping in free-range and enriched cage systems does not cause any difference in internal egg quality, it is concluded that the enriched cage system has a similar effect on internal egg quality as the open system. However, a single genotype was considered in this study, and it would be beneficial to consider genotype differences together with breeding systems in further studies.

Niğde ili Patates Altın Kist Nematodu (Globodera rostochiensis) Popülasyonlarının Moleküler Tür Teşhisi

Gülten Kaçar Avci — 2025-05-23

Bu çalışmada Niğde ilinde yoğun patates yetiştiriciliği yapılan 38 lokasyondan alınan Patates Kist Nematodu (PKN) popülasyonlarının moleküler tür teşhisi yapılmıştır. Altın kist nematodu olarak isimlendirilen Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 ve Beyaz kist nematodu olarak isimlendirilen G. pallida Stone, 1973 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), ülkemizde ve dünya çapında patates yetiştiriciliğinde ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olan türlerdir. Türkiye’de ilk kez 1985 yılında Bolu ilinde tespit edilen G. rostochiensis daha sonraki yıllarda Niğde, Nevşehir, İzmir, Afyon illerine de tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle G. rostochiensis ve G. pallida uluslararası karantina zararlıları olmaları, dayanıklı çeşit gelişmede doğru ve hızlı teşhis edilmeleri mücadele stratejisi belirleme açısından oldukça önemlidir. Moleküler yöntemle nematod türlerini ayırmada ITS5, PITSp4, PITSr3 primerleri kullanılmıştır. Tür teşhisi sonucunda G. pallida tespit edilmemiş olup tüm örnekler G. rostochiensis olarak tanımlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Patates Kist Nematodu, Niğde, moleküler teşhis, patates.

In Vitro Comparative Activities of Four Essential Oils on Mycelial Radial Growth of Magnaporthe Oryzae B.C. Couch, a Rice Blast Pathogen in Burkina Faso

Souleymane OUATTARA — 2025-05-22

Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch, rice blast is considered as the main fungal disease in rice fields in Burkina Faso. Pure essential oils of Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum gratissimum and Lippia multiflora were tested in vitro to assess the radial growth and inhibition rate of the fungus using the contact and fumigation methods. For each essential oil, five doses were developed: D2 (0.1 µl/ml), D4 (0.6 µl/ml), D6 (1.2 µl/ml), D8 (1.8 µl/ml) and D10 (2.4 µl/ml). In both tests, two synthetic fungicides namely mancozeb and azoxystrobin at recommended doses of 6.67 µl/ml and 3.33 µl/ml respectively, and an absolute control were used. The results showed that in the contact method, pure essential oils of O. americanum, L. multiflora, C. schoenanthus and O. gratissimum inhibited 100% of the mycelial radial growth of the fungus at doses D10 (2.4 µl/ml), D4 (0.6 µl/ml), D6 (1.2 µl/ml) and D4 (0.6 µl/ml) respectively. As for the fumigation method, oils of O. americanum, L. multiflora, C. schoenanthus and O. gratissimum inhibited mycelial radial growth of the fungus by 100% at doses D10 (2.4 µl/ml), D2 (0.3 µl/ml), D6 (1.2 µl/ml) and D8 (1.8 µl/ml) respectively. Mancozeb and azoxystrobin inhibited radial mycelial growth by 100% and 74.1% respectively. These essential oils can be used to control rice blast in the field. This will also reduce environmental pollution.

E-Waste Management in the Digital Age: Global Trends, Toxicological Risks, and Green Recovery Technologies

Najib Altawell — 2025-05-31

The exponential growth of electronic waste (e-waste) has become an urgent environmental and public health concern due to its toxic composition and propensity for illegal disposal. This review synthesizes e-waste generation, composition, and policy responses globally. It discusses the toxicological risks posed by heavy metals, brominated flame retardants, and persistent organic pollutants contained in the majority of end-of-life electronics. The paper then goes on to discuss emerging green technologies for e-waste recycling such as hydrometallurgical leaching, bioleaching, supercritical fluid extraction, and microfactory systems that minimize environmental damage while maximizing material recovery. It also explores the impact of producer responsibility, integration of the informal sector, and eco-design on the evolution of sustainable e-waste management systems. Global policies, for example, Basel Convention and WEEE Directive, are critically discussed alongside problems of transboundary dumping, informal recycling hazards, and inadequate public enlightenment. The article concludes by propounding multi-stakeholder frameworks towards creating secure, efficient, and equitable circular e-waste systems.

The Role of Artificial Intelligent in Agricultural Applications: Trend Methods

Bolat Seidanov — 2025-06-01

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming agriculture by introducing advanced methods that enhance productivity and sustainability. Modern AI applications in agriculture encompass several key areas: Precision Farming: AI algorithms analyze data from various sources, including satellite imagery and soil sensors, to optimize planting schedules, irrigation, and fertilization, thereby improving crop yields and resource efficiency. Crop Monitoring and Disease Detection: Machine learning models and computer vision techniques enable early detection of plant diseases and pest infestations, allowing for timely interventions and reducing crop losses. Robotics and Automation: AI-powered robots are employed for tasks such as planting, harvesting, and weeding, increasing operational efficiency and reducing labor costs. Supply Chain Optimization: AI assists in forecasting demand, managing inventory, and optimizing logistics, leading to reduced waste and improved market responsiveness.

Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including data quality issues, infrastructure limitations, and the need for regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and ethical AI deployment. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts among policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders to develop standards and invest in education and infrastructure.

This paper explores the current trends and methodologies of AI applications in agriculture, highlighting their potential to transform the sector and contribute to global food security and environmental sustainability.

Current Strategies in Pest Control Using Biological Agents

Rose Sadykova — 2025-05-31

Agricultural pests are defined as animals that cause damage and death to crop plants. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the number of pests, including aphids, beetles and locusts, resulting in significant crop losses. Consequently, contemporary agriculture is increasingly reliant on efficacious and secure crop protection products.

While various methods of pest control exist, both chemical and biological, it is the former that is more commonly used in practice. These chemical insecticides can exist in a variety of aggregate states (liquid or solid) and are both fast-acting and affordable. However, their significant disadvantage is their ability to accumulate in plants, which can negatively affect the health of consumers.

Consequently, there has been a surge in the development of biological plant protection products, which exhibit a milder and safer action profile. One such agent is a bacterial insecticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This microorganism was first isolated by Berliner in 1915 from dead caterpillars of the miller's fireweed. Subsequent research revealed that the Bt exotoxin (phospholipase C) is responsible for the death of insects, and that its endotoxin, initially non-toxic, is activated in the digestive tract of insects by the action of alkaline proteases and transformed into an active toxin.

Bt insecticides are selective and effective against various pests such as caterpillars, mosquitoes and midges. Due to their targeted activity and environmental safety, Bacillus thuringiensis-based formulations are widely used in biological plant protection. Subsequent reports will address contemporary methodologies for pest management that exhibit high efficiency while causing minimal harm to the environment and human health.

Bee venom: A Natural Agent in the Treatment of Human Diseases

Ilesbekova Dinara — 2025-05-31

Bee venom is a complex biological active product that is produced by the venom glands of honeybees. Its utilisation in the folk medicine of diverse cultures, including those of India, China and Greece, dates back millennia. In the contemporary medical context, the therapeutic potential of bee venom has garnered significant attention, with numerous studies supporting its role as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases. The chemical composition of bee venom is intricate, comprising over 40 active components, the most significant of which are melitin, apamin, adolapin, hyaluronidase and phospholipase A2. These substances have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibacterial properties. Melitin in particular has garnered significant attention due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, thus positioning it as a potential therapeutic agent for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and sciatica, among others that affect the musculoskeletal system. In addition, studies demonstrate the potential of bee venom in treating nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and neuropathies. Apitherapy, a therapeutic modality that involves the utilisation of bee-derived products, encompasses both direct bee stings and the application of ointments, creams, and injections containing purified apitoxin. The study of the antitumour properties of bee venom is of particular interest. In vitro studies have demonstrated that melittin, a component of bee venom, can trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells without significant harm to healthy tissues, suggesting its potential for use in the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. However, it is imperative to exercise caution when utilising this therapy, as it can potentially induce severe allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock. Consequently, prior to the initiation of any therapeutic intervention, it is imperative to seek the counsel of a medical professional and undergo allergy assessments. The potential of bee venom as a valuable natural resource with a wide range of therapeutic effects is therefore evident. Further study of this substance and its integration into mainstream medicine may lead to new treatments for a range of chronic and intractable diseases.

Next-Generation Bioelectrochemical Systems: Bridging Synthetic Biology and Green Electronics to Harvest Renewable Energy

Muhammad Yasir Naeem — 2025-05-31

With a rise in the world's energy demand and fossil fuel dependency, there has been an urgent need for sustainable and renewable power systems. In this mini-review, recent developments in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), i.e., microbial fuel cells (MFCs), enzymatic bio-batteries, and photobioelectrochemical platforms integrating synthetic biology and nanotechnology for power generation are discussed. These systems exploit the electrochemical potential of microbial metabolism and enzymatic redox reactions to generate electricity from organic substrates, wastewater, and sunlight. The review is focused on genetic engineering of electroactive microbes, designer enzymes for optimal electron transfer, and nanostructured electrodes for improved efficiency and scalability. It also briefly discusses real-world applications including biosensing, remote power generation, and wastewater treatment with simultaneous energy recovery. The capacity to utilize them as components of decentralized low-carbon energy systems makes them a viable solution to both energy access and environmental sustainability in the climate crisis context.

Comparison of Composition and Bioactive Properties of Garlic from Gaziantep and Kahramanmaraş

Hatice Kubra SASMAZ — 2025-05-29

Liliaceae familyasına ait olan sarımsak (Allium sativum L.), kendine özgü aroması ve sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkileri nedeniyle dünya çapında ekonomik öneme sahip bir sebzedir. Geleneksel ve modern tıpta önemli bir bileşen olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Gaziantep ve Kahramanmaraş yörelerinde yetişen sarımsaklar incelenmiş olup, literatürde bu iki yöreye ait sarımsakların genel bileşimi ve biyoaktif özelliklerini karşılaştıran ayrıntılı bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu eksikliği gidermek amacıyla kapsamlı analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir.Analizler kapsamında; nem ve protein miktarı, renk özellikleri, antioksidan kapasitesi (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC ve demir iyonlarını şelatlama kapasitesi yöntemleriyle), toplam fenolik madde miktarı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, HPLC-RID yöntemi ile şeker profili, HPLC-PDA yöntemi ile amino asit profili, toplam sülfürlü bileşik ve allisin miktarı analiz edilmiştir.Sarımsak örneklerinde aspartik asit, glutamik asit, asparajin, serin, glutamin, histidin, glisin, treonin, arjinin, tirozin, sistein, valin, metiyonin, triptofan, fenilalanin, izolösin, lösin ve prolin amino asitleri belirlenmiştir. Toplam amino asit miktarı Gaziantep sarımsağında 488,81 mg/100 g, Kahramanmaraş sarımsağında ise 417,34 mg/100 g olarak saptanmıştır. Her iki yörede de baskın amino asidin arjinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Gaziantep yöresinde yetişen sarımsaklarda allisin miktarı 2,51 mg/g, toplam sülfürlü bileşik miktarı ise 7,84 mg/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Kahramanmaraş yöresinde yetişen sarımsaklarda ise allisin miktarı 2,37 mg/g, toplam sülfürlü bileşik miktarı 6,58 mg/g olarak saptanmıştır.Elde edilen bulgular, farklı bölgelerde yetişen sarımsakların bileşimi ve biyoaktif özellikleri açısından farklılıklarını ortaya koyarak, sarımsağın besinsel ve fonksiyonel değerine yönelik önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Effect of infusion time on the biochemical composition of Tamarindus indica

Türkan Uzlaşır — 2025-05-29

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) familyasından yaprak dökmeyen bir ağaç olan demirhindi (Tamarindus indica L.), zengin antioksidan içeriği, doğal şekerleri, organik asitleri ve fitokimyasal bileşikleri nedeniyle hem bilimsel araştırmalarda hem de geleneksel tıpta dikkat çekmiştir. Bitkisel infüzyonlara ve uygulamalarına olan ilgi, özellikle biyoaktif özellikleri ve potansiyel sağlık yararları açısından giderek artmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, sıcaklık ve süre gibi infüzyon parametrelerinin demirhindi infüzyonları üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin çalışmalar literatürde sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, infüzyon süresinin (3, 6 ve 12 dakika) demirhindi meyve özütünün toplam fenolik içeriği (TPC), antioksidan aktivitesi, organik asit profili ve şeker bileşimi üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. İnfüzyon süresine bağlı olarak örneklerin antioksidan potansiyelindeki değişiklikleri iki farklı yöntem kullanarak (DPPH ve ABTS) değerlendirilmiştir, organik asitler HPLC-PDA ve şeker bileşimi HPLC-RID ile analiz edilmiştir. DPPH ve ABTS analizleri ile belirlenen en yüksek antioksidan aktivite, sırasıyla 6780,95 ve 7431,33 µmol Trolox/L değerleri ile 12 dakikalık infüzyon süresinde gözlenmiştir. Bu süredeki toplam fenolik içerik 2832,02 mg GAE/L olarak kaydedilmiştir. Demirhindi infüzyonları organik asit olarak sitrik, malik ve tartarik asitler ile şeker olarak sukroz, glukoz ve fruktoz içermektedir. En yüksek organik asit ve şeker konsantrasyonları 12 dakikalık infüzyonda bulunmuştur. Bu süre zarfında toplam fenolik içerik 2832,02 mg GAE/L olarak kaydedilmiştir. Demirhindi infüzyonları organik asit olarak sitrik, malik ve tartarik asitlerin yanı sıra şeker olarak sükroz, glukoz ve fruktoz içermektedir. En yüksek organik asit ve şeker konsantrasyonları 12 dakikalık infüzyonda bulunmuştur. Tartarik asit (51,82 g/L) baskın organik asit olarak belirlenirken, glikoz (30,47 g/L) en bol bulunan şeker olmuştur. Bu bulgular, demirhindi meyvesi infüzyonlarının geleneksel bitkilere umut verici bir alternatif olma potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Aynı zamanda, yüksek antioksidan içeriği ve faydalı organik asit bileşimine sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tamarindus indica, Antioksidanlar, organik asitler, İnfüzyonlar, Şeker profili

Traceability in Food Logistics: From Farm to Fork

Usman Mir Khan — 2025-05-31

Traceability is an important cog in the machinery of modern food logistics systems for attaining the twin objectives of transparency, safety, and efficiency along the food supply chain. Traceability systems allow for real-time monitoring, verification, and response by stakeholders in food production and consumption, from farm to fork, to any issues concerning quality or safety. Thus, this study proposes investigating the traceability of food logistics and the ensuing role in food safety, compliance, and consumer trust. The main focus of the paper is on the structure and operation of traceability systems, resulting-from-technologies like barcoding, RFID, IoT devices, and blockchain applications. These technologies promote the tracing of food products through supply chain nodes: producers, processors, distributors, and retailers: while enabling faster corrective action. The analysis of the cases three from developed countries and three from emerging ones reveals best practices and widespread challenges in the adoption of traceability systems. The study also points to the increasing relevance of end-to-end visibility for sustainable and resilient food supply chains. With growing global trade in food and consumer awareness, traceability is no longer a regulatory requirement but also a strategic marketing tool to gain a competitive edge. Hence, the research elaborates that proper traceability improves accountability, risk management, and trust among stakeholders in food logistics operations. The study recommends investments in traceability technologies and alignment with regulations as critical for making food logistics systems evolve in today's increasingly complex global environment.

Türkiye’de etlik piliç ıslahı alanında yapılan son çalışmalar ve gelecek beklentileri

Musa Sarıca — 2025-05-06

Türkiye etlik piliç üretiminde dünyada ilk 10 sırada yer almaktadır. Ülkemizde üretimde kullanılan genetik materyalin tamamına yakını ticari uluslararası ıslah şirketlerinden sağlanmaktadır. Bu alanda dışa tam bağımlılığı azaltmak ve ıslah edilmiş genetik stoklara sahip olmak amacıyla 2010 yılından itibaren Türkiye’de etlik piliç ıslah çalışmaları yeniden başlatılmıştır. Yavaş gelişen etlik piliç ebeveynleri üretme amaçlı bir proje ile (TÜBİTAK 109O334) başlayan çalışmalar Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğünce uygulamaya geçirilmiştir.

2015 yılında uluslararası bir ıslah firmasından 2 baba ve 3 ana saf hattı ebeveyn materyalin alınmasıyla, çalışmalar Eskişehir Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsünde (EGKTAE) hızlı gelişen etlik piliç ebeveyn üretim ve ıslahı alanına kaydırılmıştır. 2015-2025 yılları arasında saf hatlarda çoğaltma, seleksiyon, büyük ebeveyn ve ebeveyn üretimi alanlarında çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Diğer yandan elde edilen ebeveynlerin özel sektörle paylaşımı sağlanmıştır. Islah çalışmaları ile ilgili mevcut saf hatlardan yararlanılarak doktora ve yüksek lisans tezleri, uluslararası ve ulusal yayınlar yapılmıştır. Etlik piliç ıslah çalışmalarında kullanılan materyal Anadolu-T olarak tescil edilmiştir. Araştırma geliştirme çalışmaları kapsamında EGKTAE’de bireysel yemden yararlanma testinin otomasyonunu sağlayan bir cihaz geliştirilmiş ve ıslah çalışmalarında kullanımına başlanmıştır.

Mevcut materyalin uygun çoğaltma işlemleri gerçekleştirildiğinde ülkemiz etlik piliç üretiminde kullanılan genetik materyalin %25-30’unun Anadolu-T ebeveynlerinden karşılanabilme potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Özellikle insan ve hayvanlarda görülen salgın hastalıklar ile pandemiler, güvenlik riskleri ve dışa bağımlılığın azaltılması açısından materyalin korunması, ticari genotiplere benzer özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi gıda güvenliği açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Bu tebliğde Anadolu-T etlik piliç ebeveyn hattının bazı özellikleri ile yürütülen ıslah çalışmaları özetlenmiştir.

Yumurtacı Tavuk Islahındaki Gelişmeler

Ahmet UÇAR — 2025-06-01

Türkiye'de yumurta verimi üzerine genetik araştırmalar 1930'dan beri Tavukçuluk Araştırma Enstitüsü (TAE) tarafından yürütülmektedir. TAE’ye Kanada’dan 1995 yılında Beyaz Yumurtacı (Black, Brown, Blue ve Maroon) ve Kahverengi Yumurtacı (Rır-I, Rır-II, Bar-I, Bar-II, Col. ve Line-54) olmak üzere 10 saf hat getirilmiştir. 2010 yılında Çekya’dan 1 adet daha (D-229) beyaz yumurtacı hat getirilmiştir. Bu hat kendi içinde yüksek yumurta verimi (D-229yyv) ve düşük canlı ağırlık (D-229dca) özellikleri yönünde selekte edilerek iki sentetik hat oluşturulmuştur. Mevcut hatlardan ATABEY, ATAK, ATAK-S ve AKBAY isimli 4 adet yumurtacı hibrit tescil edilmiştir. Bu hatlar üzerinde uzun yıllardır yumurta sayısı, yumurta ağırlığı, cinsel olgunluk yaşı ve cinsel olgunluk ağırlığı özelliklerinde ıslah yapılmaktadır. Bu 4 temel özellik ile dişi başına elde edilen yumurta miktarının hem saf hatlarda hem de hibritlerde artırılması asıl hedef olmuştur. Son 10 yıllık süreçte D-229yyv, D-229dca, Black, Blue, Maroon, Brown, COL., Line-54, Bar-I, Bar-II, Rır-I ve Rır-II hatlarında dişi başına elde edilen yumurta miktarında sırasıyla %8.7, 10.9, 20.0, 13.7, 11.8, 12.7, 8.2, 9.4, 1.9, 18.9 ve 14.3 ilerleme sağlanmıştır. TAE yapmış olduğu ıslah faaliyetleri sonucunda ülkemizin ihtiyaç duyduğu yumurtacı ebeveynin yaklaşık %15’ini karşılamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, yapılan ıslah çalışmaları ile gelecek yıllarda hibrit performanslarının daha da geliştirilerek ihtiyaç duyulan bu oranın artırılması hedeflenmektedir.

Dijital Tarım

Zeynep ÜNAL — 2025-06-01

Tarım, insanlık tarihi boyunca stratejik öneme sahip bir sektör olmuştur. Günümüzde artan nüfus, iklim değişikliği ve diğer küresel etmenlerle birlikte tarımda dijitalleşme süreci hız kazanmıştır. Tarım sektöründeki dijitalleşme süreci, sensörler, robotik sistemler ve yapay zeka gibi dijital teknolojilerin entegrasyonu yoluyla, kaynakların verimliliğini artırmayı ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliği sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu dijital dönüşüm, genç nesillerin sahip olduğu ve gelecekte sahip olacağı modern yaşam koşullarında tarımsal üretimin nispeten daha kolay bir şekilde gerçekleşmesine olanak tanıyacaktır. Bu süreçte disiplinler arası teknolojiler olan nesnelerin interneti, sensör teknolojileri, yapay zekâ, coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ve karar destek mekanizmaları, veri odaklı sürdürülebilir tarımın gerçekleştirilmesinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Dijitalleşmenin bu teknolojilerle entegrasyonu ile oluşturduğu fırsatlar tarımda kaynakların verimliliğini ve sürdürülebilirliğini artıracaktır.

Bu çalışmada, dijital tarım kavramı ve bu kavrama bağlı teknolojiler kapsamlı bir biçimde ele alınmaktadır. Tarım 4.0 ile birlikte, sensörler, yapay zekâ, büyük veri, insansız hava araçları ve kara araçları gibi ileri teknolojiler tarım sektörüne entegre edilmiştir. Bu entegrasyon süreci, tarımda hassasiyet ve verimlilik sağlamak için kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Hassas tarım, çevresel faktörlere dayalı olarak yerel üretim optimizasyonuna yönelik bir yaklaşım sunarken, akıllı tarım bilişim teknolojilerin karar destek süreçlerine dâhil edilmesiyle karakterize edilmektedir. Dijital tarım ise tüm tarımsal süreçlerin dijital platformlar aracılığıyla yönetilmesini ve yapay zeka tabanlı robotik sistemlerin yönlendirilmesini kapsayan daha geniş bir çerçevedir.

İklim Değişikliği Ve Bitki Islahı: Geleceğe Hazırlık

Hümeyra YAMAN — 2025-06-01

Ülkelerin gıda güvenliği bugün ve gelecekte dünya gündeminin belirleyicisi rolündedir. Gıda güvenliğinin teminatı tarım ise yaşanan iklim değişikliğinden en fazla etkilenen faaliyet alanlarının başında gelmektedir. Bu önemli çevresel sorun genel anlamda, dünya genelinde hava koşullarını, sıcaklıkları ve ekosistemleri dönüştürmekte, karasal ve denizel habitatları etkilemektedir. İklimde yavaş yavaş başlayan bu uzun vadeli değişiklikler tarım-gıda sistemlerini, gıda üretimini ve insanların geçim kaynaklarını etkileyecektir. Tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan iklim değişikliği bitkilerin abiyotik ve biyotik stres koşullarından etkilenmesini daha görünür hale getirmektedir. İklimsel anlamda yaşanan ve yıllar bazında gözlemlenen değişimlerin aksine ekstrem olaylarda yaşanan artışlar yeni bitki çeşitlerinin hızla geliştirilmesini elzem kılmaktadır. Dünyanın sanayi öncesi döneme göre 1°C ısındığı gerçeği düşünülürse, sera gazı emilsiyonlarında azalma olmazsa 2030’dan sonra hızla bu değerin artacağından söz edilebilir. Sıcaklıkların artması, su kaynaklarının azalması, yağışların düzensizleşmesi ve bitkilerin ihtiyaç duyduğu dönemde yeterli yağış alamaması, kuraklığın her geçen gün şiddetini artırması, hastalıkların agresif bir şekilde yayılması ve yeni patotiplerinin hızla ortaya çıkması bitki ıslahının ne denli önemli olduğunu gözler önüne sermektedir. Tarımsal olarak iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin azaltılması için tarım alanlarının korunmasının yanı sıra sulama tekniklerinin modernize edilmesi ve en önemlisi dayanıklı bitki türlerinin geliştirilmesi elzemdir. Sıcağa, kurağa, soğuğa ve tuzluluğa dayanıklı bitki türlerini geliştirmenin yanı sıra hastalık ve zararlılara dayanıklı bitki türlerini geliştirmek, verimli ve kaliteli yeni çeşitleri piyasaya sürmek bitki ıslahının vazgeçilmezidir. Bu sayede hem tarımsal girdi ve su ihtiyaçlarının yönetilmesinin sağlanması, hem de toprak sağlığı ve ıslahının gerçekleştirilmesi mümkündür. Bunların yanı sıra iklime uyumlu bitki ıslahı çalışmaları ile tarımsal üretim sistemlerinde bitki üretim desenlerinin daha etkin olarak oluşturulması sağlanmış olur. Gıda güvenliğinin teminatı, ekolojilerin devamlılığı ve tarım topraklarından efektif olarak faydalanılmasının sağlanması bitki ıslahı ile mümkündür. Her geçen gün geliştirilen yeni teknolojiler de ıslahta ve tarımsal sorunların çözümde etkin kullanılmakta ve gelecekte karşılaşılabilecek sorunlar bu sayede öngörülebilmektedir.

Türkiye Bağciliği Ve Dünyadaki Yeri

ÜnaL AKAY — 2025-06-01

2023 yılı itibarıyla Dünyada yaklaşık 6.6 milyon ha alanda 72 milyon ton yaş üzüm üretimi olduğu gözlenmiştir. En fazla bağ alanı 913.000 ha ile İspanya’da bulunmakta ve bunu sırasıyla Fransa, İtalya, Çin ve Türkiye takip etmektedir. Üretim bakımından ise en yüksek değer 13.5 milyon ton ile Çin’de gerçekleşmekte ve sonrasında İtalya, Fransa, ABD, İspanya yer almaktadır. Türkiye, toplam bağ alanının %5.7’sine sahip olurken dünyada beşinci sıradadır. Üzüm üretimi bakımından ise dünyadaki toplam üretimin %4.7'sine sahip olarak yedinci sırada bulunmaktadır. Ülkede üretilen toplam üzüm miktarının yaklaşık %53’ü sofralık, %29’u çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm, %9’u çekirdekli kuru üzüm ve %9’u da şaraplık-şıralık olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Son 5 yıl incelendiğinde, 2018-2023 yılları arasında Türkiye bağ alanının %9.4, üzüm üretim miktarının ise %13.6 azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. 2023 sezonunda yaşanan olumsuz iklim şartları ve buna bağlı meydana gelen mildiyö zararı üretimde azalmaya neden olmuştur. Türkiye, yüksek kaliteye sahip Sultana tipi kuru üzümü ile ihracatta lider konumda bulunurken en yaygın üzüm çeşidi Manisa Bağcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü tarafından geliştirilen Sultan 7 (V. Vinifera L.)’dir. Son on yılda çekirdeksiz üzüm üretimi (sultana kuru üzümü) ortalama 1.1 milyon ton civarında gerçekleşmiş ve bu değer toplam üzüm üretiminin %29'unu oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca dünyanın önde gelen kuru üzüm ihracatçısı olan Türkiye, küresel kuru üzüm ihracatının yaklaşık %30'unu gerçekleştirmektedir. Buna göre son on yılda ortalama 458 milyon dolar değerinde yaklaşık 240.000 ton kuru üzüm ihraç etmiştir. Ülkenin toplam üzüm üretiminin yaklaşık %39.2’si ile toplam bağ alanının %40.3’ü tek başına Ege Bölgesi’nden sağlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bölgedeki toplam üzüm üretiminin yaklaşık %70’ine ve çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm üretiminin %91’ine sahip olan Manisa ili ülkenin üzüm üretimi bakımından başkenti konumundadır.